The gastroretentive drug delivery system is site-specific and allows the drug to remain in the st... more The gastroretentive drug delivery system is site-specific and allows the drug to remain in the stomach for a prolonged period of time so that it can be released in a controlled manner in gastrointestinal tract. The present study was carried out to develop a gastroretentive drug delivery system using isabgol as an excipient to prolong the residence time of the model drug lisinopril in the stomach. The gastroretentive ability of isabgol was increased by addition of NaHCO 3 as a gas-generating agent while its mucoadhesive property was enhanced by incorporation of HPMC-K 4 M. The drug, NaHCO 3 and HPMC-K 4 M were imbibed on isabgol-husk as per entrapment efficiency of the isabgol-husk. After drying, the product was filled in a hard gelatin capsule and evaluated for its buoyancy, mucoadhesive properties, swelling index and in vitro drug release. The lisinopril released through isabgol was delayed by 12 hours when compared to a preparation available on the market which released the complete drug in 0.5 hours. The drug release study of lisinopril from the formulation follows first order kinetics using a diffusion controlled mechanism. The results from the present study revealed that isabgol can be used as a potential excipient for the formulation of gastroretentive drug delivery systems in the near future.
Aqueous extract and two flavanone glycosides named 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavanone-5-β-Dglucop... more Aqueous extract and two flavanone glycosides named 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavanone-5-β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 5,5'-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavanone-5,5'-di-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (2) obtained from the flowers of Butea monosperma were studied for evaluate their dyeing properties on cotton fibers. The stem bark of Myrica esculenta was used as natural mordant whereas SnCl 2 and FeCl 3 as synthetic mordants. The combination of dye with mordants showed interesting shades with excellent washing and light fastness properties.
ABSTRACT The book entitled “Triterpenoids: an important bioactive class of natural products” is b... more ABSTRACT The book entitled “Triterpenoids: an important bioactive class of natural products” is based on the general view about triterpenoids. This book contains background, introduction, nomenclature, chemical tests, classification, biological importance, biosynthesis, extraction, isolation, characterization of triterpenoids and bibliography. This book deals mainly with the biosynthesis, bioactivity and characterization of triterpenoids. The chemical structure of various triterpenoids including recently discovered are being given in the book. The preparation of this book has been done with great care of previous research on triterpenoids. A brief discussion from several researches has been given in the book and the bibliography has given for further reading about the topic. This book is important for students as well as phytochemists working in the field of isolation and bioactivity of triterpenoids. We hope this book would give the idea about triterpenoids and their application in medicine. We certified that the matter of this book is not original or from our own work but this is based on previously published work and the sources of the same have been cited in the text.
The research on medicinal plants is gaining popularity due to their high efficacy, safety, qualit... more The research on medicinal plants is gaining popularity due to their high efficacy, safety, quality and low side effects in comparison of synthetic medicines. Phoebe plants have been used in traditional medicine for curing various diseases worldwide. The Genus Phoebe comprises of about 200 species, distributed in Indo-Malaysia, West Europe, Tropical America and India. The phytochemical studies on the Genus Phoebe have revealed the presence of mostly alkaloids along with terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans and steroids. The members of this genus showed various activities such as antitumor, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiabetic, muscles relaxant etc. The aim of present review is to explore the up to date knowledge concerning ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry of the Genus Phoebe.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The stem bark of Symplocos paniculata Thunb. has been used to che... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: The stem bark of Symplocos paniculata Thunb. has been used to check abortion in folk medicine in India. Aim of the study: The present study was undertaken to isolate the phytochemicals from the plant together with the evaluation of antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extract and isolated compounds. Materials and methods: The plant extract was subjected to column chromatography for isolation of phytochemicals. The agar diffusion method was adopted for antimicrobial activity to determine MICs. Ethanolic extract and isolated compounds were selected for investigating their analgesic activity on acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was performed on carrageenaninduced paw edema in rats. Results: The stem bark of the plant afforded seven compounds, 4-(8-hydroxyethyl) cyclohexan-1-oic acid (1); androst-5(6)-ene 17-one 3-O-(-d-glucopyranoside) (2); 9,25-cyclo 3-O-(-d glucopyranosyl)echynocystic acid (3); 9,19-cyclo 24-methylcholan-5,22-diene 3-O-{-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6) ␣-l-rhamnopyranoside} (4); 30-ethyl 2␣,16␣-dihydroxy 3-O-(-d-glucopyranosyl) hopan-24-oic acid (5); 32,33,34-trimethyl-bacteriohopan-16-ene 3-O--d-glucopyranoside (6) and flavone 3 ,4 ,5 ,6tetramethoxy 7-O--d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 3) -d-glucopyranoside . The extract and isolated compounds exhibited antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: The present study concludes that ethanolic extract of the plant and its constituents having significant antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
The genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and pharmacological sig... more The genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and pharmacological significance including traditional uses. The structure-activity relationship for various compounds was illustrated to understand the mechanism of a particular activity. The genus has been known for its numerous biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory etc. Most of the plants of this genus are rich sources of triterpenoids and saponins. Besides, these plants also contain flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins and other phenolics in minute quantity. The bioactive constituents or plants extracts themselves, in the form of herbal drugs from this genus, have been validated for the treatment of various diseases and these would be used as a new formulation for the novel drugs discovery in pharmaceutical industries.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cissampelos species have a rich history of traditional use, being... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cissampelos species have a rich history of traditional use, being used for both therapeutic and toxic properties. It is traditionally applied therapeutically in a diverse range of conditions and diseases including asthma, cough, fever, arthritis, obesity, dysentery, snakebite, jaundice and heart, blood pressure and skin-related problems. Conversely, it was traditionally included in preparations of curare applied as arrow poison during hunting to cause death of animals by asphyxiation. This review unites the ethnobotanical knowledge on Cissampelos with the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity which has been explored thus far. In addition, it identifies knowledge gaps and suggests further research opportunities. Methods: The available electronic literature on the genus Cissampelos was collected using database searches including Scopus, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, etc. The searches were limited to peer-reviewed English journals with the exception of books and a few articles in foreign languages which were included. Results: The literature revealed that pharmacological activity including analgesic and antipyretic, antiinflammatory, anti-allergic, bronchodilator, immunomodulatory, memory-enhancing, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiparasitic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, anti-oxidant, cardiovascular, muscle-relaxant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antifertility, and antivenom activity have been confirmed in vitro and/or in vivo for various Cissampelos species. Cissampelos pareira L. and Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. are the most explored species of this genus and the smallest number of studies have been conducted on Cissampelos laxiflora Moldenke and Cissampelos tenuipes Engl. Many alkaloids isolated from Cissampelos such as warifteine, methylwarifteine, berberine, hayatin and hayatidin showed promising anti-allergic, immunosuppressive, antidepressant, anticancer, vasodilatory and muscle-relaxant activities. Conclusion: The plants of this genus are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. These plants are a rich source of bioactive bisbenzylisoquinoline and aporphine alkaloids together with other minor constituents. Although these plants are reputable and revered in various traditional medicine systems, many have not yet been screened chemically or pharmacologically and so there is a vast amount of research still to be conducted to validate their traditional use.
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers (Menispermaceae) has long been used for the treatment of asthma, t... more Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers (Menispermaceae) has long been used for the treatment of asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycaemia, cancer, fever, intestinal complaints, sleep disturbances and inflammation in many Asian countries. It mainly contains alkaloids and, until now, over 30 alkaloids such as bisbenzylisoquinolines, hasubanalactams, berberines and aporphines have been isolated from its tuber. Most of its traditional medicinal activities are scientifically approved by various in vitro and in vivo studies. It shows remarkable anti-psychotic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial and anti-hypertensive activities. This work includes comprehensive information on the ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of S. glabra. This review also focuses on the future perspectives with main emphasis on the establishment of therapeutic index and safety index of the plant. This review concludes that S. glabra has a great potential to treat various diseases, and could be used as a source for novel healthcare products in the near future, which needs further studies.
