When we sequentially evaluate the characteristics of sensory stimuli, our evaluation of a current... more When we sequentially evaluate the characteristics of sensory stimuli, our evaluation of a current stimulus is influenced by those preceding it. One such effect is called hedonic contrast, whereby stimuli are rated more negatively (negative contrast) or positively (positive contrast) if they are preceded by more or less pleasant stimuli. The present study investigated the characteristics of hedonic contrast for olfaction and compared these characteristics with those of a more oft-studied modality, vision. The results from two experiments indicated that both positive and negative contrasts occurred in the sequential rating of picture pleasantness, whereas only negative contrast occurred for olfactory ratings. Notably, overrating of hedonically negative odors following a positive olfactory context was observed even when participants had already rated these same negative odors beforehand; conversely, this did not occur for positive contrast for either sense. These findings indicate that...
The present study investigated the orienting behaviors in perception of odors during a preference... more The present study investigated the orienting behaviors in perception of odors during a preference-based decision making task. The focus of our study was on smell duration, especially during the first exposure. Participants were instructed to choose the most preferred odor among multiple alternatives. The alternatives in Experiment 1, 2 and 3 were manipulated so that the similarity among alternatives became higher; in Experiment 1, the alternatives were chosen from multiple categories (e.g., laundry detergents, beverages), in Experiment 2 they were from a single category (six kinds of flavored tea), and in Experiment 3, they were from a single subcategory (six kinds of jasmine tea). Results showed that the chosen odor was smelled longer than non-chosen odors (the smell bias effect) during the first exposure. However, this effect only occurred when alternatives consisted of different categories. Furthermore, the smell bias effect did not occur when participants chose the most intense odor. These results suggest that orienting behavior reflected participants' preference only when the odors were relatively easy to discriminate from each other.
−一 一 Severa且studies have i 皿 dicate " th飢 there is a generaHmprovement in me 皿tal work performanc... more −一 一 Severa且studies have i 皿 dicate " th飢 there is a generaHmprovement in me 皿tal work performance under o 面 r exposure ・However ， in these s重udies odor s廿muli were prepared experimentally witheut conside 血 9 血 diVidua置differences fer odor preference and impressioll ・ ln this study ， par 重 icipants chose a 皿 odor according to their preference (Exp ・ 1) or feeling of arousal to per 」 brm tasks (Exp ． 2) and whether the odor improve performance was examined 。 The taskS with low − "面 c瓢 1ty and high − diffrlculty were done． As resuits ， subjec 重 ive refreshing o "ors improved task performance， w 】 1ereas favorite odors only maintained red 皿 ction of mood f (｝ r the h孟 g 』 − djffTiculty task． These results suggest that a subjective refresh 血 g o 面 r ma 血 tai皿 e " adequate Vighance to improve task performance of low or high diffTiculty ・ Korywords ： odor ， se 】 膿 choice ， mental work per 郵 orm 劉 nce ， task difficulty
When we sequentially evaluate the characteristics of sensory stimuli, our evaluation of a current... more When we sequentially evaluate the characteristics of sensory stimuli, our evaluation of a current stimulus is influenced by those preceding it. One such effect is called hedonic contrast, whereby stimuli are rated more negatively (negative contrast) or positively (positive contrast) if they are preceded by more or less pleasant stimuli. The present study investigated the characteristics of hedonic contrast for olfaction and compared these characteristics with those of a more oft-studied modality, vision. The results from two experiments indicated that both positive and negative contrasts occurred in the sequential rating of picture pleasantness, whereas only negative contrast occurred for olfactory ratings. Notably, overrating of hedonically negative odors following a positive olfactory context was observed even when participants had already rated these same negative odors beforehand; conversely, this did not occur for positive contrast for either sense. These findings indicate that...
The present study investigated the orienting behaviors in perception of odors during a preference... more The present study investigated the orienting behaviors in perception of odors during a preference-based decision making task. The focus of our study was on smell duration, especially during the first exposure. Participants were instructed to choose the most preferred odor among multiple alternatives. The alternatives in Experiment 1, 2 and 3 were manipulated so that the similarity among alternatives became higher; in Experiment 1, the alternatives were chosen from multiple categories (e.g., laundry detergents, beverages), in Experiment 2 they were from a single category (six kinds of flavored tea), and in Experiment 3, they were from a single subcategory (six kinds of jasmine tea). Results showed that the chosen odor was smelled longer than non-chosen odors (the smell bias effect) during the first exposure. However, this effect only occurred when alternatives consisted of different categories. Furthermore, the smell bias effect did not occur when participants chose the most intense odor. These results suggest that orienting behavior reflected participants' preference only when the odors were relatively easy to discriminate from each other.
−一 一 Severa且studies have i 皿 dicate " th飢 there is a generaHmprovement in me 皿tal work performanc... more −一 一 Severa且studies have i 皿 dicate " th飢 there is a generaHmprovement in me 皿tal work performance under o 面 r exposure ・However ， in these s重udies odor s廿muli were prepared experimentally witheut conside 血 9 血 diVidua置differences fer odor preference and impressioll ・ ln this study ， par 重 icipants chose a 皿 odor according to their preference (Exp ・ 1) or feeling of arousal to per 」 brm tasks (Exp ． 2) and whether the odor improve performance was examined 。 The taskS with low − "面 c瓢 1ty and high − diffrlculty were done． As resuits ， subjec 重 ive refreshing o "ors improved task performance， w 】 1ereas favorite odors only maintained red 皿 ction of mood f (｝ r the h孟 g 』 − djffTiculty task． These results suggest that a subjective refresh 血 g o 面 r ma 血 tai皿 e " adequate Vighance to improve task performance of low or high diffTiculty ・ Korywords ： odor ， se 】 膿 choice ， mental work per 郵 orm 劉 nce ， task difficulty
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