The term woodborer is used to describe a polyphyletic group of insects that primarily inhabit the... more The term woodborer is used to describe a polyphyletic group of insects that primarily inhabit the wood of angiosperm and conifer trees in various stages of decay. In the broadest sense, this term includes any insect that inhabits tissues of living woody plants or wood at any stage of the decay process. Common wood associates include Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (ants, wasps), Lepidoptera (moths), Diptera (flies) and Blattodea (termites and cockroaches). For this chapter, however, we focus on woodborer families that represent the majority of both ecologically and economically important species worldwide. These will include members of two beetle families (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae) as well as woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) (Fig. 12.1). Another woodborer group, ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are covered in depth in Chapter 11. Finally, while there is some overlap in pests of urban and natural forests, this chapter will focus on woodborers of natural and managed forested ecosystems. While woodborers have gained notoriety based on invasion success of a few species, such as the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) in K. J. Dodds (B)
Integrated pest management (IPM) is perhaps best described as "…the maintenance of destructive ag... more Integrated pest management (IPM) is perhaps best described as "…the maintenance of destructive agents, including insects, at tolerable levels by the planned use of a variety of preventative, suppressive or regulatory tactics that are ecologically and economically efficient and socially acceptable. It is implicit that the actions taken are fully integrated into the total resource management process in both planning and operation" (Waters 1974). Another useful definition of IPM is "an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment" (University of California, Davis 2015). The spatial and temporal scale of forests demands landscape-level and long-term planning with an emphasis on preventive measures, e.g. silviculture. IPM programs in forests have historically been concerned mainly with pests that have large J.
Frontiers in forests and global change, Sep 30, 2022
Surveillance for early detection of non-native, invasive pathogens requires simple, sturdy, and e... more Surveillance for early detection of non-native, invasive pathogens requires simple, sturdy, and easy-to-use collecting devices. In this study, we compared the fungal species detected in wet collection cups of Lindgren traps vs. those detected on slides with oiled cheesecloth as aerial spore collectors. DNA was extracted and amplified from both using the primers ITS F and gITS , and Illumina sequencing was used for the metabarcoding of fungi present in samples. In samples, there were , fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs). For fungal OTUs only detected by one collection method, insect traps had three times the number of fungal OTUs compared to slides, and this pattern persisted when analyses were restricted to pathogens and forest pathogens. Annually, thousands of insect traps are deployed in North America and the associated trap fluids have added value to forest disease research and monitoring.
The upper tree crown represents an important habitat for many insect herbivores but, being much l... more The upper tree crown represents an important habitat for many insect herbivores but, being much less commonly sampled than the understory, remains poorly understood. Here, we provide detailed instructions and quantitative cost (time) estimates for setting up insect traps in the upper crown of trees using methods adapted from tree-climbing canopy ecologists. In a sample experiment, we recorded the time it took for a two-person crew ("shooter" and assistant) to install traps in the upper crown vs. the understory of a mature stand of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (Pinaceae)), with trees 18-24 m tall. A crew with 3 yrs experience with these methods took an average of 5 min 38 s (range 3 min 13 s to 17 min 39 s) to install a trap in the upper crown, whereas an inexperienced field technician took an average of 7 min 1 s per tree (range 5 min 47 s to 9 min 19 s). In comparison, it required on average only 1 min 19 s (experienced) and 1 min 48 s (inexperienced) to install a trap in the understory. We used an average of 50 m (range 31-61 m) of rope per crown trap compared with 4.5 m (range 3.5-5.5 m) per understory traps, which translated to a difference in cost of CDN$2.50 per trap, based on 2013 prices. Our results demonstrate that it costs more in time and materials to place traps in the upper crown vs. the understory, but the additional costs are modest. Furthermore, we show that an inexperienced person can learn how to set high traps quickly by following the step-by-step instructions laid out in this paper. We hope this both encourages and enables more use of traps in the upper crown as well as the understory when surveying for species of bark-and wood-boring beetles and other forest insects. rÉsUMÉ Les cimes des arbres procurent un habitat important à de nombreux insectes herbivores. Cependant, comme elles sont soumises à des travaux d'échantillonnage beaucoup moins fréquemment que le sous bois, elles sont assez mal connues