Ethanolic extracts of Phoebe lanceolata stem bark and Stephania glabra tubers were evaluated for ... more Ethanolic extracts of Phoebe lanceolata stem bark and Stephania glabra tubers were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against five bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus (along with ten hospital strains), Staphylococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and six fungal species Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillum citranum, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, obtained from different culture media. The plants/parts extracts were found active against most of the tested microorganism with MIC range of 50-100µg/ml. The MIC was taken at the lower concentration where inhibition ceased. Novobiocin (15 µg/ml) and erythromycin (15 µg/ml) were used as positive controls for bacterial and fungus species respectively.
Two new flavonoid glycosides, (1, 2), and eleven known compounds, (3-13), were isolated from from... more Two new flavonoid glycosides, (1, 2), and eleven known compounds, (3-13), were isolated from from a 70% EtOH extract of the leaves of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic interpretation as well as by chemical studies. The newly isolated compounds were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic activities against the LLC and HL-60 cancer cell lines. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against LLC and HL-60 cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 28.2 and 11.6 m mM, respectively. Compound 2 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity in the inhibition of HL-60 cancer cell lines with IC 50 value of 10.8 m mM.
A new flavonoid glycoside (1) has been isolated from the aerial parts of Salix denticulata (Salic... more A new flavonoid glycoside (1) has been isolated from the aerial parts of Salix denticulata (Salicaceae) together with five known compounds, β-sitosterol, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy acetophenone, eugenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 1-O-β-D-(3'-benzoyl) salicyl alcohol and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-glucopyranoside. The structure of 1 was elucidated as 2',5-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside by means of chemical and spectral data including 2D NMR studies.
The gastroretentive drug delivery system is site-specific and allows the drug to remain in the st... more The gastroretentive drug delivery system is site-specific and allows the drug to remain in the stomach for a prolonged period of time so that it can be released in a controlled manner in gastrointestinal tract. The present study was carried out to develop a gastroretentive drug delivery system using isabgol as an excipient to prolong the residence time of the model drug lisinopril in the stomach. The gastroretentive ability of isabgol was increased by addition of NaHCO 3 as a gas-generating agent while its mucoadhesive property was enhanced by incorporation of HPMC-K 4 M. The drug, NaHCO 3 and HPMC-K 4 M were imbibed on isabgol-husk as per entrapment efficiency of the isabgol-husk. After drying, the product was filled in a hard gelatin capsule and evaluated for its buoyancy, mucoadhesive properties, swelling index and in vitro drug release. The lisinopril released through isabgol was delayed by 12 hours when compared to a preparation available on the market which released the complete drug in 0.5 hours. The drug release study of lisinopril from the formulation follows first order kinetics using a diffusion controlled mechanism. The results from the present study revealed that isabgol can be used as a potential excipient for the formulation of gastroretentive drug delivery systems in the near future.
Aqueous extract and two flavanone glycosides named 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavanone-5-β-Dglucop... more Aqueous extract and two flavanone glycosides named 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavanone-5-β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 5,5'-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavanone-5,5'-di-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (2) obtained from the flowers of Butea monosperma were studied for evaluate their dyeing properties on cotton fibers. The stem bark of Myrica esculenta was used as natural mordant whereas SnCl 2 and FeCl 3 as synthetic mordants. The combination of dye with mordants showed interesting shades with excellent washing and light fastness properties.
