Summary Green demulsifier was synthesized through an esterification technique by using polyethyle... more Summary Green demulsifier was synthesized through an esterification technique by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and fatty acid (lauric acid). The synthesized demulsifier was characterized through several tests to analyze the functional groups and determined the molecular structure, thermal stability, and biodegradability of the demulsifier molecule. The performance of the synthesized demulsifier was investigated using the standard static bottle test method to break the water-in-oil (W/O) tight emulsion. Optical microscopic and viscosity studies of emulsions were also performed to understand the demulsification process and mechanism. Based on the response surface method (RSM), central composite design (CCD) was used to develop the statistical model of demulsification efficiency by considering the four most influencing factors—demulsifier concentration, water content, settling time, and temperature—and to examine the optimal condition for maximum water separation from the emulsion. T...
ABSTRACT The formation and handling of crude oil emulsion during production and processing is a g... more ABSTRACT The formation and handling of crude oil emulsion during production and processing is a great challenge to the Petroleum Industry. For financial and operational reasons, it is required to separate the water from emulsion before sending the crude to the refinery. There are several methods for demulsification like mechanical, electrical, thermal, membrane and chemical methods. The petroleum industry is needed a fast and economical method to break crude oil emulsions. Presently, Chemical methods are broadly utilized for demulsification purposes. The petroleum industry is attempting toward oil-based surfactants to design demulsifiers for achieving fast water separation. Because of their low biodegradability and toxic nature, those can make hazards to the environment. The new trends have been in the area of green demulsifiers synthesized from natural sources. Manuscript dealt with the advancement toward modern green technology from the classical technology for efficient handling of emulsified crude for demulsification. Different emulsions stability factors and demulsification techniques were broadly discussed. Content cover on chemical methods which are commonly used in Petroleum Industries nowadays. Applicability of natural demulsifiers, development needed in natural demulsifiers, and demulsifier derived from a natural source with their added advantages have also been discussed in this article.
Effect of surfactants on rheological properties of heavy crude oil obtained from Mehsana Asset, G... more Effect of surfactants on rheological properties of heavy crude oil obtained from Mehsana Asset, Gujarat, India, were studied. Studies on effectiveness towards flow behavior were made using a surfactant extracted from a tropical Indian plant Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) and nonionic surfactant Brij-30 considering various contributing parameters such as temperature, concentration, and shear rate. Tests were performed at controlled shear rate. At 25°C, 2000 ppm Mahua and Brij-30 addition reduced viscosity of crude oil by 48% and 52%, respectively. Complex and viscous modulus of crude oil decreased significantly due to addition of both the surfactants. FTIR studies of crude-surfactant mixture showed remarkable decrease in concentration of viscosity enhancing groups such as alkanes, alcoholic, and acidic groups indicating the effectiveness of both the surfactants. Naturally extracted surfactant may be used as flow improver for transporting heavy crude oil.
Summary Pour-point depressants (PPDs) were synthesized from natural sources and used in waxy crud... more Summary Pour-point depressants (PPDs) were synthesized from natural sources and used in waxy crude oil transportation to reduce the pour point and improve flow. A biodegradable PPD (BPPD) was synthesized and tested to mitigate crude oil flow assurance problems in the present work. The transesterification process was used to synthesize coconut oil ethyl ester (COEE, termed as BPPD). Fourier transform electron spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR), and microscopic analysis were performed for better understanding of mechanisms for both BPPD and a commercially available PPD named PPD-A. The pour point of crude oil was reduced by 12 and 9°C after the addition of 800 ppm BPPD and PPD-A, respectively. The microscopic analysis confirms that the crystals of wax converted to very fine and dispersed particles during mixing of additives, which in turn increase flowability. BPPD performs better to reduce interfacial tension than PPD-A. The maximum reduction of 19% in int...
