This experiment aimed to evaluate meat quality, fatty acid profile in back-fat, and fecal microbi... more This experiment aimed to evaluate meat quality, fatty acid profile in back-fat, and fecal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs fed with liquid enzymatically digested food waste. Fifty-six crossbred pigs (approximately 32.99 kg body weight) were assigned to one of two treatments with seven replicate pens and four pigs per pen. Pigs were fed with control (corn-soybean meal diets) or food waste from d 0 to 53, while all pigs were fed with the control diet from d 53 to 79. The 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze microbiota of feces collected on d 0, 28, 53, and 79. Meat quality and carcass characteristics were measured in one pig per pen at the end of the experiment. Pigs fed with food waste contained more (p < 0.05) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in back-fat. Feeding food waste increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, but decreased (p < 0.05) the relative abundances of Streptococcaceae and Clostridiace...
Fruit, vegetable, meat, and dairy food waste were collected from supermarkets and enzymatically d... more Fruit, vegetable, meat, and dairy food waste were collected from supermarkets and enzymatically digested to generate food waste products, containing 90% smaller particles of food waste (SPFW) and 10% larger particles of food waste (LPFW). The objectives of this experiment were to determine the chemical composition of the enzymatically digested food waste products and to evaluate if these products may be used in diets for growing-finishing pigs. On average, SPFW contained 220.5 g/kg dry matter (DM), whereas LPFW contained 289.8 g/kg DM. On a DM basis, SPFW contained 220.5 g/kg crude protein, 365.8 g/kg crude fat, 4.8 g/kg Ca, and 3.3 g/kg P. Larger particle food waste contained 195.3 g/kg crude protein, 344.3 g/kg crude fat, 26.9 g/kg Ca, and 11.2 g/kg P. On a DM basis, total indispensable amino acids were 100.7 g/kg in SPFW and 79.9 g/kg in LPSF, whereas total dispensable amino acids were 117.6 g/kg in SPFW and 95.7 g/kg in LPSF, respectively. A relatively high variability was observed in concentrations of minerals and fiber among batches of LPFW than SPFW. Fifty-six crossbred pigs (approximately 32.99 kg initial body weight (BW)) were randomly allotted to one of 2 dietary treatments with 7 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 2 gilts). A 3-phase feeding program was used with day 0 to 28 as phase 1, d 28 to 53 as phase 2, and d 53 to 79 as phase 3. The 2 dietary treatments were a control diet based on corn and soybean meal and a liquid diet with the mixture of SPFW and LPFW (90:10, vol:vol). In phases 1 and 2, pigs were fed control or liquid diets, whereas all pigs were fed the control diet in phase 3. Compared with the control diet, pigs fed the liquid diet had lower (P < 0.05) body weights throughout the experiment due to reduced (P < 0.05) DM intake. Pigs fed the liquid diet tended to have increased (P = 0.082) gain:feed in phase 3. In conclusion, the enzymatically digested food waste may provide nutrients on a DM basis that are close to the nutrient content in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to growing-finishing pigs.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets is an efficient alternative to conventional hot water extract... more Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets is an efficient alternative to conventional hot water extraction where overall soluble extraction is valued. The economic analysis of a sugar beet soluble sugar production plant was designed and developed using SuperPro Designer software. The commercial scale operation was sized to process 100 million metric ton (MT)/day of sugar beets. The base case process includes transportation, grinding, thermal pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, solid–liquid separation, and evaporation. The final product from the model was assumed to be a sugar syrup stream at 65% total solids content. Since the breakeven selling price was sensitive to the cost of enzymes, alternative scenario A added an ultrafiltration unit operation to separate the enzymes and reuse them in subsequent batches of hydrolysis. Steam was another major contributor to the operating cost. Alternative scenario B included a natural gas boiler to generate steam from biogas produced from a co‐locate...
Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets for achieving liquefaction and sugar release is a critical st... more Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets for achieving liquefaction and sugar release is a critical step for beet-ethanol production. An enzyme recycling process was developed in this study to reduce the economic uncertainty raised by the high costs of enzymes by reducing the fresh enzyme usage. A mixture of cellulases and pectinases was used in the beet hydrolysis. The hydrolysate was centrifuged and then processed through a 50 kDa molecular weight cut-off polyethersulfone membrane to recover enzymes from the liquid. Liquid enzyme recycling with 50% fresh enzyme addition achieved a similar liquefaction extent and sugar yield compared to the positive control with 100% fresh enzyme. Solid enzyme recycling showed a lower liquefaction efficiency, requiring at least 75% of fresh enzyme addition for a comparable liquefaction extent. Five sequential batches of hydrolysis with liquid enzyme recycling were successfully conducted to hydrolyze sugar beets with similar liquefaction extents and suga...
