This work is based on the Technical Assistance project for the Implementation of the Nitrates Dir... more This work is based on the Technical Assistance project for the Implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Turkey*. The nitrates content of waters in Turkey is, in general lower in comparison to several southern and central EU countries. However, it has been observed from available data that the pressure from N fertilization and livestock manure on water quality in certain provinces is rather high. The monitoring net work consists of 1630 monitoring water stations in the whole territory of Turkey, among them 919 for surface and 711 groundwater stations. Elaboration of data received from the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL) indicate high variation of nitrates in both surface and ground waters. Nitrates Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) and Potentially Nitrates Vulnerable Zones (PNVZs) were dessignated, Codes for Good Agricultural Practices (COGAPs) are under preparation, and a rational nitrogen fertilization plan for the main crops will be finalized by the end of July 2012. Fertilization plans take into consideration the following factors: N crops requirements, expected yield, soil texture, mineralized nitrogen, quantity of inorganic nitrogen in the root zone before sowing date, nitrates inputs from irrigation, inorganic fertilizers and manure, soil slope and nitrates leaching. Thematic maps for the entire country were compiled, presenting spatial and temporal variation of nitrates at river basin level and also at province level. Mean values of nitrates in groundwaters higher than 50 mg/l were observed in 5 provinces and those higher than 15 mg/l in surface waters were recorded in 13 provinces. The monitoring network is suggested to be more representative and effective, and the density of sampling points (especially for groundwaters) should be based on hydro lithological characteristics, geology, geomorphology, soil properties, land use and water exploitaion for agriculture. Improvements in the nitrates monitoring network, will assist the competent authorities of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock to implement the requirementd of DIR, 91/676/EEC in order to mitigate pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural activities.
This work is based on the Technical Assistance project for the Implementation of the Nitrates Dir... more This work is based on the Technical Assistance project for the Implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Turkey*. The nitrates content of waters in Turkey is, in general lower in comparison to several southern and central EU countries. However, it has been observed from available data that the pressure from N fertilization and livestock manure on water quality in certain provinces is rather high. The monitoring net work consists of 1630 monitoring water stations in the whole territory of Turkey, among them 919 for surface and 711 groundwater stations. Elaboration of data received from the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL) indicate high variation of nitrates in both surface and ground waters. Nitrates Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) and Potentially Nitrates Vulnerable Zones (PNVZs) were dessignated, Codes for Good Agricultural Practices (COGAPs) are under preparation, and a rational nitrogen fertilization plan for the main crops will be finalized by the end of July 2012. Fertilization plans take into consideration the following factors: N crops requirements, expected yield, soil texture, mineralized nitrogen, quantity of inorganic nitrogen in the root zone before sowing date, nitrates inputs from irrigation, inorganic fertilizers and manure, soil slope and nitrates leaching. Thematic maps for the entire country were compiled, presenting spatial and temporal variation of nitrates at river basin level and also at province level. Mean values of nitrates in groundwaters higher than 50 mg/l were observed in 5 provinces and those higher than 15 mg/l in surface waters were recorded in 13 provinces. The monitoring network is suggested to be more representative and effective, and the density of sampling points (especially for groundwaters) should be based on hydro lithological characteristics, geology, geomorphology, soil properties, land use and water exploitaion for agriculture. Improvements in the nitrates monitoring network, will assist the competent authorities of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock to implement the requirementd of DIR, 91/676/EEC in order to mitigate pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural activities.
The purpose of this study is to examine and assess the chemical and quantitative status of water ... more The purpose of this study is to examine and assess the chemical and quantitative status of water in groundwater systems of Pinios hydrological basin, central Greece. Pinios basin is rich in groundwater
resources that present high variability in quality and quantity characteristics, related mainly to the hydrogeological setup and the land use. Groundwater systems’ status assessment was performed utilizing a methodological approach developed mainly in accordance to the Water Framework and the Groundwater Daughter Directives. Status assessment was performed in all 27 identified groundwater systems. Chemical status was based on calculations of the average and the P90 values for the entire
time series of every available monitoring point. Only basic, commonly found parameters in most of the identified groundwater systems were considered (EC, Cl-, SO4, NO3, NH4); those however reflect the main anticipated pollution issues in the region. Pressures and trend analyses were also conducted. Determination of the quantitative status was based on the water budget analysis and the study of borehole hydrographs and spring and river runoff hydrographs for every monitoring point. Results of the assessments performed suggest that four groundwater systems are in bad chemical status, and nine in bad quantitative status. Differentiating the natural background concentrations owed to the hydrogeological setup, agriculture, over-pumping and salinisation highlight the main deterioration factors in the region. Specific protection and restoration measures to alleviate the identified problems are proposed which are tailored to the socio-economic structure of the region and the hydrologic potential of the basin.
According to the Water Frame Directive 2000/60/EC, Member States are obliged to classify all
wat... more According to the Water Frame Directive 2000/60/EC, Member States are obliged to classify all
waters according to reference conditions in each type and to define the ecological quality of water
resources in each river catchment area, including also the transboundaries rivers and lakes. At the
present study, the Greek part of the catchment area of the transboundary river Nestos was examined.
