this paper two models are presented to study the relationship between capital accumulation and st... more this paper two models are presented to study the relationship between capital accumulation and stock pollution focusing on the greenhouse effct. In the first model we assume a constant population and we analyze pollution control through choice of capital stock level. In that model CO2 emissions depend on the stock of productive capital and the stock of CO2 emissions has a negative effect on production through a damage function. The second is a Harrod-neutral technological progress model of optimal growth with increasing population and emission abatement capital. For an economy with constant population the existence of a steady state with stable emissions-is guaranteed under the assumption of concavity of the utility and production functions. For an economy with growing population the saturation of preferences is necessary although not sufficient.
Antecedentes: la pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomia cefalica inmediata es una complicac... more Antecedentes: la pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomia cefalica inmediata es una complicacion cuya frecuencia puede llegar al 55% y condiciona la aparicion de fistula pancreatica. Objetivo: describir el manejo de 3 pacientes que presentaron pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomia con complicaciones locales y realizar una revision de la literatura. Material y metodos: se reviso una base de datos prospectiva de resecciones pancreaticas. Se identificaron los pacientes con diagnostico de pancreatitis aguda con lesiones locales posterior a la realizacion de duodenopancreatectomia. Se definio fistula pancreatica de acuerdo con la clasificacion del ISGPF y pancreatitis como la elevacion de la amilasa o lipasa tres veces por encima del maximo valor serico normal en asociacion con dolor abdominal o confirmacion radiologica. Resultados: entre 2008 y 2019 los autores realizaron 260 duodenopancreatectomias. Tres pacientes presentaron pancreatitis posoperatoria con complicaciones loc...
In this work, the formation of capsules in xanthan gum and complexing solutions of Fe III is stru... more In this work, the formation of capsules in xanthan gum and complexing solutions of Fe III is structurally evaluated. These capsules have a spheroid shape that, when dried, collapse into disc shapes. These spheroids are made up of microspheres that partially explain this collapse. The backscattered SEM image shows areas rich in Fe and others poorer in this metal, the EDX analysis confirms this. FTIR chromatograms show a clear shift at approximately 1620 cm-1 due to the formation of the xanthan gum-Fe III complex. This work also proposes a structure, theoretically demonstrated, between xanthan gum and Fe III, which can explain what the biopolymeric structure bending procedure is like due to the presence of Fe III, a model called TransbiHook.
Introducción: el término secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS) hace referencia a las tecnología... more Introducción: el término secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS) hace referencia a las tecnologías diseñadas para analizar gran cantidad de ADN de forma masiva y paralela. Abordamos en esta revisión los conceptos básicos de estas tecnologías, las consideraciones de su uso clínico actual y perspectivas a futuro. Desarrollo: las pruebas basadas en NGS han revolucionado el estudio de los genomas pues permiten la lectura de millones de secuencias de ADN de forma masiva y paralela en un menor lapso de tiempo y a menor costo por base. Estas pruebas incluyen la secuenciación de panel de genes, la secuenciación completa del exoma y la secuenciación completa del genoma. El análisis de sus resultados es complejo y requiere de un proceso bioinformático y clínico exhaustivo para su adecuada interpretación. Las limitaciones de las pruebas NGS incluyen aspectos técnicos como la cobertura, profundidad y longitud de las secuencias, las cuales se pueden solventar implementando buenas prácticas de la...
The paper studies the use of emission taxes and feed-in subsidies for the regulation of a monopol... more The paper studies the use of emission taxes and feed-in subsidies for the regulation of a monopoly that can produce the same good with a technology that employs a polluting input and a clean technology. The second-best tax and subsidy are calculated solving a two-stage policy game between the regulator and the monopoly with the regulator acting as the leader of the game. We find that the second-best tax rate is the Pigouvian tax. The tax implements the efficient level of the dirty output but does not affect the total output. On the other hand, the subsidy leads to the monopoly to reduce the dirty output but also to increase the total output. This increase in total output may yield a larger net social welfare when the subsidy is used provided that the marginal cost of clean output is not very high, as a linear-quadratic specification of the model confirms. Finally, it is showed that the combination of an emission tax with a feed-in subsidy induces the firm to choose the efficient outputs, but in this case the first-best tax must be lower than the Pigouvian tax. Thus, the findings of this paper support the idea that feed-in subsidies open the possibility for improving the regulation of a polluting firm with market power.