This experiment aimed to evaluate meat quality, fatty acid profile in back-fat, and fecal microbi... more This experiment aimed to evaluate meat quality, fatty acid profile in back-fat, and fecal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs fed with liquid enzymatically digested food waste. Fifty-six crossbred pigs (approximately 32.99 kg body weight) were assigned to one of two treatments with seven replicate pens and four pigs per pen. Pigs were fed with control (corn-soybean meal diets) or food waste from d 0 to 53, while all pigs were fed with the control diet from d 53 to 79. The 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze microbiota of feces collected on d 0, 28, 53, and 79. Meat quality and carcass characteristics were measured in one pig per pen at the end of the experiment. Pigs fed with food waste contained more (p < 0.05) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in back-fat. Feeding food waste increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, but decreased (p < 0.05) the relative abundances of Streptococcaceae and Clostridiace...
Fruit, vegetable, meat, and dairy food waste were collected from supermarkets and enzymatically d... more Fruit, vegetable, meat, and dairy food waste were collected from supermarkets and enzymatically digested to generate food waste products, containing 90% smaller particles of food waste (SPFW) and 10% larger particles of food waste (LPFW). The objectives of this experiment were to determine the chemical composition of the enzymatically digested food waste products and to evaluate if these products may be used in diets for growing-finishing pigs. On average, SPFW contained 220.5 g/kg dry matter (DM), whereas LPFW contained 289.8 g/kg DM. On a DM basis, SPFW contained 220.5 g/kg crude protein, 365.8 g/kg crude fat, 4.8 g/kg Ca, and 3.3 g/kg P. Larger particle food waste contained 195.3 g/kg crude protein, 344.3 g/kg crude fat, 26.9 g/kg Ca, and 11.2 g/kg P. On a DM basis, total indispensable amino acids were 100.7 g/kg in SPFW and 79.9 g/kg in LPSF, whereas total dispensable amino acids were 117.6 g/kg in SPFW and 95.7 g/kg in LPSF, respectively. A relatively high variability was observed in concentrations of minerals and fiber among batches of LPFW than SPFW. Fifty-six crossbred pigs (approximately 32.99 kg initial body weight (BW)) were randomly allotted to one of 2 dietary treatments with 7 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 2 gilts). A 3-phase feeding program was used with day 0 to 28 as phase 1, d 28 to 53 as phase 2, and d 53 to 79 as phase 3. The 2 dietary treatments were a control diet based on corn and soybean meal and a liquid diet with the mixture of SPFW and LPFW (90:10, vol:vol). In phases 1 and 2, pigs were fed control or liquid diets, whereas all pigs were fed the control diet in phase 3. Compared with the control diet, pigs fed the liquid diet had lower (P < 0.05) body weights throughout the experiment due to reduced (P < 0.05) DM intake. Pigs fed the liquid diet tended to have increased (P = 0.082) gain:feed in phase 3. In conclusion, the enzymatically digested food waste may provide nutrients on a DM basis that are close to the nutrient content in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to growing-finishing pigs.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets is an efficient alternative to conventional hot water extract... more Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets is an efficient alternative to conventional hot water extraction where overall soluble extraction is valued. The economic analysis of a sugar beet soluble sugar production plant was designed and developed using SuperPro Designer software. The commercial scale operation was sized to process 100 million metric ton (MT)/day of sugar beets. The base case process includes transportation, grinding, thermal pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, solid–liquid separation, and evaporation. The final product from the model was assumed to be a sugar syrup stream at 65% total solids content. Since the breakeven selling price was sensitive to the cost of enzymes, alternative scenario A added an ultrafiltration unit operation to separate the enzymes and reuse them in subsequent batches of hydrolysis. Steam was another major contributor to the operating cost. Alternative scenario B included a natural gas boiler to generate steam from biogas produced from a co‐locate...
Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets for achieving liquefaction and sugar release is a critical st... more Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beets for achieving liquefaction and sugar release is a critical step for beet-ethanol production. An enzyme recycling process was developed in this study to reduce the economic uncertainty raised by the high costs of enzymes by reducing the fresh enzyme usage. A mixture of cellulases and pectinases was used in the beet hydrolysis. The hydrolysate was centrifuged and then processed through a 50 kDa molecular weight cut-off polyethersulfone membrane to recover enzymes from the liquid. Liquid enzyme recycling with 50% fresh enzyme addition achieved a similar liquefaction extent and sugar yield compared to the positive control with 100% fresh enzyme. Solid enzyme recycling showed a lower liquefaction efficiency, requiring at least 75% of fresh enzyme addition for a comparable liquefaction extent. Five sequential batches of hydrolysis with liquid enzyme recycling were successfully conducted to hydrolyze sugar beets with similar liquefaction extents and suga...
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