Conventional drilling fluids are often unable to fulfill certain functional tasks that are very i... more Conventional drilling fluids are often unable to fulfill certain functional tasks that are very important in challenging environment. This inefficiency of drilling fluid in performing certain task is mainly because of lack in particular rheological or filtrate loss properties. Hence, the industry is looking for a new kind of additives which can be helpful in maintaining these properties in desired range even under extreme conditions. Rice husk is an abundantly available agricultural waste which contains almost 15% silica in it. In this work, silica nanoparticles were synthesized from rice husk and used as an additive to improve the rheological and filtration loss properties. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). A general fluid was prepared that contained barite (6%), bentonite (3%) and carboxymethyl cellulose (3%) and the composition of nano...
The heavy and extra heavy crude oil from all over the world possess the non‐Newtonian flow behavi... more The heavy and extra heavy crude oil from all over the world possess the non‐Newtonian flow behavior which results in serious problems related to its transportation from oil fields to refineries. The rheological behaviors of synthetic oil with or without surfactants were studied in the present work. Synthetic oil was prepared by mixing heavy paraffin and mineral oil in different proportions. Anionic surfactant SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), cationic surfactant CTAB (hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and neutral surfactant Brij S‐20 (polyethylene glycol octadecyl ether) were used. Experimental measurements were carried out by physica MC01 Rheometer. Effect of several parameters like shear rate, temperature and addition of mineral oil on viscous behaviors had been studied. US200 software package was used to measure desired parameters. The experimental results showed that viscosity of synthetic oil decreased with increasing temperature by 65.8% when temperature of the mixture of 50% heavy paraffin and 50% mineral oil was increased from 25°C to 50°C at 79.24 s ‐1 shear rate and yield stress of mixture was also reduced. 50%‐50% mixture of paraffinic and mineral oil required 5.1 Pa yield stress to flow at 25°C whereas by addition of 0.1%wt/v SDS, CTAB and Brij S‐20 required yield stress was reduced by 73.5%, 55.23% and 70% respectively. The rheological behaviors were studied using Power law model, Casson Model and Bingham model and Power law model described the experimental data in best way.
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018
Application of naturally extracted surfactant from Madhuca longifolia to improve the flow propert... more Application of naturally extracted surfactant from Madhuca longifolia to improve the flow properties of heavy crude oil through horizontal pipeline
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019
Improvement of flow properties of crude oil through pipelines, the effect of temperature, diamete... more Improvement of flow properties of crude oil through pipelines, the effect of temperature, diameter, water cut,and novel extracted surfactant on pressure drop, shear viscosity was studied along with energy analysis. The impact of diameter, temperature,andthe addition of novel surfactant extracted from Madhuca longifolia(Mahua) on pressure drop, shear viscosity, pumping power saving and flow increment were investigated during heavy crude oil flow in horizontal pipelines. Minimum pressure drop was observed in 0.0508m ID pipeline owing to the collective effect of temperature and 2000 ppm Mahua during the flow of 85% heavy crude oil+15% water. Shear viscosity reduced appreciably in 0.0381m and 0.0508m ID pipelines after addition of 2000 ppm Mahua at a temperature of 50ºC. Maximum power saving (130.8%) was achieved and maximum flow increment of 121.8% was accomplished after addition of 2000 ppm Mahua to 85% heavy oil and 15% water mixture during its transportation in 0.0508 m ID pipeline at a 50ºC andat the rate of 7.2 m 3 /hr. The natural surfactant is substantially efficient to decrease the pumping power consumption for heavy crude oil transportation. It was concluded that the extracted novel natural surfactant is very beneficial for being used as an emulsifier, viscosity reducer, flow improver and also an alternative for the commercial surfactant.
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2017
Sapindus mukorossi or soapnut is a natural alternative of chemical laundry detergents and cleaner... more Sapindus mukorossi or soapnut is a natural alternative of chemical laundry detergents and cleaners. Considering its applicability in reducing surface tension and biodegradability, soapnuts were used as flow improver of heavy crude oil in this study and results were compared with a commercially available surfactant. Addition of soapnut reduces viscosity and yield stress of crude by 87% and 83% respectively at 30°C which is helpful for economical transportation of the heavy crude. Interfacial tension is reduced immensely and complex, storage and loss moduli are decreased appreciably due to addition of Sapindus and Brij 30. Wax crystals in surfactant treated crude oil decreased in diameter as seen in particle size analysis (Dynamic Light Scattering) and their shapes became disoriented and dissimilar forbidding them to interlink with each other as evident from microscopic studies (Cross Polarised Microscope).