In this paper, we characterize the optimal environmental policy for a polluting monopoly that dev... more In this paper, we characterize the optimal environmental policy for a polluting monopoly that devotes resources to abatement activities when damages are caused by a stock pollutant. With this aim, we calculate the stagewise feedback Stackelberg equilibrium of a (differential) policy game where the regulator is the leader and the monopolist is the follower. Our analysis shows that the first-best policy consists of applying a Pigouvian tax and a subsidy on production equal to the difference between the price and the marginal revenue. However, for a stock pollutant, the Pigouvian tax is not equal to the marginal damages but is given by the difference between the social and private valuation of the pollution stock. On the other hand, if a second-best emission tax is used, the tax is lower than the Pigouvian tax and the difference decreases with the price elasticity of the demand. Finally, we find that taxes and standards are equivalent in a second-best setting. In the second part of the paper, we solve a linear-quadratic differential game and we obtain that the first-best tax increases with the pollution stock whereas the subsidy decreases. Moreover, the tax is negative for low values of the pollution stock, i.e., for low values of the pollution stock, we obtain that the social valuation of the stock is lower than the private valuation. Furthermore, when a second-best policy is applied, the steady-state pollution stock is lower than the steady-state pollution stock associated with the efficient outcome.
Objective: Safe and efficient tissue dissection requires division of certain critical structures ... more Objective: Safe and efficient tissue dissection requires division of certain critical structures which act as 'gateways' to progressing the dissection. The aim of this educational video is to demonstrate important gateways in liver and pancreas surgery, with a primary target audience of surgical residents and general surgeons who are occasionally involved in liver and pancreas surgery. Methods: Using video from common liver and pancreas procedures, combined with computer generated animation, six key anatomical gateways are demonstrated. Explanations are provided on why each structure must be divided in order to progress the dissection along a plane or to expose a structure at a deeper level. Results: The video demonstrates that division of the gastroepiploic vein and gastroduodenal artery exposes the superior mesenteric vein and portal vein, respectively, during pancreaticoduodenectomy. Division of the left gastric vein exposes the origin of the splenic artery during distal pancreatectomy and mulivisceral organ procurement. During portal dissection for right hepatectomy the cystic duct and artery are divided in order to expose the right hepatic artery and right portal vein. The right hepatic vein, during right hepatectomy, may only be fully encircled by first dividing the hepatocaval ligament. Finally, the ligamentum venosum must be divided to allow the left hepatic vein to be fully encircled during left hepatectomy. Conclusion: Knowledge of six key anatomical gateways in liver and pancreas surgery allows tissue dissection to proceed appropriately. By opening up these gateways, surgeons are more likely to develop safe and efficient tissue dissection.
In this paper the profitability and stability of an International Environmental Agreement among N... more In this paper the profitability and stability of an International Environmental Agreement among N identical countries that emit a pollutant are studied using a standard quadratic net benefit function. The static analysis shows that only a bilateral agreement could be self-enforcing independently of the number of countries affected by the externality and the gains coming from cooperation. It is also shown that this result occurs both when the coalition takes as given the emissions of nonsignatories and when it acts as the leader of the game. In the second part of the paper a differential game is proposed in order to analyze the stock externality due to accumulated emissions. Similar results to the ones obtained for the static model are derived both for an open-loop Nash equilibrium and for a feedback Nash equilibrium in linear strategies.
In this paper the strategic use of innovation by two polluting firms to influence environmental p... more In this paper the strategic use of innovation by two polluting firms to influence environmental policy is evaluated. The analysis is carried out by comparing two alternative policy regimes for two policy instruments: Taxes and standards. The first of the regimes assumes that the regulator commits to an ex-ante level of the policy instrument. In the second one, there is no commitment. The results show that when there is no commitment and a tax is used to control emissions, the strategic behavior of firms can be welfare improving if the efficiency of the clean technology is relatively low. If this is not the case, the strategic behavior of the duopolists has a detrimental effect on welfare regardless of the policy instrument used to control emissions.
In this working paper we model the case of an international non-renewable resource monopolist as ... more In this working paper we model the case of an international non-renewable resource monopolist as a dynamic game between a monopolist and n importing countries' governments, and we investigate whether a tariff on resource imports can be advantageous for the consumers of the importing countries when the monopolist sets the price and the importing countries' governments act in a non-cooperative way. We find that a tariff is advantageous for the consumers even when there is no commitment to the trade policy, although the part of the rent that can be reaped by the importing countries decreases substantially with the number of importing countries. The optimality of the tariff in our dynamic game is explained by the fact that through the tariff the governments of the importing countries can influence the dynamics of the accumulated extractions and hence the extraction costs and the evolution of the monopolist price.
