Specimens of Cryptopygus bipunctatus are reported and described from North America (Michigan) for... more Specimens of Cryptopygus bipunctatus are reported and described from North America (Michigan) for the first time. Tbe species is easily recognized by its lack of color, one pair of ocelli on black eyespots, and one flair of ventral manubrial setae. Michigan and European specimens are very· similar. A very similar Polish species, Isotomina posteroculata, is transferred to Cryptopy· gus. Cryptop;xgus bipunctatus (Axelson) (= Isotoma bipunctata Axelson) is widely distnbuted in Europe (Stach 1947, Gisin 1960), but usually has not been considered pa t of the North American fauna. Hammer (1938) reported I. bipunctata from east Greenland, but Agrell (1939) considered her specimens to be I. notabilis pallida Agrell. Mills (1939) reported specimens from Mani toba, but Christiansen and Bellinger (1980) believed they probably were I. notabilis Schaffer or I. ekmani Fjellberg. Dallai (1969) transferred I. bipunc tata to Cryptopygus Willem. In 1972, Michigan specimens identified as C. bipuncta...
The study compared effects of four distances between traps (range 0.5-4.0 m) on arthropod capture... more The study compared effects of four distances between traps (range 0.5-4.0 m) on arthropod captures. Twelve traps were aligned in each of four transects, and 20 samples. trap were obtained during summer and fall in a northern Michigan deciduous forest. Catches proved to be unaffected by trap spacing. Rather, they reflected local within-site differences in abundance of dominant species
An annotated list of 80 collembolan species taken from the ELF Project area in Dickinson County. ... more An annotated list of 80 collembolan species taken from the ELF Project area in Dickinson County. Michigan, is presented. Two new species are described, a new record for the Cnited States is established, and new records for Michigan's Upper Peninsula are reponed. Specimens were obtained using pitfall traps and extraction of liner and soil cores taken from deciduous forest. The Cnited States Navy Electronic Systems Command during 1981 was directed by the President to proceed with completion of an ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) communications system for submarines. This entailed the construction of a 58-mile-Iong antenna in .Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Since 1982, our research team has been IIl<)nitoring the deciduous forest arthropods associated with soil and litter of locations in DickirL<.OIl County. Our purpose is to establish baseline data about the composition and ecology of those populations before, during, and after erection and operation of the antenna. Selection ...
Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 1964
... Clemens, VIII-2, 1960, (RJ Snider); Bay County, Bay City, IX, 1960; Genesee County, Flint, VI... more ... Clemens, VIII-2, 1960, (RJ Snider); Bay County, Bay City, IX, 1960; Genesee County, Flint, VIII-12, 1962, (RB Willson). ... Specimens also have been examined in the US National Museum which were collected on mushrooms at Arlington, Virginia, July 11, 1954, (SF Blake). ...
... Using calculated thermal constants obн tained in the laboratory, he then made estimates of de... more ... Using calculated thermal constants obн tained in the laboratory, he then made estimates of developmental times in the field. ... The most common method of emergence is head first (Hale, 51). ... escapes the egg by eating its way out through the egg shell, which is covered with fecal ...
This account is the result of efforts by Drs. Kenneth Christiansen and Peter Bellinger to amass a... more This account is the result of efforts by Drs. Kenneth Christiansen and Peter Bellinger to amass and examine the major collections of North American Collembola. Their work will culminate in a descriptive monograph on the Collembola-fauna of North America. The author agreed to describe part of the new species of Sminthuridae extracted from those collections. The analysis of specimens justifies erection of 17 species new to science. Sminthurinus (Polykatianna) polygonius n.sp. Plate I: Figs. 1-13 Antennae light purple, darkest distally. Head with purple polygons of pigment strongly expressed from the bases of the antennae to the apex; with a dark inter-antennal spot and light dusting of purple on the genae. In some specimens only the inter-antennal spot and genal pigmentation occurs. Thorax and abdomen with purple pigment in an irregular pattern of polygons on a light yellow background; some specimens lack purple pigment entirely. Eyes 8+8; ocellus C smaller than H. Antennal segments in the ratio of 1:2:3:6. ANT IV subannulated into 12-13 intermediates; median apical bulb not present, but with lateral apical papilla. ANT I11 with subapical sense rods lying in shallow depressions; lateral sensory papilla may or may not be visible. Thoracic segmentation evident. Metatrochanter with D, modified into a trochanteral organ. Inner margins of the metatibiae with 11-12 heavy setae; tibotarsi with 10-11 strongly clavate tenent hairs; pretarsus with an anterior inner and posterior setula. Unguis lanceolate with an outer tooth midway between the base and apex; inner margin with a weak (sometimes absent) tooth slightly more than halfway distant from the base. Unguiculus with a distinct inner comer tooth and short apical needle. Sacs of the ventral tube smooth. Rami of the tenaculum quadridentate; anterior corpus with one subapical and one apical setula. Manubrium with 10 dorsal setae. Dens with 3+3 ventral subapical setae; dorsally with seven and laterally with five subapical setae. Mucro with rachis obliquely recumed, inner lamella serrate, outer lamella smooth. Dorsal anal lobe without a median, bifid seta. Female subanal appendage fimbriate. Bothriotrix D situated on a low papilla; body setae on the posterior half of the abdomen twice as long as those on the thorax. Maxium length 1.4 mm.