ABSTRACT The book entitled “Triterpenoids: an important bioactive class of natural products” is b... more ABSTRACT The book entitled “Triterpenoids: an important bioactive class of natural products” is based on the general view about triterpenoids. This book contains background, introduction, nomenclature, chemical tests, classification, biological importance, biosynthesis, extraction, isolation, characterization of triterpenoids and bibliography. This book deals mainly with the biosynthesis, bioactivity and characterization of triterpenoids. The chemical structure of various triterpenoids including recently discovered are being given in the book. The preparation of this book has been done with great care of previous research on triterpenoids. A brief discussion from several researches has been given in the book and the bibliography has given for further reading about the topic. This book is important for students as well as phytochemists working in the field of isolation and bioactivity of triterpenoids. We hope this book would give the idea about triterpenoids and their application in medicine. We certified that the matter of this book is not original or from our own work but this is based on previously published work and the sources of the same have been cited in the text.
The research on medicinal plants is gaining popularity due to their high efficacy, safety, qualit... more The research on medicinal plants is gaining popularity due to their high efficacy, safety, quality and low side effects in comparison of synthetic medicines. Phoebe plants have been used in traditional medicine for curing various diseases worldwide. The Genus Phoebe comprises of about 200 species, distributed in Indo-Malaysia, West Europe, Tropical America and India. The phytochemical studies on the Genus Phoebe have revealed the presence of mostly alkaloids along with terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans and steroids. The members of this genus showed various activities such as antitumor, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiabetic, muscles relaxant etc. The aim of present review is to explore the up to date knowledge concerning ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry of the Genus Phoebe.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The stem bark of Symplocos paniculata Thunb. has been used to che... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: The stem bark of Symplocos paniculata Thunb. has been used to check abortion in folk medicine in India. Aim of the study: The present study was undertaken to isolate the phytochemicals from the plant together with the evaluation of antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extract and isolated compounds. Materials and methods: The plant extract was subjected to column chromatography for isolation of phytochemicals. The agar diffusion method was adopted for antimicrobial activity to determine MICs. Ethanolic extract and isolated compounds were selected for investigating their analgesic activity on acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was performed on carrageenaninduced paw edema in rats. Results: The stem bark of the plant afforded seven compounds, 4-(8-hydroxyethyl) cyclohexan-1-oic acid (1); androst-5(6)-ene 17-one 3-O-(-d-glucopyranoside) (2); 9,25-cyclo 3-O-(-d glucopyranosyl)echynocystic acid (3); 9,19-cyclo 24-methylcholan-5,22-diene 3-O-{-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6) ␣-l-rhamnopyranoside} (4); 30-ethyl 2␣,16␣-dihydroxy 3-O-(-d-glucopyranosyl) hopan-24-oic acid (5); 32,33,34-trimethyl-bacteriohopan-16-ene 3-O--d-glucopyranoside (6) and flavone 3 ,4 ,5 ,6tetramethoxy 7-O--d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 3) -d-glucopyranoside . The extract and isolated compounds exhibited antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: The present study concludes that ethanolic extract of the plant and its constituents having significant antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
The genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and pharmacological sig... more The genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and pharmacological significance including traditional uses. The structure-activity relationship for various compounds was illustrated to understand the mechanism of a particular activity. The genus has been known for its numerous biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory etc. Most of the plants of this genus are rich sources of triterpenoids and saponins. Besides, these plants also contain flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins and other phenolics in minute quantity. The bioactive constituents or plants extracts themselves, in the form of herbal drugs from this genus, have been validated for the treatment of various diseases and these would be used as a new formulation for the novel drugs discovery in pharmaceutical industries.