System B was selected, as the most qualified classification method for the surface water of river
Nestos, according to the Water Frame Directive (Systems A and B). It reflects the diversity of the
landscape and apart from the mandatory factors, other alternative factors can be used. G.I.S. was
used for the designation of typology and proved a valuable tool. The abiotic factors used were height,
geology, catchment area size and slope. The catchment area was divided into twenty-three types,
four of which were on the main river channel. The twenty-three types fall into three out of five
Mediterranean River Types (R-M 2, 3, 4).
This work is based on the Technical Assistance project for the Implementation of the Nitrates Dir... more This work is based on the Technical Assistance project for the Implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Turkey*. The nitrates content of waters in Turkey is, in general lower in comparison to several southern and central EU countries. However, it has been observed from available data that the pressure from N fertilization and livestock manure on water quality in certain provinces is rather high. The monitoring net work consists of 1630 monitoring water stations in the whole territory of Turkey, among them 919 for surface and 711 groundwater stations. Elaboration of data received from the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL) indicate high variation of nitrates in both surface and ground waters. Nitrates Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) and Potentially Nitrates Vulnerable Zones (PNVZs) were dessignated, Codes for Good Agricultural Practices (COGAPs) are under preparation, and a rational nitrogen fertilization plan for the main crops will be finalized by the end of July 2012. Fertilization plans take into consideration the following factors: N crops requirements, expected yield, soil texture, mineralized nitrogen, quantity of inorganic nitrogen in the root zone before sowing date, nitrates inputs from irrigation, inorganic fertilizers and manure, soil slope and nitrates leaching. Thematic maps for the entire country were compiled, presenting spatial and temporal variation of nitrates at river basin level and also at province level. Mean values of nitrates in groundwaters higher than 50 mg/l were observed in 5 provinces and those higher than 15 mg/l in surface waters were recorded in 13 provinces. The monitoring network is suggested to be more representative and effective, and the density of sampling points (especially for groundwaters) should be based on hydro lithological characteristics, geology, geomorphology, soil properties, land use and water exploitaion for agriculture. Improvements in the nitrates monitoring network, will assist the competent authorities of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock to implement the requirementd of DIR, 91/676/EEC in order to mitigate pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural activities.
This work is based on the Technical Assistance project for the Implementation of the Nitrates Dir... more This work is based on the Technical Assistance project for the Implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Turkey*. The nitrates content of waters in Turkey is, in general lower in comparison to several southern and central EU countries. However, it has been observed from available data that the pressure from N fertilization and livestock manure on water quality in certain provinces is rather high. The monitoring net work consists of 1630 monitoring water stations in the whole territory of Turkey, among them 919 for surface and 711 groundwater stations. Elaboration of data received from the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MFAL) indicate high variation of nitrates in both surface and ground waters. Nitrates Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) and Potentially Nitrates Vulnerable Zones (PNVZs) were dessignated, Codes for Good Agricultural Practices (COGAPs) are under preparation, and a rational nitrogen fertilization plan for the main crops will be finalized by the end of July 2012. Fertilization plans take into consideration the following factors: N crops requirements, expected yield, soil texture, mineralized nitrogen, quantity of inorganic nitrogen in the root zone before sowing date, nitrates inputs from irrigation, inorganic fertilizers and manure, soil slope and nitrates leaching. Thematic maps for the entire country were compiled, presenting spatial and temporal variation of nitrates at river basin level and also at province level. Mean values of nitrates in groundwaters higher than 50 mg/l were observed in 5 provinces and those higher than 15 mg/l in surface waters were recorded in 13 provinces. The monitoring network is suggested to be more representative and effective, and the density of sampling points (especially for groundwaters) should be based on hydro lithological characteristics, geology, geomorphology, soil properties, land use and water exploitaion for agriculture. Improvements in the nitrates monitoring network, will assist the competent authorities of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock to implement the requirementd of DIR, 91/676/EEC in order to mitigate pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural activities.
The purpose of this study is to examine and assess the chemical and quantitative status of water ... more The purpose of this study is to examine and assess the chemical and quantitative status of water in groundwater systems of Pinios hydrological basin, central Greece. Pinios basin is rich in groundwater
resources that present high variability in quality and quantity characteristics, related mainly to the hydrogeological setup and the land use. Groundwater systems’ status assessment was performed utilizing a methodological approach developed mainly in accordance to the Water Framework and the Groundwater Daughter Directives. Status assessment was performed in all 27 identified groundwater systems. Chemical status was based on calculations of the average and the P90 values for the entire
time series of every available monitoring point. Only basic, commonly found parameters in most of the identified groundwater systems were considered (EC, Cl-, SO4, NO3, NH4); those however reflect the main anticipated pollution issues in the region. Pressures and trend analyses were also conducted. Determination of the quantitative status was based on the water budget analysis and the study of borehole hydrographs and spring and river runoff hydrographs for every monitoring point. Results of the assessments performed suggest that four groundwater systems are in bad chemical status, and nine in bad quantitative status. Differentiating the natural background concentrations owed to the hydrogeological setup, agriculture, over-pumping and salinisation highlight the main deterioration factors in the region. Specific protection and restoration measures to alleviate the identified problems are proposed which are tailored to the socio-economic structure of the region and the hydrologic potential of the basin.