In this paper the scope of the applicability of the Stackelberg equilibrium concept in differenti... more In this paper the scope of the applicability of the Stackelberg equilibrium concept in differential games is investigated. Firstly, it is showed that for a class of differential games with state-interdependence the stationary feedback Nash equilibrium coincides with the stationary feedback Stackelberg equilibrium independently of the player being the leader of the game. Secondly, sufficient conditions for obtaining the coincidence between the two equilibria are defined. A review of different economic models shows that this coincidence is going to occur for a good number of economic applications of differential games. This result appears because of the continuous-time setting in which differential games are defined. In this setting the first movement advantage of the leader may disappears and then both equilibria coincide.
For the widely-used linear-quadratic model of stable IEAs the key results are: (i) if the members... more For the widely-used linear-quadratic model of stable IEAs the key results are: (i) if the members of the IEA act in a Cournot fashion with respect to non-signatories, a stable IEA has no more than 2 signatories; (ii) if the signatories act as Stackelberg leaders, a stable IEA can have any number of signatories. These results were derived using numerical simulations and ignored the non-negativity constraint on emissions. Recent papers using analytical approaches and explicitly recognising the non-negativity constraint have suggested that with Stackelberg leadership a stable IEA has at most four signatories. Such papers have introduced non-negativity constraints by restricting parameter values to ensure interior solutions for emissions, which restricts the number of signatories. We use the more appropriate approach of directly imposing the non-negativity constraint on emissions, recognising that for some parameter values this will entail corner solutions, and show, analytically, that ...
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1997
In this paper we study the determination of optimal water storage capacity in a region, taking in... more In this paper we study the determination of optimal water storage capacity in a region, taking into account that the supply of the resource, the flow into the reserve, is uncertain, that a measure of the uncertainty, the variance, is likely to increase with climate change, that building capacity is costly, and that the development of water resources may entail also en¨ironmental costs. We find that water storage capacity in the long run is positi¨ely related to increases in uncertainty if the marginal benefit of water withdrawal is con¨ex and that, for the case of costly reversibility of investment, a range of inaction for investment appears, and the stability of water storage capacity with respect to changes in variance increases.
Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have often employed the con... more Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have often employed the concept of self-enforcing agreements to predict the number of parties to such an agreement. The term self-enforcing, however, is a bit misleading. The concept refers to the stability of cooperative agreements, not to enforcing compliance with these agreements once they are in place. In this paper we analyze an IEA game in which parties to an agreement finance an independent monitor who audits the compliance performance of the members of an agreement. These audits reveal instances of noncompliance so they can be sanctioned. We find that costly monitoring of compliance limits the circumstances under which international cooperation to protect the environment is worthwhile, but when IEAs do form they will often involve greater participation than IEAs that do not require costly monitoring. Consequently, costly monitoring of IEAs can produce higher international environmental quality. Moreover, under certain conditions, aggregate welfare is higher when IEAs require costly monitoring.
In Chile respiratory diseases are the prime cause of death in infants under one year of age. Infl... more In Chile respiratory diseases are the prime cause of death in infants under one year of age. Influenza is very common and produces alterations in feeding habits, digestive disorders, detention of ponderal growth, and a significant predisposition to secondary complications of a bacterial type.' In practice, one of the prime causes of hospitalization of infants is acute inflammatory obstruction of the lower respiratory tract. Generally it starts with an acute respiratory infection, with the sudden appearance of progressive respiratory difficulties, expiratory stridor, and coughing. Its pathogeny corresponds to that of edema: fibrinoid necrosis of the epithelium and infiltration of the bronchial, bronchiolar, and peribronchial wall, with a great accumulation of secretions in the lumen, which favors secondary bacterial infection. This is the picture that we call bronchiolitis. It must be considered different from bronchopneumonia, asthma, whooping cough, interstitial pneumonitis, endobronchial foreign bodies, obstructive laryngitis, and acute obstructive bronchitis. Acute obstructive bronchitis on many occasions is different in its evolution, either because of the antecedents (relapse), or because of the special constitution predisposed to this disorder (exudative diathesis, overweight); the treatment is approximately the same, and it is a better tolerated condition. In general, the acute obstructive respiratory inflammatory processes include laryngitis and acute bronchiolar obstructions; according to the criteria of sampling evaluation used, they have a variable mortality rate, which in general decreases with the use of oxygen, warm moist air, antibiotics, and corticoids.2
Este artículo consiste en un análisis teórico en términos de costes de transporte del agua, tarif... more Este artículo consiste en un análisis teórico en términos de costes de transporte del agua, tarifas, renta del recurso y bienestar social de tres criterios aplicables en la planificación de los trasvases intercuencas. Los criterios estudiados han sido: la minimización de los costes de transporte del agua; la fijación de tarifas del agua iguales al coste de transporte medio; y la fijación de tarifas socialmente óptimas. Para ilustrar el análisis teórico se ha procedido a una simulación basada en los datos disponibles sobre recursos hidráulicos del país y su distribución por cuencas, así como en las estimaciones de demanda previas al Plan Hidrológico. Esta simulación nos ha permitido evaluar el coste social de la aplicación de criterios no óptimos. Palabras clave: Recursos naturales. Planificación hidrológica.