Zoological institutions develop human-animal interaction opportunities for visitors to advance mi... more Zoological institutions develop human-animal interaction opportunities for visitors to advance missions of conservation, education, and recreation; however, the animal welfare implications largely have yet to be evaluated. This behavioral study was the first to quantify impacts of guest feeding programs on captive giraffe behavior and welfare, by documenting giraffe time budgets that included both normal and stereotypic behaviors. Thirty giraffes from nine zoos (six zoos with varying guest feeding programs and three without) were observed using both instantaneous scan sampling and continuous behavioral sampling techniques. All data were collected during summer 2012 and analyzed using linear mixed models. The degree of individual giraffe participation in guest feeding programs was positively associated with increased time spent idle and marginally associated with reduced time spent ruminating. Time spent participating in guest feeding programs had no effect on performance of stereoty...
Tigers are often transported for education, conservation, and zoo enhancement purposes, however t... more Tigers are often transported for education, conservation, and zoo enhancement purposes, however the effect of transfer on them has not yet been documented. Our objective was to evaluate how transport affects the behavior and physiology of tigers, taking into account previous experience with the transport procedure. We simulated transport by relocating five tigers in a small individual transfer cage. Two tigers had prior experience with the procedure, and three tigers were naı¨ve to it. After 30 min, each tiger was released back into their original enclosure. Physiological measurements were recorded for four of the five tigers; these included respiration rate and immune-reactive fecal cortisol response using radioimmunoassay. We also recorded the behavior of all five tigers before, during, and after transport. Our behavioral analysis included activity level, pacing behavior, time spent investigating, respiration rate, and ear position. Average respiration rates of all tigers increased from 56.1 breaths/min to 94.6 breaths/min during transport and to 132.3 breaths/min 10 min following release into their enclosures. Average immune-reactive cortisol concentrations peaked 3-6 days after transport at 239% above baseline and returned to baseline levels 9-12 days afterward. During their peak time block, naı¨ve tigers exhibited a higher average increase in cortisol levels (482% above baseline) than the experienced tigers (158% above baseline). The naı¨ve tigers' average immune-reactive cortisol concentration remained elevated for a longer period (9-12 days) than the experienced tigers' (3-6 days). In both groups, behavioral responses ranged from active to inactive, however naı¨ve tigers performed these repertoires with greater intensity by pacing faster and performing fewer state changes. Results suggest that prior exposure to elements of the transport procedure may lead to some level of habituation, thus reducing the effects of transportation stress. Zoo Biol 23:335-346, 2004.