According to the Water Frame Directive 2000/60/EC, Member States are obliged to classify all
wat... more According to the Water Frame Directive 2000/60/EC, Member States are obliged to classify all
waters according to reference conditions in each type and to define the ecological quality of water
resources in each river catchment area, including also the transboundaries rivers and lakes. At the
present study, the Greek part of the catchment area of the transboundary river Nestos was examined.
System B was selected, as the most qualified classification method for the surface water of river
Nestos, according to the Water Frame Directive (Systems A and B). It reflects the diversity of the
landscape and apart from the mandatory factors, other alternative factors can be used. G.I.S. was
used for the designation of typology and proved a valuable tool. The abiotic factors used were height,
geology, catchment area size and slope. The catchment area was divided into twenty-three types,
four of which were on the main river channel. The twenty-three types fall into three out of five
Mediterranean River Types (R-M 2, 3, 4).
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resources that present high variability in quality and quantity characteristics, related mainly to the hydrogeological setup and the land use. Groundwater systems’ status assessment was performed utilizing a methodological approach developed mainly in accordance to the Water Framework and the Groundwater Daughter Directives. Status assessment was performed in all 27 identified groundwater systems. Chemical status was based on calculations of the average and the P90 values for the entire
time series of every available monitoring point. Only basic, commonly found parameters in most of the identified groundwater systems were considered (EC, Cl-, SO4, NO3, NH4); those however reflect the main anticipated pollution issues in the region. Pressures and trend analyses were also conducted. Determination of the quantitative status was based on the water budget analysis and the study of borehole hydrographs and spring and river runoff hydrographs for every monitoring point. Results of the assessments performed suggest that four groundwater systems are in bad chemical status, and nine in bad quantitative status. Differentiating the natural background concentrations owed to the hydrogeological setup, agriculture, over-pumping and salinisation highlight the main deterioration factors in the region. Specific protection and restoration measures to alleviate the identified problems are proposed which are tailored to the socio-economic structure of the region and the hydrologic potential of the basin.
waters according to reference conditions in each type and to define the ecological quality of water
resources in each river catchment area, including also the transboundaries rivers and lakes. At the
present study, the Greek part of the catchment area of the transboundary river Nestos was examined.
System B was selected, as the most qualified classification method for the surface water of river
Nestos, according to the Water Frame Directive (Systems A and B). It reflects the diversity of the
landscape and apart from the mandatory factors, other alternative factors can be used. G.I.S. was
used for the designation of typology and proved a valuable tool. The abiotic factors used were height,
geology, catchment area size and slope. The catchment area was divided into twenty-three types,
four of which were on the main river channel. The twenty-three types fall into three out of five
Mediterranean River Types (R-M 2, 3, 4).
resources that present high variability in quality and quantity characteristics, related mainly to the hydrogeological setup and the land use. Groundwater systems’ status assessment was performed utilizing a methodological approach developed mainly in accordance to the Water Framework and the Groundwater Daughter Directives. Status assessment was performed in all 27 identified groundwater systems. Chemical status was based on calculations of the average and the P90 values for the entire
time series of every available monitoring point. Only basic, commonly found parameters in most of the identified groundwater systems were considered (EC, Cl-, SO4, NO3, NH4); those however reflect the main anticipated pollution issues in the region. Pressures and trend analyses were also conducted. Determination of the quantitative status was based on the water budget analysis and the study of borehole hydrographs and spring and river runoff hydrographs for every monitoring point. Results of the assessments performed suggest that four groundwater systems are in bad chemical status, and nine in bad quantitative status. Differentiating the natural background concentrations owed to the hydrogeological setup, agriculture, over-pumping and salinisation highlight the main deterioration factors in the region. Specific protection and restoration measures to alleviate the identified problems are proposed which are tailored to the socio-economic structure of the region and the hydrologic potential of the basin.
waters according to reference conditions in each type and to define the ecological quality of water
resources in each river catchment area, including also the transboundaries rivers and lakes. At the
present study, the Greek part of the catchment area of the transboundary river Nestos was examined.
System B was selected, as the most qualified classification method for the surface water of river
Nestos, according to the Water Frame Directive (Systems A and B). It reflects the diversity of the
landscape and apart from the mandatory factors, other alternative factors can be used. G.I.S. was
used for the designation of typology and proved a valuable tool. The abiotic factors used were height,
geology, catchment area size and slope. The catchment area was divided into twenty-three types,
four of which were on the main river channel. The twenty-three types fall into three out of five
Mediterranean River Types (R-M 2, 3, 4).