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018
Highlights • An overview is provided of various scales in oilfield and its impact on overall oper... more Highlights • An overview is provided of various scales in oilfield and its impact on overall operations. • Systematically causes of various scale deposition and mathematical modeling for its determination are discussed. • Prevention and removal techniques for oil field scale and recent developments in these fields are discussed.
International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 2017
Deposited wax in pipelines and well bores are not easily recoverable due to its solidification ov... more Deposited wax in pipelines and well bores are not easily recoverable due to its solidification over time. This is responsible for losses in production. In this paper, chemical solvent derived from laboratory was used to recover the solidified wax. Twelve chemical solvents and three commercial dispersants were mixed in different volumetric proportions to study their solubility effect on waxy crude oil. Optimised solvent mixture capable of dissolving wax material was used on a laboratory prototype experiment to measure the recovery of deposited wax at different temperatures (pour point of crude oil to 90°C). Optimum composition of solvent was based on its toxicity, flammability, availability and other contributing factors like cost and recoverability. The formulated solvent dissolved about 72% and 83% wax after three hours and six hours of soaking time respectively at 25°C. Results implied that formulated solvent have immense potential to recover solidified wax in wellbores and in pipelines. [
A newly synthesized pour point depressant (PPD) was used to decrease the wax deposition thickness... more A newly synthesized pour point depressant (PPD) was used to decrease the wax deposition thickness and drag force during a waxy crude oil flow in two horizontal pipes of length 2.5 m each and inner diameters 1 inch and 2 inches. The flow rates of 80-120 LPM were used. 1,000-ppm PPD reduced the thickness of wax deposited by 31% and 72% at 120 LPM and 30°C in 1-inch and 2-inch pipes, respectively. There was about 15% drag reduction in both the pipes at 30°C and 120-LPM flow rate after adding 1,000-ppm PPD.
The effect of diameter, velocity, and temperature on flow properties of heavy crude oil in three ... more The effect of diameter, velocity, and temperature on flow properties of heavy crude oil in three horizontal pipelines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was studied. The flow characteristics were simulated by using CFD software, ANSYS Fluent 6.2. The mesh geometry of the pipelines having inner diameter of 1, 1.5, and 2 inch were created by using Gambit 2.4.6. From grid independent study, 221, 365 mesh sizes were selected for simulation. The CFD ANSYS Fluent 6.2 Solver predicted the flow phenomena, pressure, pressure drop, wall shear stress, shear strain rate, and friction factor. A good agreement between experimental and CFD simulated values was obtained.
International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 2017
Naturally extracted surfactant from tropical Indian plant Madhuca longifolia was used to enhance ... more Naturally extracted surfactant from tropical Indian plant Madhuca longifolia was used to enhance flow properties of heavy crude oil through pipelines. Experimental measurements include viscosity, yield stress, viscoelastic properties, pour point, SARA analysis, microscopic studies and FTIR studies. Experimental verification of Power Law model was justified. Crude oil surfactant mixtures tend to behave like Newtonian fluid as surfactant concentration was increased from 500 to 2,000 ppm. Viscosity of crude with 2,000 ppm surfactant at 30°C was almost same as that of pure crude at 50°C. Presence of surfactant significantly reduced elastic and complex moduli of heavy crude oil at 30°C. Yield stress of crude oil reduced from 0.9 to 0.017 Pa with surfactant addition at 30°C. Microscopic studies showed surfactant addition reduced size of wax crystals appreciably. FTIR studies implied that aldehydic and amine groups are responsible for high viscosity and their concentration reduced after addition of surfactant Madhuca longifolia. [Received: August 4, 2015; Accepted: November 28, 2015]
Summary Green demulsifier was synthesized through an esterification technique by using polyethyle... more Summary Green demulsifier was synthesized through an esterification technique by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and fatty acid (lauric acid). The synthesized demulsifier was characterized through several tests to analyze the functional groups and determined the molecular structure, thermal stability, and biodegradability of the demulsifier molecule. The performance of the synthesized demulsifier was investigated using the standard static bottle test method to break the water-in-oil (W/O) tight emulsion. Optical microscopic and viscosity studies of emulsions were also performed to understand the demulsification process and mechanism. Based on the response surface method (RSM), central composite design (CCD) was used to develop the statistical model of demulsification efficiency by considering the four most influencing factors—demulsifier concentration, water content, settling time, and temperature—and to examine the optimal condition for maximum water separation from the emulsion. T...