des chercheurs. Nous fournissons ici des directives détaillées et des délais estimatifs nécessaires pour la pose de pièges à insectes à la cime des arbres à l'aide de méthodes inspirées de celles employées par les écologistes du couvert forestier qui grimpent aux arbres. Au cours de travaux expérimentaux, nous avons consigné le temps qu'a mis une équipe de deux personnes (le « marqueur » et l'adjoint) à installer des pièges dans les cimes et dans le sous-bois d'un peuplement mature de pruches du Canada [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (pinacées)] caractérisé par des arbres de 18 à 24 m de hauteur. Une équipe possédant trois années d'expérience de travail avec ces méthodes a mis en moyenne 5 min 38 s (fourchette de 3 min 13 s à 17 min 39 s) à installer un piège dans la cime, alors qu'un technicien de terrain inexpérimenté a dû y consacrer en moyenne 7 min 1 s par arbre (fourchette de 5 min 47 s à 9 min 19 s). Par comparaison, il n'a fallu en moyenne que 1 min 19 s (équipe chevronnée) et 1 min 48 s (technicien inexpérimenté) pour installer un piège dans le sous-bois. Nous avons utilisé en moyenne 50 m de corde (fourchette de 31 à 61 m) par piège de cime comparativement à 4,5 m (fourchette de 3,5 à 5,5 m) par piège de sous-bois, ce qui se traduit par un écart de coût de 2,50 $ CA par piège, selon les prix de 2013. Nos résultats montrent qu'il est plus coûteux sur le plan du temps et du matériel de poser des pièges dans les cimes que dans le sous-bois, mais que les coûts supplémentaires demeurent modestes. De plus, nous montrons qu'une personne inexpérimentée peut rapidement apprendre à poser des pièges en hauteur en suivant les directives décrites étape par étape dans le présent document. Nous espérons que ces conclusions encourageront et habiliteront les chercheurs à poser un nombre accru de pièges à la cime des arbres et dans le sous-bois pendant leurs relevés des scolytes, des buprestidés et d'autres insectes forestiers.
Twenty-two species of Elateridae are newly reported for New Brunswick, Canada. Negastrius exiguus... more Twenty-two species of Elateridae are newly reported for New Brunswick, Canada. Negastrius exiguus (Randall) is removed from the faunal list and Agriotes pubescens Melsheimer is reinstated as a member of the New Brunswick fauna. Agriotes pubescens Melsheimer, Dalopius brevicornis W. J. Brown, Danosoma obtectum (Say) and Megapenthes solitarius Fall are newly reported for the Maritime provinces. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.
Christmas trees from Nova Scotia, Canada are banned from import into the European Union (EU) beca... more Christmas trees from Nova Scotia, Canada are banned from import into the European Union (EU) because they may be infected with the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae). Monochamus Dejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species known to vector pinewood nematode are present in Nova Scotia but their abundance in Christmas tree plantations and surrounding stands has not been assessed. We conducted trapping surveys and experiments in 2014 and 2015 to determine the species of Monochamus and their relative abundance in Nova Scotia Christmas tree plantations and the surrounding forests. We also compared commercially available traps and lures from Europe (cross-vane traps, Galloprotect lure=monochamol+ipsenol+α-pinene+2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol) and North America (intercept panel traps, North American lure=monochamol+ipsenol+α-pinene+ethanol) for their efficacy at catching Monochamus species in a 2×2 factorial experiment. We capture...
The first confirmed presence in North America of the palearctic cerambycid, Tetropium fuscum (Fab... more The first confirmed presence in North America of the palearctic cerambycid, Tetropium fuscum (Fabr.) (the brown spruce longhorn beetle) is reported. It was discovered attacking red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg., at Point Pleasant Park in the port city of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Biological notes pertinent to its infestation of red spruce at the Park are presented. In response to the observed tree mortality, bolts from living trees with green crowns and excessive resin flow have been reared repeatedly since 1999 with consistent results: emergence of Tetropium fuscum. Research on the North American establishment of this species has yielded novel information.
The effects of trap design, lure concentration, lure age, and trap maintenance on the catch of we... more The effects of trap design, lure concentration, lure age, and trap maintenance on the catch of western spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, in pheromone traps were tested in light to moderate infestations near Ashcroft, B.C. High cumulative moth catches reduced the trapping efficiency of both the sticky traps and the non-sticky Uni-traps relative to traps from which the moths were removed every 2 days. Correlations between the total season’s catch and larval density per plot in the same and following generations were not significant (P>0.05) for any of the eight combinations of trap design, lure concentration, and maintenance regimen tested. However, by dividing the mean moth catch in Uni-traps by either the basal area or foliage biomass per hectare in each plot, correlations with the following year’s larval density were significant (r2 = 0.77–0.98; P<0.05; n=5).
Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, adult males were observed in a wind t... more Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, adult males were observed in a wind tunnel for their response to synthetic sex pheromone and subsequently examined to determine their degree of infection with a microsporidian parasite, Nosema sp. A subsample of C. occidentalis was randomly selected and electroantennograms (EAG) of individual moths were measured for response to pheromone. The Nosema infection level ranged from 0 to 21.8 × 106 spores per milligram and was significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of males wing-fanning, taking off, and flying upwind to contact the pheromone source. The level of Nosema infection and the amplitude of the antennal response (EAG) to pheromone were not significantly related. These results suggest that Nosema affects the response of C. occidentalis males to pheromone in some way other than directly reducing the sensitivity of the antennae. We hypothesize that sublethal infections of Nosema sp. may reduce mating succes...
An extensive survey of black spruce,Picea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P., in Newfoundland in 1978 disclose... more An extensive survey of black spruce,Picea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P., in Newfoundland in 1978 disclosed that up to 50% of the old cones remaining on the trees were damaged by the deathwatch cone beetle,Ernobius bicolorWhite (Schooley 1983; White 1983). This beetle infests black spruce cones produced in the previous year's growing season and also damages cones in storage. Eggs are deposited between the scales and larvae feed within the cone and pupate in the fall or the following spring; their feeding can reduce extracted seed yields by one-half (Schooley 1983).
Larvae of the black spruce cone maggot,Strobilomyia appalachensis, were infected and killed bySte... more Larvae of the black spruce cone maggot,Strobilomyia appalachensis, were infected and killed bySteinernema carpocapsae(Weiser) All and Umeå strains,S.feltiae(Filipjev) (=bibionis)strain 27, andS.glaseriSteiner strain 326, in laboratory tests. After formation of puparia, however, cone maggots were practically resistant to all species and strains tested. Very few or no maggots were infected when nematodes were sprayed on or injected into infested spruce cones. The survival, activity, and infectivity of infective juveniles held in an aerated infusion of black spruce cones were significantly lower compared with those held in aerated water. In peat–sand columns, the proportion of larvae infected withS.feltiae, but notS.carpocapsaeUmeå strain, was significantly greater when larvae were dropped immediately or 1 day following nematode application compared with 1 day before or 3 days following nematode application. Our results suggest that, in field trials for cone maggot suppression, nematod...
Eleven species of Mordellidae are newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada. Six of these, Falsomo... more Eleven species of Mordellidae are newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada. Six of these, Falsomordellistena discolor (Melsheimer), Falsomordellistena pubescens (Fabricius), Mordellistena ornata (Melsheimer), Mordellaria undulata (Melsheimer), Tomoxia inclusa LeConte, and Yakuhananomia bidentata (Say) are new for the Maritime provinces. Falsomordellistena pubescens is new to Canada. Pelecotoma flavipes Melsheimer (family Ripiphoridae) is reported for the first time for New Brunswick and the Maritime provinces. Collection and habitat data are presented for all these species.
Orchestes fagi (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L... more Orchestes fagi (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus; Fagaceae) in Europe that has recently become established and invasive on American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart) in Nova Scotia, Canada. We tested the effects of trap type, trap colour, trap height, and lure on the numbers of O. fagi captured per trap with the objective of developing a survey tool to monitor the weevil’s spread. We captured O. fagi in significantly greater numbers on yellow, green, or white traps than on light blue, dark blue, or red traps. There were no significant interactions between trap colour and trap design. Sticky triangular prism traps caught significantly more O. fagi than did nonsticky intercept traps regardless of colour. No effect of trap height was observed. Mean catch of O. fagi was significantly greater on yellow sticky triangular prism traps than on commercially sourced yellow sticky cards. Baiting yellow, green, or white sticky prism traps with the host volatile 9-geranyl-p-cymene did not increase catch of O. fagi. Our results suggest that yellow, green, or white sticky prism traps are a useful tool for detecting O. fagi adults and monitoring the spread of this species in Canada.