A detailed morphological study of the collembolan genus Vesicephalus Richards in Delamare Deboutt... more A detailed morphological study of the collembolan genus Vesicephalus Richards in Delamare Deboutteville & Massoud, 1964 is presented, with the redescription of known species on the basis of new scanning electron microscopy observations. Vesicephalus is a rare genus found in North America, Spain (Europe) and Russia, having the unique characteristic of a pair of interocular vesicles with demonstrated photoreception function. This feature may be responsible for habitat restriction within the species range. The possible function of this photoreceptor is high sensitivity to light, which permits these animals to live in a dark environment. A key to the known five species is presented, together with chaetotaxic illustrations. The genus currently includes Vesicephalus longisetis (Guthrie, 1903) (Fig. 1a), Vesicephalus occidentalis (Mills, 1935) (Fig. 1b) and Vesicephalus crossleyi Snider, 1985 from North America, Vesicephalus europaeus Ardanaz & Pozo, 1985 (Fig. 1c, d) from the northern Iberian Peninsula and Vesicephalus bellingeri Bretfeld, 2002 (Fig. 1e, f) from eastern Russia (Fig. 2). Richards (1968) listed another, undescribed American species (Vesicephalus sp.), that we have been unable to find, and Richards gave no information about its distribution. Whilst taking samples for the project 'Fauna Iberica', live specimens of V. europaeus were captured. This species had been described in 1985 from only three specimens captured in pitfall traps from northern Spain. Our new specimens allowed an in-depth
This report describes a cold case in which a cadaver of a 28-year-old female was exhumed in Febru... more This report describes a cold case in which a cadaver of a 28-year-old female was exhumed in February 2005 from a cemetery in Battle Creek, Michigan. She had sustained a gunshot wound to the head and was found dead in her home on November 15, 1977. The body of the victim was subsequently embalmed and then buried at a depth of 1.8 m in an unsealed casket that was placed inside an unsealed cement vault. The exhumation yielded thousands of live specimens of a single species of the order Collembola or spring tails, Sinella (Coecobrya) tenebricosa (Entomobryidae). This species is considered to be a ''tramp'' species, cosmopolitan in the United States and Canada. Due to the ideal environmental conditions at the site, the population of this species underwent growth and development inside the casket for a number of years. Collected with the Collembola were large numbers of Acarina (mites) of the Family Glycyphagidae, and fly puparia, Conicera tibialis Schmitz (Order: Diptera, Family: Phoridae), also known as coffin flies. These invertebrates are sometimes mentioned by forensic investigators as occurring on corpses in graves, but aspects of their life history are rarely described. The species of Collembola that was found surviving and reproducing on this corpse in a casket exhumed after 28 years was the oldest reported grave site occurrence for any collembolan species based on a survey of the literature back to 1898.
Specimens of Cryptopygus bipunctatus are reported and described from North America (Michigan) for... more Specimens of Cryptopygus bipunctatus are reported and described from North America (Michigan) for the first time. Tbe species is easily recognized by its lack of color, one pair of ocelli on black eyespots, and one flair of ventral manubrial setae. Michigan and European specimens are very· similar. A very similar Polish species, Isotomina posteroculata, is transferred to Cryptopy· gus. Cryptop;xgus bipunctatus (Axelson) (= Isotoma bipunctata Axelson) is widely distnbuted in Europe (Stach 1947, Gisin 1960), but usually has not been considered pa t of the North American fauna. Hammer (1938) reported I. bipunctata from east Greenland, but Agrell (1939) considered her specimens to be I. notabilis pallida Agrell. Mills (1939) reported specimens from Mani toba, but Christiansen and Bellinger (1980) believed they probably were I. notabilis Schaffer or I. ekmani Fjellberg. Dallai (1969) transferred I. bipunc tata to Cryptopygus Willem. In 1972, Michigan specimens identified as C. bipuncta...
The study compared effects of four distances between traps (range 0.5-4.0 m) on arthropod capture... more The study compared effects of four distances between traps (range 0.5-4.0 m) on arthropod captures. Twelve traps were aligned in each of four transects, and 20 samples. trap were obtained during summer and fall in a northern Michigan deciduous forest. Catches proved to be unaffected by trap spacing. Rather, they reflected local within-site differences in abundance of dominant species
An annotated list of 80 collembolan species taken from the ELF Project area in Dickinson County. ... more An annotated list of 80 collembolan species taken from the ELF Project area in Dickinson County. Michigan, is presented. Two new species are described, a new record for the Cnited States is established, and new records for Michigan's Upper Peninsula are reponed. Specimens were obtained using pitfall traps and extraction of liner and soil cores taken from deciduous forest. The Cnited States Navy Electronic Systems Command during 1981 was directed by the President to proceed with completion of an ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) communications system for submarines. This entailed the construction of a 58-mile-Iong antenna in .Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Since 1982, our research team has been IIl<)nitoring the deciduous forest arthropods associated with soil and litter of locations in DickirL<.OIl County. Our purpose is to establish baseline data about the composition and ecology of those populations before, during, and after erection and operation of the antenna. Selection ...
Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 1964
... Clemens, VIII-2, 1960, (RJ Snider); Bay County, Bay City, IX, 1960; Genesee County, Flint, VI... more ... Clemens, VIII-2, 1960, (RJ Snider); Bay County, Bay City, IX, 1960; Genesee County, Flint, VIII-12, 1962, (RB Willson). ... Specimens also have been examined in the US National Museum which were collected on mushrooms at Arlington, Virginia, July 11, 1954, (SF Blake). ...
... Using calculated thermal constants obн tained in the laboratory, he then made estimates of de... more ... Using calculated thermal constants obн tained in the laboratory, he then made estimates of developmental times in the field. ... The most common method of emergence is head first (Hale, 51). ... escapes the egg by eating its way out through the egg shell, which is covered with fecal ...
This account is the result of efforts by Drs. Kenneth Christiansen and Peter Bellinger to amass a... more This account is the result of efforts by Drs. Kenneth Christiansen and Peter Bellinger to amass and examine the major collections of North American Collembola. Their work will culminate in a descriptive monograph on the Collembola-fauna of North America. The author agreed to describe part of the new species of Sminthuridae extracted from those collections. The analysis of specimens justifies erection of 17 species new to science. Sminthurinus (Polykatianna) polygonius n.sp. Plate I: Figs. 1-13 Antennae light purple, darkest distally. Head with purple polygons of pigment strongly expressed from the bases of the antennae to the apex; with a dark inter-antennal spot and light dusting of purple on the genae. In some specimens only the inter-antennal spot and genal pigmentation occurs. Thorax and abdomen with purple pigment in an irregular pattern of polygons on a light yellow background; some specimens lack purple pigment entirely. Eyes 8+8; ocellus C smaller than H. Antennal segments in the ratio of 1:2:3:6. ANT IV subannulated into 12-13 intermediates; median apical bulb not present, but with lateral apical papilla. ANT I11 with subapical sense rods lying in shallow depressions; lateral sensory papilla may or may not be visible. Thoracic segmentation evident. Metatrochanter with D, modified into a trochanteral organ. Inner margins of the metatibiae with 11-12 heavy setae; tibotarsi with 10-11 strongly clavate tenent hairs; pretarsus with an anterior inner and posterior setula. Unguis lanceolate with an outer tooth midway between the base and apex; inner margin with a weak (sometimes absent) tooth slightly more than halfway distant from the base. Unguiculus with a distinct inner comer tooth and short apical needle. Sacs of the ventral tube smooth. Rami of the tenaculum quadridentate; anterior corpus with one subapical and one apical setula. Manubrium with 10 dorsal setae. Dens with 3+3 ventral subapical setae; dorsally with seven and laterally with five subapical setae. Mucro with rachis obliquely recumed, inner lamella serrate, outer lamella smooth. Dorsal anal lobe without a median, bifid seta. Female subanal appendage fimbriate. Bothriotrix D situated on a low papilla; body setae on the posterior half of the abdomen twice as long as those on the thorax. Maxium length 1.4 mm.
Zoological institutions develop human-animal interaction opportunities for visitors to advance mi... more Zoological institutions develop human-animal interaction opportunities for visitors to advance missions of conservation, education, and recreation; however, the animal welfare implications largely have yet to be evaluated. This behavioral study was the first to quantify impacts of guest feeding programs on captive giraffe behavior and welfare, by documenting giraffe time budgets that included both normal and stereotypic behaviors. Thirty giraffes from nine zoos (six zoos with varying guest feeding programs and three without) were observed using both instantaneous scan sampling and continuous behavioral sampling techniques. All data were collected during summer 2012 and analyzed using linear mixed models. The degree of individual giraffe participation in guest feeding programs was positively associated with increased time spent idle and marginally associated with reduced time spent ruminating. Time spent participating in guest feeding programs had no effect on performance of stereoty...