ABSTRACT The formation and handling of crude oil emulsion during production and processing is a g... more ABSTRACT The formation and handling of crude oil emulsion during production and processing is a great challenge to the Petroleum Industry. For financial and operational reasons, it is required to separate the water from emulsion before sending the crude to the refinery. There are several methods for demulsification like mechanical, electrical, thermal, membrane and chemical methods. The petroleum industry is needed a fast and economical method to break crude oil emulsions. Presently, Chemical methods are broadly utilized for demulsification purposes. The petroleum industry is attempting toward oil-based surfactants to design demulsifiers for achieving fast water separation. Because of their low biodegradability and toxic nature, those can make hazards to the environment. The new trends have been in the area of green demulsifiers synthesized from natural sources. Manuscript dealt with the advancement toward modern green technology from the classical technology for efficient handling of emulsified crude for demulsification. Different emulsions stability factors and demulsification techniques were broadly discussed. Content cover on chemical methods which are commonly used in Petroleum Industries nowadays. Applicability of natural demulsifiers, development needed in natural demulsifiers, and demulsifier derived from a natural source with their added advantages have also been discussed in this article.
Effect of surfactants on rheological properties of heavy crude oil obtained from Mehsana Asset, G... more Effect of surfactants on rheological properties of heavy crude oil obtained from Mehsana Asset, Gujarat, India, were studied. Studies on effectiveness towards flow behavior were made using a surfactant extracted from a tropical Indian plant Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) and nonionic surfactant Brij-30 considering various contributing parameters such as temperature, concentration, and shear rate. Tests were performed at controlled shear rate. At 25°C, 2000 ppm Mahua and Brij-30 addition reduced viscosity of crude oil by 48% and 52%, respectively. Complex and viscous modulus of crude oil decreased significantly due to addition of both the surfactants. FTIR studies of crude-surfactant mixture showed remarkable decrease in concentration of viscosity enhancing groups such as alkanes, alcoholic, and acidic groups indicating the effectiveness of both the surfactants. Naturally extracted surfactant may be used as flow improver for transporting heavy crude oil.
Summary Pour-point depressants (PPDs) were synthesized from natural sources and used in waxy crud... more Summary Pour-point depressants (PPDs) were synthesized from natural sources and used in waxy crude oil transportation to reduce the pour point and improve flow. A biodegradable PPD (BPPD) was synthesized and tested to mitigate crude oil flow assurance problems in the present work. The transesterification process was used to synthesize coconut oil ethyl ester (COEE, termed as BPPD). Fourier transform electron spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR), and microscopic analysis were performed for better understanding of mechanisms for both BPPD and a commercially available PPD named PPD-A. The pour point of crude oil was reduced by 12 and 9°C after the addition of 800 ppm BPPD and PPD-A, respectively. The microscopic analysis confirms that the crystals of wax converted to very fine and dispersed particles during mixing of additives, which in turn increase flowability. BPPD performs better to reduce interfacial tension than PPD-A. The maximum reduction of 19% in int...