this paper two models are presented to study the relationship between capital accumulation and st... more this paper two models are presented to study the relationship between capital accumulation and stock pollution focusing on the greenhouse effct. In the first model we assume a constant population and we analyze pollution control through choice of capital stock level. In that model CO2 emissions depend on the stock of productive capital and the stock of CO2 emissions has a negative effect on production through a damage function. The second is a Harrod-neutral technological progress model of optimal growth with increasing population and emission abatement capital. For an economy with constant population the existence of a steady state with stable emissions-is guaranteed under the assumption of concavity of the utility and production functions. For an economy with growing population the saturation of preferences is necessary although not sufficient.
Antecedentes: la pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomia cefalica inmediata es una complicac... more Antecedentes: la pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomia cefalica inmediata es una complicacion cuya frecuencia puede llegar al 55% y condiciona la aparicion de fistula pancreatica. Objetivo: describir el manejo de 3 pacientes que presentaron pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomia con complicaciones locales y realizar una revision de la literatura. Material y metodos: se reviso una base de datos prospectiva de resecciones pancreaticas. Se identificaron los pacientes con diagnostico de pancreatitis aguda con lesiones locales posterior a la realizacion de duodenopancreatectomia. Se definio fistula pancreatica de acuerdo con la clasificacion del ISGPF y pancreatitis como la elevacion de la amilasa o lipasa tres veces por encima del maximo valor serico normal en asociacion con dolor abdominal o confirmacion radiologica. Resultados: entre 2008 y 2019 los autores realizaron 260 duodenopancreatectomias. Tres pacientes presentaron pancreatitis posoperatoria con complicaciones loc...
In this work, the formation of capsules in xanthan gum and complexing solutions of Fe III is stru... more In this work, the formation of capsules in xanthan gum and complexing solutions of Fe III is structurally evaluated. These capsules have a spheroid shape that, when dried, collapse into disc shapes. These spheroids are made up of microspheres that partially explain this collapse. The backscattered SEM image shows areas rich in Fe and others poorer in this metal, the EDX analysis confirms this. FTIR chromatograms show a clear shift at approximately 1620 cm-1 due to the formation of the xanthan gum-Fe III complex. This work also proposes a structure, theoretically demonstrated, between xanthan gum and Fe III, which can explain what the biopolymeric structure bending procedure is like due to the presence of Fe III, a model called TransbiHook.
Introducción: el término secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS) hace referencia a las tecnología... more Introducción: el término secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS) hace referencia a las tecnologías diseñadas para analizar gran cantidad de ADN de forma masiva y paralela. Abordamos en esta revisión los conceptos básicos de estas tecnologías, las consideraciones de su uso clínico actual y perspectivas a futuro. Desarrollo: las pruebas basadas en NGS han revolucionado el estudio de los genomas pues permiten la lectura de millones de secuencias de ADN de forma masiva y paralela en un menor lapso de tiempo y a menor costo por base. Estas pruebas incluyen la secuenciación de panel de genes, la secuenciación completa del exoma y la secuenciación completa del genoma. El análisis de sus resultados es complejo y requiere de un proceso bioinformático y clínico exhaustivo para su adecuada interpretación. Las limitaciones de las pruebas NGS incluyen aspectos técnicos como la cobertura, profundidad y longitud de las secuencias, las cuales se pueden solventar implementando buenas prácticas de la...