In north-central Georgia, 13 species of woodboring beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycina... more In north-central Georgia, 13 species of woodboring beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) were attracted to multiple-funnel traps baited with ethanol and one of the following pheromones: (1) racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one; (2) racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one; and (3) syn-2,3-hexanediol. The following species were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one: Anelaphus pumilus (Newman), Eburia quadrigeminata (Say), Euderces pini (Olivier), Knulliana cincta (Drury), Neoclytus mucronatus (F.), Neoclytus scutellaris (Olivier), and Xylotrechus colonus (F.). Clytus marginicollis Castelnau & Gory, and Anelaphus parallelus (Newman) were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, whereas traps baited with ethanol and syn-2,3-hexanediol were attractive to Anelaphus villosus (F.), A. parallelus, Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), Neoclytus jouteli jouteli Davis, and Megacyllene caryae (Gahan). Ethanol enhanced catches of seven cerambycid species in traps baited with syn-2,3-hexanediol and 3,2-hydroxyketones. Catches of bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in ethanol-baited traps were largely unaffected by the addition of syn-2,3-hexanediol and 3,2-hydroxyketone lures, except for two species. The mean catches of Hypothenemus rotundicollis Wood & Bright and Dryoxylon onoharaensum (Murayama) in ethanol-baited traps increased and decreased, respectively, with the addition of racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one. Traps baited with ethanol and syn-2,3-hexanediol were attractive to Xylobiops basilaris (Say) (Bostrichidae) and Chariessa pilosa (Forster) (Cleridae), whereas Temnoscheila virescens (F.) (Trogossitidae) were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one. The assassin bug, Apiomerus crassipes (F.
In 2016, we conducted three experiments to clarify the effects of 2,3-hexanediols isomers on trap... more In 2016, we conducted three experiments to clarify the effects of 2,3-hexanediols isomers on trap catches of Neoclytus acuminatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We also noted the effects of the isomers on trap catches of other cerambycids and associated species of predators and competitors. Catches of N. acuminatus in traps baited with ethanol + syn-2,3-hexanediol + racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one were reduced with the addition of anti-2,3-hexanediol, an attractant for Curius dentatus Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). A fourth experiment conducted in 2017 verified that racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one increases catches of N. acuminatus in traps baited with ethanol + syn-2,3-hexanediol. The addition of anti-2,3-hexanediol increased catches of Knulliana cincta (Drury) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in traps baited with ethanol + racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, whereas attraction of Neoclytus scutellaris (Olivier) to traps baited with ethanol + racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one was reduced by syn-2,3-hexanediol. Trap catches of the beetle predators Chariessa pilosa (Forster), Enoclerus ichneumonus (F.), and Madoniella dislocata (Say) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) were affected by 2,3-hexanediol isomers, whereas other common predators were unaffected by the isomers. Attraction of the bostrichid Xylobiops basilaris (Say) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) was increased by the 2,3-hexanediols; the relative effect of the two isomeric blends was dependent on trap co-baits of 3-hydroxy-2-ketones. The two enantiomeric blends of 2,3-hexanediol had minimal effects on catches of most species of ambrosia beetles, whereas the 3-hydroxy-2-ketones affected trap catches of some species.
Eighteen species of Histeridae are newly reported from New Brunswick, Canada. This brings the tot... more Eighteen species of Histeridae are newly reported from New Brunswick, Canada. This brings the total number of species known from New Brunswick to 42. Seven of these species, Acritus exguus (Erichson), Euspilotus rossi (Wenzel), Hypocaccus fitchi (Marseul), Dendrophilus kiteleyi Bousquet and Laplante, Platysoma cylindricum (Paykull), Atholus sedecimstriatus (Say), and Margarinotus harrisii (Kirby) are recorded from the Maritime provinces for the first time. Collection and bionomic data are presented for these species.
A large proportion of the insects which have invaded new regions and countries are emerging speci... more A large proportion of the insects which have invaded new regions and countries are emerging species, being found for the first time outside their native range. Being able to detect such species upon arrival at ports of entry before they establish in non-native countries is an urgent challenge. The deployment of traps baited with broad-spectrum semiochemical lures at ports-of-entry and other high-risk sites could be one such early detection tool. Rapid progress in the identification of semiochemicals for cerambycid beetles during the last 15 years has revealed that aggregation-sex pheromones and sex pheromones are often conserved at global levels for genera, tribes or subfamilies of the Cerambycidae. This possibly allows the development of generic attractants which attract multiple species simultaneously, especially when such pheromones are combined into blends. Here, we present the results of a worldwide field trial programme conducted during 2018–2021, using traps baited with a sta...
