Papers by Sreenivasulu Reddy
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2015
Background: Blood culture provides essential information for the evaluation of a variety of disea... more Background: Blood culture provides essential information for the evaluation of a variety of diseases like endocarditis, pneumonia, and pyrexia of unknown origin particularly, in patients with suspected sepsis. Septicaemia is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality along with perinatal hypoxia. Objectives: To study the bacterial flora of blood stream infections in adults & pediatric patients including neonates. To study the risk factors and duration of incubation for obtaining positive cultures. To study their antibiotic resistant pattern and compare results with those of other investigators in this field. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the department of microbiology, Narayana medical college and hospital, Nellore over a period of six months, from March 2014 to September 2014. During the six months period, 200 samples received from various departments were processed and relevant findings were noted. Results: Out of 200 blood samples growth was obtained in 34 samples (17%). Among them Gram positive bacteria were 11 (5.5%). Gram negative bacilli were 23 (11.6%). Among the gram positive bacteria maximum resistance was seen with methicillin and imipenum. No resistance was seen with vancomycin and erythromycin. Most of gram negative bacilli were multidrug resistant. Maximum resistance was seen with piperacillin, amikacin, ceftizoxime and amoxyclav. Conclusion: Early diagnosis & appropriate treatment of bacterial infections can make difference between life & death. It would reduce mortality from septicaemia, reduce time & improve patient management.
Malaria Journal, 2015
Background: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is still a major health threat in endemic are... more Background: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is still a major health threat in endemic areas especially for children below 5 years of age. While it is recognized that antibody immunity plays an important role in controlling the disease, knowledge of the mechanisms of sustenance and natural boosting of immunity is very limited. Before, it has not been possible to investigate malaria specific B-cells directly in flow cytometry, making it difficult to know how much of a B cell response is due to malaria, or how much is due to other immunological stimulators. Methods: This study developed a technique using quantum dots and schizont extract made from ghosts of infected erythrocytes, to be able to investigate P. falciparum specific B-cells, something that has never been done before. Results: Major differences in P. falciparum specific B-cells were found between samples from immune (22.3 %) and non-immune (1.7 %) individuals. Samples from parasite positive individuals had the highest proportions of specific B-cells (27.9 %). Conclusion: The study showed increased levels of P. falciparum-specific B-cells in immune individuals, with the highest levels in active malaria infections, using a new technique that opens up new possibilities to study how these cells are sustained in vivo after natural infections. It will also be useful in vaccine studies.
Scientific reports, Jan 13, 2018
Understanding the functional characteristics of naturally acquired antibodies against P. falcipar... more Understanding the functional characteristics of naturally acquired antibodies against P. falciparum merozoite antigens is crucial for determining the protective functions of antibodies. Affinity (measured as k) of naturally acquired antibodies against two key targets of acquired immunity, EBA175 and PfRh2, was determined using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) in a longitudinal survey in Nigeria. A majority of the participants, 79% and 67%, maintained stable antibody affinities to EBA175 and PfRh2, respectively, over time. In about 10% of the individuals, there was a reciprocal interaction with a reduction over time in antibody affinity for PfRh2 and an increase for EBA175. In general, PfRh2 elicited antibodies with higher affinity compared to EBA175. Individuals with higher exposure to malaria produced antibodies with higher affinity to both antigens. Younger individuals (5-15 years) produced comparable or higher affinity antibodies than adults (>15 years) against EBA175, but not ...
Malaria Journal, 2017
Background: B-cells are essential in immunity against malaria, but which subsets of B-cells speci... more Background: B-cells are essential in immunity against malaria, but which subsets of B-cells specifically recognize Plasmodium falciparum and when they appear is still largely unknown. Results: Using the flow cytometry technique for detection of P. falciparum specific (Pf+) B-cells, this study for the first time measured the development of Pf+ B cell (CD19+) phenotypes in Ugandan babies from birth up to nine months, and in their mothers. The babies showed increases in Pf+ IgG memory B-cells (MBCs), atypical MBCs, and plasma cells/blasts over time, but the proportion of these cells were still lower than in the mothers who displayed stable levels (5, 18, and 3%, respectively). Pf+ non-IgG+ MBCs and naïve B-cells binding to P. falciparum antigens were higher in the babies compared to the mothers (12 and 50%). In ELISA there was an increase in IgG and IgM antibodies over time in babies, and stable levels in mothers. At baby delivery, multigravidae mothers had a higher proportion of Pf+ IgG MBCs and less Pf+ naïve B-cells than primigravidae mothers. Conclusions: In newborns, naïve B-cells are a major player in recognizing P. falciparum. In adults, the high proportion of Pf+ atypical MBCs suggests a major role for these cells. Both in infants and adults, non-IgG+ MBCs were higher than IgG MBCs, indicating that these cells deserve more focus in future.