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cissampelos species have a rich history of traditional use, being... more Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cissampelos species have a rich history of traditional use, being used for both therapeutic and toxic properties. It is traditionally applied therapeutically in a diverse range of conditions and diseases including asthma, cough, fever, arthritis, obesity, dysentery, snakebite, jaundice and heart, blood pressure and skin-related problems. Conversely, it was traditionally included in preparations of curare applied as arrow poison during hunting to cause death of animals by asphyxiation. This review unites the ethnobotanical knowledge on Cissampelos with the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity which has been explored thus far. In addition, it identifies knowledge gaps and suggests further research opportunities. Methods: The available electronic literature on the genus Cissampelos was collected using database searches including Scopus, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, etc. The searches were limited to peer-reviewed English journals with the exception of books and a few articles in foreign languages which were included. Results: The literature revealed that pharmacological activity including analgesic and antipyretic, antiinflammatory, anti-allergic, bronchodilator, immunomodulatory, memory-enhancing, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiparasitic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, anti-oxidant, cardiovascular, muscle-relaxant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antifertility, and antivenom activity have been confirmed in vitro and/or in vivo for various Cissampelos species. Cissampelos pareira L. and Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. are the most explored species of this genus and the smallest number of studies have been conducted on Cissampelos laxiflora Moldenke and Cissampelos tenuipes Engl. Many alkaloids isolated from Cissampelos such as warifteine, methylwarifteine, berberine, hayatin and hayatidin showed promising anti-allergic, immunosuppressive, antidepressant, anticancer, vasodilatory and muscle-relaxant activities. Conclusion: The plants of this genus are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. These plants are a rich source of bioactive bisbenzylisoquinoline and aporphine alkaloids together with other minor constituents. Although these plants are reputable and revered in various traditional medicine systems, many have not yet been screened chemically or pharmacologically and so there is a vast amount of research still to be conducted to validate their traditional use.
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers (Menispermaceae) has long been used for the treatment of asthma, t... more Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers (Menispermaceae) has long been used for the treatment of asthma, tuberculosis, dysentery, hyperglycaemia, cancer, fever, intestinal complaints, sleep disturbances and inflammation in many Asian countries. It mainly contains alkaloids and, until now, over 30 alkaloids such as bisbenzylisoquinolines, hasubanalactams, berberines and aporphines have been isolated from its tuber. Most of its traditional medicinal activities are scientifically approved by various in vitro and in vivo studies. It shows remarkable anti-psychotic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial and anti-hypertensive activities. This work includes comprehensive information on the ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of S. glabra. This review also focuses on the future perspectives with main emphasis on the establishment of therapeutic index and safety index of the plant. This review concludes that S. glabra has a great potential to treat various diseases, and could be used as a source for novel healthcare products in the near future, which needs further studies.
Ethanolic extracts of Phoebe lanceolata stem bark and Stephania glabra tubers were evaluated for ... more Ethanolic extracts of Phoebe lanceolata stem bark and Stephania glabra tubers were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against five bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus (along with ten hospital strains), Staphylococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and six fungal species Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillum citranum, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, obtained from different culture media. The plants/parts extracts were found active against most of the tested microorganism with MIC range of 50-100µg/ml. The MIC was taken at the lower concentration where inhibition ceased. Novobiocin (15 µg/ml) and erythromycin (15 µg/ml) were used as positive controls for bacterial and fungus species respectively.
Two new flavonoid glycosides, (1, 2), and eleven known compounds, (3-13), were isolated from from... more Two new flavonoid glycosides, (1, 2), and eleven known compounds, (3-13), were isolated from from a 70% EtOH extract of the leaves of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic interpretation as well as by chemical studies. The newly isolated compounds were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic activities against the LLC and HL-60 cancer cell lines. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against LLC and HL-60 cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 28.2 and 11.6 m mM, respectively. Compound 2 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity in the inhibition of HL-60 cancer cell lines with IC 50 value of 10.8 m mM.
A new flavonoid glycoside (1) has been isolated from the aerial parts of Salix denticulata (Salic... more A new flavonoid glycoside (1) has been isolated from the aerial parts of Salix denticulata (Salicaceae) together with five known compounds, β-sitosterol, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy acetophenone, eugenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 1-O-β-D-(3'-benzoyl) salicyl alcohol and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-glucopyranoside. The structure of 1 was elucidated as 2',5-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside by means of chemical and spectral data including 2D NMR studies.
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