The term woodborer is used to describe a polyphyletic group of insects that primarily inhabit the... more The term woodborer is used to describe a polyphyletic group of insects that primarily inhabit the wood of angiosperm and conifer trees in various stages of decay. In the broadest sense, this term includes any insect that inhabits tissues of living woody plants or wood at any stage of the decay process. Common wood associates include Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (ants, wasps), Lepidoptera (moths), Diptera (flies) and Blattodea (termites and cockroaches). For this chapter, however, we focus on woodborer families that represent the majority of both ecologically and economically important species worldwide. These will include members of two beetle families (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae) as well as woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) (Fig. 12.1). Another woodborer group, ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are covered in depth in Chapter 11. Finally, while there is some overlap in pests of urban and natural forests, this chapter will focus on woodborers of natural and managed forested ecosystems. While woodborers have gained notoriety based on invasion success of a few species, such as the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) in K. J. Dodds (B)
Integrated pest management (IPM) is perhaps best described as "…the maintenance of destructive ag... more Integrated pest management (IPM) is perhaps best described as "…the maintenance of destructive agents, including insects, at tolerable levels by the planned use of a variety of preventative, suppressive or regulatory tactics that are ecologically and economically efficient and socially acceptable. It is implicit that the actions taken are fully integrated into the total resource management process in both planning and operation" (Waters 1974). Another useful definition of IPM is "an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment" (University of California, Davis 2015). The spatial and temporal scale of forests demands landscape-level and long-term planning with an emphasis on preventive measures, e.g. silviculture. IPM programs in forests have historically been concerned mainly with pests that have large J.
Frontiers in forests and global change, Sep 30, 2022
Surveillance for early detection of non-native, invasive pathogens requires simple, sturdy, and e... more Surveillance for early detection of non-native, invasive pathogens requires simple, sturdy, and easy-to-use collecting devices. In this study, we compared the fungal species detected in wet collection cups of Lindgren traps vs. those detected on slides with oiled cheesecloth as aerial spore collectors. DNA was extracted and amplified from both using the primers ITS F and gITS , and Illumina sequencing was used for the metabarcoding of fungi present in samples. In samples, there were , fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs). For fungal OTUs only detected by one collection method, insect traps had three times the number of fungal OTUs compared to slides, and this pattern persisted when analyses were restricted to pathogens and forest pathogens. Annually, thousands of insect traps are deployed in North America and the associated trap fluids have added value to forest disease research and monitoring.
The upper tree crown represents an important habitat for many insect herbivores but, being much l... more The upper tree crown represents an important habitat for many insect herbivores but, being much less commonly sampled than the understory, remains poorly understood. Here, we provide detailed instructions and quantitative cost (time) estimates for setting up insect traps in the upper crown of trees using methods adapted from tree-climbing canopy ecologists. In a sample experiment, we recorded the time it took for a two-person crew ("shooter" and assistant) to install traps in the upper crown vs. the understory of a mature stand of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (Pinaceae)), with trees 18-24 m tall. A crew with 3 yrs experience with these methods took an average of 5 min 38 s (range 3 min 13 s to 17 min 39 s) to install a trap in the upper crown, whereas an inexperienced field technician took an average of 7 min 1 s per tree (range 5 min 47 s to 9 min 19 s). In comparison, it required on average only 1 min 19 s (experienced) and 1 min 48 s (inexperienced) to install a trap in the understory. We used an average of 50 m (range 31-61 m) of rope per crown trap compared with 4.5 m (range 3.5-5.5 m) per understory traps, which translated to a difference in cost of CDN$2.50 per trap, based on 2013 prices. Our results demonstrate that it costs more in time and materials to place traps in the upper crown vs. the understory, but the additional costs are modest. Furthermore, we show that an inexperienced person can learn how to set high traps quickly by following the step-by-step instructions laid out in this paper. We hope this both encourages and enables more use of traps in the upper crown as well as the understory when surveying for species of bark-and wood-boring beetles and other forest insects. rÉsUMÉ Les cimes des arbres procurent un habitat important à de nombreux insectes herbivores. Cependant, comme elles sont soumises à des travaux d'échantillonnage beaucoup moins fréquemment que le sous bois, elles sont assez mal connues