PLoS ONE, 2012
Background: Malaria kills almost 1 million people every year, but the mechanisms behind protectiv... more Background: Malaria kills almost 1 million people every year, but the mechanisms behind protective immunity against the disease are still largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, surface plasmon resonance technology was used to evaluate the affinity (measured as k d) of naturally acquired antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum antigens MSP2 and AMA1. Antibodies in serum samples from residents in endemic areas bound with higher affinities to AMA1 than to MSP2, and with higher affinities to the 3D7 allele of MSP2-3D7 than to the FC27 allele. The affinities against AMA1 and MSP2-3D7 increased with age, and were usually within similar range as the affinities for the monoclonal antibodies also examined in this study. The finding of MSP2-3D7 type parasites in the blood was associated with a tendency for higher affinity antibodies to both forms of MSP2 and AMA1, but this was significant only when analyzing antibodies against MSP2-FC27, and individuals infected with both allelic forms of MSP2 at the same time showed the highest affinities. Individuals with the highest antibody affinities for MSP2-3D7 at baseline had a prolonged time to clinical malaria during 40 weeks of follow-up, and among individuals who were parasite positive at baseline higher antibody affinities to all antigens were seen in the individuals that did not experience febrile malaria during follow up. Conclusions/Significance: This study contributes important information for understanding how immunity against malaria arises. The findings suggest that antibody affinity plays an important role in protection against disease, and differs between antigens. In light of this information, antibody affinity measurements would be a key assessment in future evaluation of malaria vaccine formulations.
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During educational dissections some rare anatomic variations were encountered in the left upper l... more During educational dissections some rare anatomic variations were encountered in the left upper limb of a human adult male cadaver. The variations were unilateral and included the median nerve presenting three roots, two from the lateral and one from the medial cord of the brachial plexus, communication between median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve in the distal half of the arm, the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve showing a loop and the brachial vein passing between the medial and lateral roots of median nerve to drain into the axillary vein. The abnormal root of median nerve coming from the lateral cord had a very close oblique course over the distal part of the axillary artery. These kinds of variations are more prone to injury in radical neck dissections and in other surgical operations of the axilla. The very close course of the unusual branch with the axillary artery may lessen the blood supply of the upper extremity by compressing the vessel. The communicating branch from median nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve can be explained on the basis of its embryologic development. Injury to such a variant median nerve in the proximal arm may lead to paresthesia along the preaxial border of the forearm, weakness of elbow flexion, in addition to other manifestations of median nerve injury. The clinical implications as well as the possible clinical symptoms resulting from these anomalies are discussed.
Received on: 02.07.2018 Revised on: 23.09.2018 Accepted on: 26.09.2018 Pulmonary infections due t... more Received on: 02.07.2018 Revised on: 23.09.2018 Accepted on: 26.09.2018 Pulmonary infections due to Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) has emerged as an increasingly prevalent clinical entity in the past two to three decades. The prevalence of tuberculosis has reduced in developed countries, but infections due to NTM are on rising, whereas in developing countries like India, tuberculosis is still a significant health problem. This study was undertaken to investigate the overall burden and diversity of NTM among clinical pulmonary isolates from a south Indian population. This study was conducted from March 2017 to December 2017, to identify species of Nontuberculous mycobacteria from specimens suspected with pulmonary tuberculosis. We applied conventional biochemical test like growth on the LJ medium containing PNBA (para-nitrobenzoic acid) for differentiation of NTM and M.tuberculosis and PCRRFLP of the 16S-23S rRNA ITS gene for species identification. A 221 bp fragment of ITS gene ...
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 2018
Mycorrhizal Dependency (MD) of twenty nine agroforestry tree species saplings was investigated. H... more Mycorrhizal Dependency (MD) of twenty nine agroforestry tree species saplings was investigated. Highest MD was exhibited by Azadirachta indica followed by Albizia lebbek, Diospyros melanoxylon, Mangifera indica, Murraya koenigii, Polyalthia longifolia, Psidium guava, Saraha indica and Zizyphus mauritiana have not shown any mycorrhizal dependency. No correlation was observed between the percent of infection and MD. Based on the MD, the present agroforestry tree species are categorized into three types viz., highly dependent, moderately dependent and non-dependent.
Indian Journal of Surgery, 2011
A common trunk of origin of the right testicular and middle suprarenal arteries with a retrocaval... more A common trunk of origin of the right testicular and middle suprarenal arteries with a retrocaval course was observed during the dissection of a male cadaver. The Common trunk (CT) arose from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta (AA) at the level of the right renal artery (RRA) and after a short course behind the inferior vena cava (IVC), the CT divided into right testicular and middle suprarenal arteries. The middle suprarenal artery (MSA) passed upwards behind the IVC to the right suprarenal gland. The right testicular artery (RTA) descended posterior to the RRA and anterior to the IVC. It then continued on its normal route distally with the right testicular vein. The awareness of such variations of testicular and middle suprarenal arteries and their unusual origin and course might complicate the interpretation of angiograms and surgical procedures in the posterior abdominal area.