Tigers are often transported for education, conservation, and zoo enhancement purposes, however t... more Tigers are often transported for education, conservation, and zoo enhancement purposes, however the effect of transfer on them has not yet been documented. Our objective was to evaluate how transport affects the behavior and physiology of tigers, taking into account previous experience with the transport procedure. We simulated transport by relocating five tigers in a small individual transfer cage. Two tigers had prior experience with the procedure, and three tigers were naı¨ve to it. After 30 min, each tiger was released back into their original enclosure. Physiological measurements were recorded for four of the five tigers; these included respiration rate and immune-reactive fecal cortisol response using radioimmunoassay. We also recorded the behavior of all five tigers before, during, and after transport. Our behavioral analysis included activity level, pacing behavior, time spent investigating, respiration rate, and ear position. Average respiration rates of all tigers increased from 56.1 breaths/min to 94.6 breaths/min during transport and to 132.3 breaths/min 10 min following release into their enclosures. Average immune-reactive cortisol concentrations peaked 3-6 days after transport at 239% above baseline and returned to baseline levels 9-12 days afterward. During their peak time block, naı¨ve tigers exhibited a higher average increase in cortisol levels (482% above baseline) than the experienced tigers (158% above baseline). The naı¨ve tigers' average immune-reactive cortisol concentration remained elevated for a longer period (9-12 days) than the experienced tigers' (3-6 days). In both groups, behavioral responses ranged from active to inactive, however naı¨ve tigers performed these repertoires with greater intensity by pacing faster and performing fewer state changes. Results suggest that prior exposure to elements of the transport procedure may lead to some level of habituation, thus reducing the effects of transportation stress. Zoo Biol 23:335-346, 2004.
A detailed morphological study of the collembolan genus Vesicephalus Richards in Delamare Deboutt... more A detailed morphological study of the collembolan genus Vesicephalus Richards in Delamare Deboutteville & Massoud, 1964 is presented, with the redescription of known species on the basis of new scanning electron microscopy observations. Vesicephalus is a rare genus found in North America, Spain (Europe) and Russia, having the unique characteristic of a pair of interocular vesicles with demonstrated photoreception function. This feature may be responsible for habitat restriction within the species range. The possible function of this photoreceptor is high sensitivity to light, which permits these animals to live in a dark environment. A key to the known five species is presented, together with chaetotaxic illustrations. The genus currently includes Vesicephalus longisetis (Guthrie, 1903) (Fig. 1a), Vesicephalus occidentalis (Mills, 1935) (Fig. 1b) and Vesicephalus crossleyi Snider, 1985 from North America, Vesicephalus europaeus Ardanaz & Pozo, 1985 (Fig. 1c, d) from the northern Iberian Peninsula and Vesicephalus bellingeri Bretfeld, 2002 (Fig. 1e, f) from eastern Russia (Fig. 2). Richards (1968) listed another, undescribed American species (Vesicephalus sp.), that we have been unable to find, and Richards gave no information about its distribution. Whilst taking samples for the project 'Fauna Iberica', live specimens of V. europaeus were captured. This species had been described in 1985 from only three specimens captured in pitfall traps from northern Spain. Our new specimens allowed an in-depth
This report describes a cold case in which a cadaver of a 28-year-old female was exhumed in Febru... more This report describes a cold case in which a cadaver of a 28-year-old female was exhumed in February 2005 from a cemetery in Battle Creek, Michigan. She had sustained a gunshot wound to the head and was found dead in her home on November 15, 1977. The body of the victim was subsequently embalmed and then buried at a depth of 1.8 m in an unsealed casket that was placed inside an unsealed cement vault. The exhumation yielded thousands of live specimens of a single species of the order Collembola or spring tails, Sinella (Coecobrya) tenebricosa (Entomobryidae). This species is considered to be a ''tramp'' species, cosmopolitan in the United States and Canada. Due to the ideal environmental conditions at the site, the population of this species underwent growth and development inside the casket for a number of years. Collected with the Collembola were large numbers of Acarina (mites) of the Family Glycyphagidae, and fly puparia, Conicera tibialis Schmitz (Order: Diptera, Family: Phoridae), also known as coffin flies. These invertebrates are sometimes mentioned by forensic investigators as occurring on corpses in graves, but aspects of their life history are rarely described. The species of Collembola that was found surviving and reproducing on this corpse in a casket exhumed after 28 years was the oldest reported grave site occurrence for any collembolan species based on a survey of the literature back to 1898.
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