Conventional drilling fluids are often unable to fulfill certain functional tasks that are very i... more Conventional drilling fluids are often unable to fulfill certain functional tasks that are very important in challenging environment. This inefficiency of drilling fluid in performing certain task is mainly because of lack in particular rheological or filtrate loss properties. Hence, the industry is looking for a new kind of additives which can be helpful in maintaining these properties in desired range even under extreme conditions. Rice husk is an abundantly available agricultural waste which contains almost 15% silica in it. In this work, silica nanoparticles were synthesized from rice husk and used as an additive to improve the rheological and filtration loss properties. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). A general fluid was prepared that contained barite (6%), bentonite (3%) and carboxymethyl cellulose (3%) and the composition of nano...
The heavy and extra heavy crude oil from all over the world possess the non‐Newtonian flow behavi... more The heavy and extra heavy crude oil from all over the world possess the non‐Newtonian flow behavior which results in serious problems related to its transportation from oil fields to refineries. The rheological behaviors of synthetic oil with or without surfactants were studied in the present work. Synthetic oil was prepared by mixing heavy paraffin and mineral oil in different proportions. Anionic surfactant SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), cationic surfactant CTAB (hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and neutral surfactant Brij S‐20 (polyethylene glycol octadecyl ether) were used. Experimental measurements were carried out by physica MC01 Rheometer. Effect of several parameters like shear rate, temperature and addition of mineral oil on viscous behaviors had been studied. US200 software package was used to measure desired parameters. The experimental results showed that viscosity of synthetic oil decreased with increasing temperature by 65.8% when temperature of the mixture of 50% heavy paraffin and 50% mineral oil was increased from 25°C to 50°C at 79.24 s ‐1 shear rate and yield stress of mixture was also reduced. 50%‐50% mixture of paraffinic and mineral oil required 5.1 Pa yield stress to flow at 25°C whereas by addition of 0.1%wt/v SDS, CTAB and Brij S‐20 required yield stress was reduced by 73.5%, 55.23% and 70% respectively. The rheological behaviors were studied using Power law model, Casson Model and Bingham model and Power law model described the experimental data in best way.
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018
Application of naturally extracted surfactant from Madhuca longifolia to improve the flow propert... more Application of naturally extracted surfactant from Madhuca longifolia to improve the flow properties of heavy crude oil through horizontal pipeline
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019
Improvement of flow properties of crude oil through pipelines, the effect of temperature, diamete... more Improvement of flow properties of crude oil through pipelines, the effect of temperature, diameter, water cut,and novel extracted surfactant on pressure drop, shear viscosity was studied along with energy analysis. The impact of diameter, temperature,andthe addition of novel surfactant extracted from Madhuca longifolia(Mahua) on pressure drop, shear viscosity, pumping power saving and flow increment were investigated during heavy crude oil flow in horizontal pipelines. Minimum pressure drop was observed in 0.0508m ID pipeline owing to the collective effect of temperature and 2000 ppm Mahua during the flow of 85% heavy crude oil+15% water. Shear viscosity reduced appreciably in 0.0381m and 0.0508m ID pipelines after addition of 2000 ppm Mahua at a temperature of 50ºC. Maximum power saving (130.8%) was achieved and maximum flow increment of 121.8% was accomplished after addition of 2000 ppm Mahua to 85% heavy oil and 15% water mixture during its transportation in 0.0508 m ID pipeline at a 50ºC andat the rate of 7.2 m 3 /hr. The natural surfactant is substantially efficient to decrease the pumping power consumption for heavy crude oil transportation. It was concluded that the extracted novel natural surfactant is very beneficial for being used as an emulsifier, viscosity reducer, flow improver and also an alternative for the commercial surfactant.
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2017
Sapindus mukorossi or soapnut is a natural alternative of chemical laundry detergents and cleaner... more Sapindus mukorossi or soapnut is a natural alternative of chemical laundry detergents and cleaners. Considering its applicability in reducing surface tension and biodegradability, soapnuts were used as flow improver of heavy crude oil in this study and results were compared with a commercially available surfactant. Addition of soapnut reduces viscosity and yield stress of crude by 87% and 83% respectively at 30°C which is helpful for economical transportation of the heavy crude. Interfacial tension is reduced immensely and complex, storage and loss moduli are decreased appreciably due to addition of Sapindus and Brij 30. Wax crystals in surfactant treated crude oil decreased in diameter as seen in particle size analysis (Dynamic Light Scattering) and their shapes became disoriented and dissimilar forbidding them to interlink with each other as evident from microscopic studies (Cross Polarised Microscope).