International Journal of Morphology, 2007
SUMMARY: A sesamoid bone is a little bone embedded in a joint capsule or tendon. We observed a ve... more SUMMARY: A sesamoid bone is a little bone embedded in a joint capsule or tendon. We observed a very rare sesamoid bone (cyamella) in the popliteus muscle of a 48 - year - old male cadaver. Further, the related literature is reviewed and the probable functions, ...
Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2011
Context: Following microvascular surgeries, stenosis and spasm of the arterial graft or the recip... more Context: Following microvascular surgeries, stenosis and spasm of the arterial graft or the recipient vessel are serious complications which are often caused by intimal hyperplasia and perivascular nerves, respectively. Aims: The purpose of this study was to understand the characteristics of arterial wall and sympathetic innervation of the human superficial temporal artery (STA) and also, the effect of aging on STA. Methods and Materials: Fifty-two fresh human STA (frontal branch) samples were obtained from 26 cadavers (19 males and 7 females) between the ages of 19 and 83 years. Samples were divided into three age groups: G1, 19-40 years; G2, 41-60 years; G3, over 61 years. 5µm-thin sections of each sample were taken and stained with haematoxylin-eosin, Verhoff's and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining. Results: The well-defined internal elastic lamina (IEL) was observed in all samples of STA, whereas external elastic lamina (EEL) was not prominent in almost all cases or absent in few cases. This might be the important factor in the process of intimal and medial hyperplasia in the frontal branch of STA. Notably, intimal thickening appeared from second decade of life. Sympathetic fibres are located mainly in tunica adventitia and outer media. Mean adventitial and sympathetic areas were found to be 0.080 and 0.010mm 2 , respectively. Statistical analysis used: One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post hoc test by using the SPSS 11.5 software. Conclusions: STA is prone to age related pathological changes. Sympathetic index may be used for analysis of sympathetic fibre-related problems (vasospasm, migraine) of the STA.
Acta Medica Saliniana, 2009
We present a case of third coronary artery arising directly from the right aortic sinus of Valsal... more We present a case of third coronary artery arising directly from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva in a 60 year old male cadaver. It coursed in the epicardium downward, forward and to left on the sternocostal surface of the right ventricle up to the apex of heart where it anastomosed with left anterior descending artery. During its course it gave small ventricular branches to the right and left ventricles. Clinical importance and embryology of the variation are discussed.
Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie, 2008
Dissection of a 65-year-old male cadaver revealed bilateral anomalous facial artery. The right fa... more Dissection of a 65-year-old male cadaver revealed bilateral anomalous facial artery. The right facial artery taking origin from the external carotid artery did not make any loop in the submandibular region, entered the face by winding round the lower border of mandible, and terminated as the inferior labial artery. The upper part of the right side face in this case was supplied by various branches of transverse facial artery, infra orbital artery and dorsal nasal artery. The origin, course and branching pattern of the left facial artery was normal except the inferior labial artery was missing from it. The venous drainage of the face was normal on both sides. This case may provide useful information for clinical applications in different fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery.
International Journal of Morphology, 2007
The gluteal region is an important anatomical and clinical area which contains muscles and vital ... more The gluteal region is an important anatomical and clinical area which contains muscles and vital neurovascular bundles. They are important for their clinical and morphological reasons. In this manuscript we report a rare case of absence of inferior gluteal artery. In the same specimen the superior gluteal artery was taking origin from the anterior division of internal iliac artery. The structures normally supplied by the inferior gluteal artery were supplied by a branch coming from the superior gluteal artery. The developmental and clinical significance of the anatomical variation is discussed.
The Journal of reproductive medicine, 2004
To investigate changes in cell-mediated immunophenotypes by flow cytometry in endocervical secret... more To investigate changes in cell-mediated immunophenotypes by flow cytometry in endocervical secretions and peripheral blood in women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Fifty women attending the gynaecology outpatient department of Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India, with signs and symptoms of cervicitis were enrolled. All patients underwent endocervical screening for C trachomatis (direct fluorescence antibody test [DFA]), and any coinfection with Candida (Gram stain), bacterial vaginosis (Gram stain), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gram stain), Trichomonas vaginalis (wet mount) and HIV (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was ruled out. Flow cytometry was done to investigate changes in immunophenotypes in endocervical secretions and peripheral blood using monoclonal antibodies for surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD45 and CD83). Data were analyzed by chi2 test, while means were compared using Student's t test. C trachomatis positivity was found to be 36% (n = 18). Forty-eight ...
International Journal of Morphology, 2007
SUMMARY: A sesamoid bone is a little bone embedded in a joint capsule or tendon. We observed a ve... more SUMMARY: A sesamoid bone is a little bone embedded in a joint capsule or tendon. We observed a very rare sesamoid bone (cyamella) in the popliteus muscle of a 48 - year - old male cadaver. Further, the related literature is reviewed and the probable functions, ...
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Papers by Sreenivasulu Reddy