des chercheurs. Nous fournissons ici des directives détaillées et des délais estimatifs nécessaires pour la pose de pièges à insectes à la cime des arbres à l'aide de méthodes inspirées de celles employées par les écologistes du couvert forestier qui grimpent aux arbres. Au cours de travaux expérimentaux, nous avons consigné le temps qu'a mis une équipe de deux personnes (le « marqueur » et l'adjoint) à installer des pièges dans les cimes et dans le sous-bois d'un peuplement mature de pruches du Canada [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (pinacées)] caractérisé par des arbres de 18 à 24 m de hauteur. Une équipe possédant trois années d'expérience de travail avec ces méthodes a mis en moyenne 5 min 38 s (fourchette de 3 min 13 s à 17 min 39 s) à installer un piège dans la cime, alors qu'un technicien de terrain inexpérimenté a dû y consacrer en moyenne 7 min 1 s par arbre (fourchette de 5 min 47 s à 9 min 19 s). Par comparaison, il n'a fallu en moyenne que 1 min 19 s (équipe chevronnée) et 1 min 48 s (technicien inexpérimenté) pour installer un piège dans le sous-bois. Nous avons utilisé en moyenne 50 m de corde (fourchette de 31 à 61 m) par piège de cime comparativement à 4,5 m (fourchette de 3,5 à 5,5 m) par piège de sous-bois, ce qui se traduit par un écart de coût de 2,50 $ CA par piège, selon les prix de 2013. Nos résultats montrent qu'il est plus coûteux sur le plan du temps et du matériel de poser des pièges dans les cimes que dans le sous-bois, mais que les coûts supplémentaires demeurent modestes. De plus, nous montrons qu'une personne inexpérimentée peut rapidement apprendre à poser des pièges en hauteur en suivant les directives décrites étape par étape dans le présent document. Nous espérons que ces conclusions encourageront et habiliteront les chercheurs à poser un nombre accru de pièges à la cime des arbres et dans le sous-bois pendant leurs relevés des scolytes, des buprestidés et d'autres insectes forestiers.
Twenty-two species of Elateridae are newly reported for New Brunswick, Canada. Negastrius exiguus... more Twenty-two species of Elateridae are newly reported for New Brunswick, Canada. Negastrius exiguus (Randall) is removed from the faunal list and Agriotes pubescens Melsheimer is reinstated as a member of the New Brunswick fauna. Agriotes pubescens Melsheimer, Dalopius brevicornis W. J. Brown, Danosoma obtectum (Say) and Megapenthes solitarius Fall are newly reported for the Maritime provinces. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.
Christmas trees from Nova Scotia, Canada are banned from import into the European Union (EU) beca... more Christmas trees from Nova Scotia, Canada are banned from import into the European Union (EU) because they may be infected with the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae). Monochamus Dejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species known to vector pinewood nematode are present in Nova Scotia but their abundance in Christmas tree plantations and surrounding stands has not been assessed. We conducted trapping surveys and experiments in 2014 and 2015 to determine the species of Monochamus and their relative abundance in Nova Scotia Christmas tree plantations and the surrounding forests. We also compared commercially available traps and lures from Europe (cross-vane traps, Galloprotect lure=monochamol+ipsenol+α-pinene+2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol) and North America (intercept panel traps, North American lure=monochamol+ipsenol+α-pinene+ethanol) for their efficacy at catching Monochamus species in a 2×2 factorial experiment. We capture...
The first confirmed presence in North America of the palearctic cerambycid, Tetropium fuscum (Fab... more The first confirmed presence in North America of the palearctic cerambycid, Tetropium fuscum (Fabr.) (the brown spruce longhorn beetle) is reported. It was discovered attacking red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg., at Point Pleasant Park in the port city of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Biological notes pertinent to its infestation of red spruce at the Park are presented. In response to the observed tree mortality, bolts from living trees with green crowns and excessive resin flow have been reared repeatedly since 1999 with consistent results: emergence of Tetropium fuscum. Research on the North American establishment of this species has yielded novel information.
The effects of trap design, lure concentration, lure age, and trap maintenance on the catch of we... more The effects of trap design, lure concentration, lure age, and trap maintenance on the catch of western spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, in pheromone traps were tested in light to moderate infestations near Ashcroft, B.C. High cumulative moth catches reduced the trapping efficiency of both the sticky traps and the non-sticky Uni-traps relative to traps from which the moths were removed every 2 days. Correlations between the total season’s catch and larval density per plot in the same and following generations were not significant (P>0.05) for any of the eight combinations of trap design, lure concentration, and maintenance regimen tested. However, by dividing the mean moth catch in Uni-traps by either the basal area or foliage biomass per hectare in each plot, correlations with the following year’s larval density were significant (r2 = 0.77–0.98; P<0.05; n=5).
Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, adult males were observed in a wind t... more Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, adult males were observed in a wind tunnel for their response to synthetic sex pheromone and subsequently examined to determine their degree of infection with a microsporidian parasite, Nosema sp. A subsample of C. occidentalis was randomly selected and electroantennograms (EAG) of individual moths were measured for response to pheromone. The Nosema infection level ranged from 0 to 21.8 × 106 spores per milligram and was significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of males wing-fanning, taking off, and flying upwind to contact the pheromone source. The level of Nosema infection and the amplitude of the antennal response (EAG) to pheromone were not significantly related. These results suggest that Nosema affects the response of C. occidentalis males to pheromone in some way other than directly reducing the sensitivity of the antennae. We hypothesize that sublethal infections of Nosema sp. may reduce mating succes...
An extensive survey of black spruce,Picea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P., in Newfoundland in 1978 disclose... more An extensive survey of black spruce,Picea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P., in Newfoundland in 1978 disclosed that up to 50% of the old cones remaining on the trees were damaged by the deathwatch cone beetle,Ernobius bicolorWhite (Schooley 1983; White 1983). This beetle infests black spruce cones produced in the previous year's growing season and also damages cones in storage. Eggs are deposited between the scales and larvae feed within the cone and pupate in the fall or the following spring; their feeding can reduce extracted seed yields by one-half (Schooley 1983).
Larvae of the black spruce cone maggot,Strobilomyia appalachensis, were infected and killed bySte... more Larvae of the black spruce cone maggot,Strobilomyia appalachensis, were infected and killed bySteinernema carpocapsae(Weiser) All and Umeå strains,S.feltiae(Filipjev) (=bibionis)strain 27, andS.glaseriSteiner strain 326, in laboratory tests. After formation of puparia, however, cone maggots were practically resistant to all species and strains tested. Very few or no maggots were infected when nematodes were sprayed on or injected into infested spruce cones. The survival, activity, and infectivity of infective juveniles held in an aerated infusion of black spruce cones were significantly lower compared with those held in aerated water. In peat–sand columns, the proportion of larvae infected withS.feltiae, but notS.carpocapsaeUmeå strain, was significantly greater when larvae were dropped immediately or 1 day following nematode application compared with 1 day before or 3 days following nematode application. Our results suggest that, in field trials for cone maggot suppression, nematod...
Eleven species of Mordellidae are newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada. Six of these, Falsomo... more Eleven species of Mordellidae are newly recorded for New Brunswick, Canada. Six of these, Falsomordellistena discolor (Melsheimer), Falsomordellistena pubescens (Fabricius), Mordellistena ornata (Melsheimer), Mordellaria undulata (Melsheimer), Tomoxia inclusa LeConte, and Yakuhananomia bidentata (Say) are new for the Maritime provinces. Falsomordellistena pubescens is new to Canada. Pelecotoma flavipes Melsheimer (family Ripiphoridae) is reported for the first time for New Brunswick and the Maritime provinces. Collection and habitat data are presented for all these species.
Orchestes fagi (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L... more Orchestes fagi (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus; Fagaceae) in Europe that has recently become established and invasive on American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart) in Nova Scotia, Canada. We tested the effects of trap type, trap colour, trap height, and lure on the numbers of O. fagi captured per trap with the objective of developing a survey tool to monitor the weevil’s spread. We captured O. fagi in significantly greater numbers on yellow, green, or white traps than on light blue, dark blue, or red traps. There were no significant interactions between trap colour and trap design. Sticky triangular prism traps caught significantly more O. fagi than did nonsticky intercept traps regardless of colour. No effect of trap height was observed. Mean catch of O. fagi was significantly greater on yellow sticky triangular prism traps than on commercially sourced yellow sticky cards. Baiting yellow, green, or white sticky prism traps with the host volatile 9-geranyl-p-cymene did not increase catch of O. fagi. Our results suggest that yellow, green, or white sticky prism traps are a useful tool for detecting O. fagi adults and monitoring the spread of this species in Canada.