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018
Highlights • An overview is provided of various scales in oilfield and its impact on overall oper... more Highlights • An overview is provided of various scales in oilfield and its impact on overall operations. • Systematically causes of various scale deposition and mathematical modeling for its determination are discussed. • Prevention and removal techniques for oil field scale and recent developments in these fields are discussed.
International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 2017
Deposited wax in pipelines and well bores are not easily recoverable due to its solidification ov... more Deposited wax in pipelines and well bores are not easily recoverable due to its solidification over time. This is responsible for losses in production. In this paper, chemical solvent derived from laboratory was used to recover the solidified wax. Twelve chemical solvents and three commercial dispersants were mixed in different volumetric proportions to study their solubility effect on waxy crude oil. Optimised solvent mixture capable of dissolving wax material was used on a laboratory prototype experiment to measure the recovery of deposited wax at different temperatures (pour point of crude oil to 90°C). Optimum composition of solvent was based on its toxicity, flammability, availability and other contributing factors like cost and recoverability. The formulated solvent dissolved about 72% and 83% wax after three hours and six hours of soaking time respectively at 25°C. Results implied that formulated solvent have immense potential to recover solidified wax in wellbores and in pipelines. [
A newly synthesized pour point depressant (PPD) was used to decrease the wax deposition thickness... more A newly synthesized pour point depressant (PPD) was used to decrease the wax deposition thickness and drag force during a waxy crude oil flow in two horizontal pipes of length 2.5 m each and inner diameters 1 inch and 2 inches. The flow rates of 80-120 LPM were used. 1,000-ppm PPD reduced the thickness of wax deposited by 31% and 72% at 120 LPM and 30°C in 1-inch and 2-inch pipes, respectively. There was about 15% drag reduction in both the pipes at 30°C and 120-LPM flow rate after adding 1,000-ppm PPD.
The effect of diameter, velocity, and temperature on flow properties of heavy crude oil in three ... more The effect of diameter, velocity, and temperature on flow properties of heavy crude oil in three horizontal pipelines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was studied. The flow characteristics were simulated by using CFD software, ANSYS Fluent 6.2. The mesh geometry of the pipelines having inner diameter of 1, 1.5, and 2 inch were created by using Gambit 2.4.6. From grid independent study, 221, 365 mesh sizes were selected for simulation. The CFD ANSYS Fluent 6.2 Solver predicted the flow phenomena, pressure, pressure drop, wall shear stress, shear strain rate, and friction factor. A good agreement between experimental and CFD simulated values was obtained.
International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 2017
Naturally extracted surfactant from tropical Indian plant Madhuca longifolia was used to enhance ... more Naturally extracted surfactant from tropical Indian plant Madhuca longifolia was used to enhance flow properties of heavy crude oil through pipelines. Experimental measurements include viscosity, yield stress, viscoelastic properties, pour point, SARA analysis, microscopic studies and FTIR studies. Experimental verification of Power Law model was justified. Crude oil surfactant mixtures tend to behave like Newtonian fluid as surfactant concentration was increased from 500 to 2,000 ppm. Viscosity of crude with 2,000 ppm surfactant at 30°C was almost same as that of pure crude at 50°C. Presence of surfactant significantly reduced elastic and complex moduli of heavy crude oil at 30°C. Yield stress of crude oil reduced from 0.9 to 0.017 Pa with surfactant addition at 30°C. Microscopic studies showed surfactant addition reduced size of wax crystals appreciably. FTIR studies implied that aldehydic and amine groups are responsible for high viscosity and their concentration reduced after addition of surfactant Madhuca longifolia. [Received: August 4, 2015; Accepted: November 28, 2015]
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