In north-central Georgia, 13 species of woodboring beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycina... more In north-central Georgia, 13 species of woodboring beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) were attracted to multiple-funnel traps baited with ethanol and one of the following pheromones: (1) racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one; (2) racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one; and (3) syn-2,3-hexanediol. The following species were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one: Anelaphus pumilus (Newman), Eburia quadrigeminata (Say), Euderces pini (Olivier), Knulliana cincta (Drury), Neoclytus mucronatus (F.), Neoclytus scutellaris (Olivier), and Xylotrechus colonus (F.). Clytus marginicollis Castelnau & Gory, and Anelaphus parallelus (Newman) were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, whereas traps baited with ethanol and syn-2,3-hexanediol were attractive to Anelaphus villosus (F.), A. parallelus, Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), Neoclytus jouteli jouteli Davis, and Megacyllene caryae (Gahan). Ethanol enhanced catches of seven cerambycid species in traps baited with syn-2,3-hexanediol and 3,2-hydroxyketones. Catches of bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in ethanol-baited traps were largely unaffected by the addition of syn-2,3-hexanediol and 3,2-hydroxyketone lures, except for two species. The mean catches of Hypothenemus rotundicollis Wood & Bright and Dryoxylon onoharaensum (Murayama) in ethanol-baited traps increased and decreased, respectively, with the addition of racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one. Traps baited with ethanol and syn-2,3-hexanediol were attractive to Xylobiops basilaris (Say) (Bostrichidae) and Chariessa pilosa (Forster) (Cleridae), whereas Temnoscheila virescens (F.) (Trogossitidae) were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one. The assassin bug, Apiomerus crassipes (F.
In 2016, we conducted three experiments to clarify the effects of 2,3-hexanediols isomers on trap... more In 2016, we conducted three experiments to clarify the effects of 2,3-hexanediols isomers on trap catches of Neoclytus acuminatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We also noted the effects of the isomers on trap catches of other cerambycids and associated species of predators and competitors. Catches of N. acuminatus in traps baited with ethanol + syn-2,3-hexanediol + racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one were reduced with the addition of anti-2,3-hexanediol, an attractant for Curius dentatus Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). A fourth experiment conducted in 2017 verified that racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one increases catches of N. acuminatus in traps baited with ethanol + syn-2,3-hexanediol. The addition of anti-2,3-hexanediol increased catches of Knulliana cincta (Drury) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in traps baited with ethanol + racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, whereas attraction of Neoclytus scutellaris (Olivier) to traps baited with ethanol + racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one was reduced by syn-2,3-hexanediol. Trap catches of the beetle predators Chariessa pilosa (Forster), Enoclerus ichneumonus (F.), and Madoniella dislocata (Say) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) were affected by 2,3-hexanediol isomers, whereas other common predators were unaffected by the isomers. Attraction of the bostrichid Xylobiops basilaris (Say) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) was increased by the 2,3-hexanediols; the relative effect of the two isomeric blends was dependent on trap co-baits of 3-hydroxy-2-ketones. The two enantiomeric blends of 2,3-hexanediol had minimal effects on catches of most species of ambrosia beetles, whereas the 3-hydroxy-2-ketones affected trap catches of some species.
Eighteen species of Histeridae are newly reported from New Brunswick, Canada. This brings the tot... more Eighteen species of Histeridae are newly reported from New Brunswick, Canada. This brings the total number of species known from New Brunswick to 42. Seven of these species, Acritus exguus (Erichson), Euspilotus rossi (Wenzel), Hypocaccus fitchi (Marseul), Dendrophilus kiteleyi Bousquet and Laplante, Platysoma cylindricum (Paykull), Atholus sedecimstriatus (Say), and Margarinotus harrisii (Kirby) are recorded from the Maritime provinces for the first time. Collection and bionomic data are presented for these species.
A large proportion of the insects which have invaded new regions and countries are emerging speci... more A large proportion of the insects which have invaded new regions and countries are emerging species, being found for the first time outside their native range. Being able to detect such species upon arrival at ports of entry before they establish in non-native countries is an urgent challenge. The deployment of traps baited with broad-spectrum semiochemical lures at ports-of-entry and other high-risk sites could be one such early detection tool. Rapid progress in the identification of semiochemicals for cerambycid beetles during the last 15 years has revealed that aggregation-sex pheromones and sex pheromones are often conserved at global levels for genera, tribes or subfamilies of the Cerambycidae. This possibly allows the development of generic attractants which attract multiple species simultaneously, especially when such pheromones are combined into blends. Here, we present the results of a worldwide field trial programme conducted during 2018–2021, using traps baited with a sta...
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