The paper studies the use of emission taxes and feed-in subsidies for the regulation of a monopol... more The paper studies the use of emission taxes and feed-in subsidies for the regulation of a monopoly that can produce the same good with a technology that employs a polluting input and a clean technology. The second-best tax and subsidy are calculated solving a two-stage policy game between the regulator and the monopoly with the regulator acting as the leader of the game. We find that the second-best tax rate is the Pigouvian tax. The tax implements the efficient level of the dirty output but does not affect the total output. On the other hand, the subsidy leads to the monopoly to reduce the dirty output but also to increase the total output. This increase in total output may yield a larger net social welfare when the subsidy is used provided that the marginal cost of clean output is not very high, as a linear-quadratic specification of the model confirms. Finally, it is showed that the combination of an emission tax with a feed-in subsidy induces the firm to choose the efficient outputs, but in this case the first-best tax must be lower than the Pigouvian tax. Thus, the findings of this paper support the idea that feed-in subsidies open the possibility for improving the regulation of a polluting firm with market power.
In this paper, we characterize the optimal environmental policy for a polluting monopoly that dev... more In this paper, we characterize the optimal environmental policy for a polluting monopoly that devotes resources to abatement activities when damages are caused by a stock pollutant. With this aim, we calculate the stagewise feedback Stackelberg equilibrium of a (differential) policy game where the regulator is the leader and the monopolist is the follower. Our analysis shows that the first-best policy consists of applying a Pigouvian tax and a subsidy on production equal to the difference between the price and the marginal revenue. However, for a stock pollutant, the Pigouvian tax is not equal to the marginal damages but is given by the difference between the social and private valuation of the pollution stock. On the other hand, if a second-best emission tax is used, the tax is lower than the Pigouvian tax and the difference decreases with the price elasticity of the demand. Finally, we find that taxes and standards are equivalent in a second-best setting. In the second part of the paper, we solve a linear-quadratic differential game and we obtain that the first-best tax increases with the pollution stock whereas the subsidy decreases. Moreover, the tax is negative for low values of the pollution stock, i.e., for low values of the pollution stock, we obtain that the social valuation of the stock is lower than the private valuation. Furthermore, when a second-best policy is applied, the steady-state pollution stock is lower than the steady-state pollution stock associated with the efficient outcome.
Objective: Safe and efficient tissue dissection requires division of certain critical structures ... more Objective: Safe and efficient tissue dissection requires division of certain critical structures which act as 'gateways' to progressing the dissection. The aim of this educational video is to demonstrate important gateways in liver and pancreas surgery, with a primary target audience of surgical residents and general surgeons who are occasionally involved in liver and pancreas surgery. Methods: Using video from common liver and pancreas procedures, combined with computer generated animation, six key anatomical gateways are demonstrated. Explanations are provided on why each structure must be divided in order to progress the dissection along a plane or to expose a structure at a deeper level. Results: The video demonstrates that division of the gastroepiploic vein and gastroduodenal artery exposes the superior mesenteric vein and portal vein, respectively, during pancreaticoduodenectomy. Division of the left gastric vein exposes the origin of the splenic artery during distal pancreatectomy and mulivisceral organ procurement. During portal dissection for right hepatectomy the cystic duct and artery are divided in order to expose the right hepatic artery and right portal vein. The right hepatic vein, during right hepatectomy, may only be fully encircled by first dividing the hepatocaval ligament. Finally, the ligamentum venosum must be divided to allow the left hepatic vein to be fully encircled during left hepatectomy. Conclusion: Knowledge of six key anatomical gateways in liver and pancreas surgery allows tissue dissection to proceed appropriately. By opening up these gateways, surgeons are more likely to develop safe and efficient tissue dissection.
In this paper the profitability and stability of an International Environmental Agreement among N... more In this paper the profitability and stability of an International Environmental Agreement among N identical countries that emit a pollutant are studied using a standard quadratic net benefit function. The static analysis shows that only a bilateral agreement could be self-enforcing independently of the number of countries affected by the externality and the gains coming from cooperation. It is also shown that this result occurs both when the coalition takes as given the emissions of nonsignatories and when it acts as the leader of the game. In the second part of the paper a differential game is proposed in order to analyze the stock externality due to accumulated emissions. Similar results to the ones obtained for the static model are derived both for an open-loop Nash equilibrium and for a feedback Nash equilibrium in linear strategies.
In this paper the strategic use of innovation by two polluting firms to influence environmental p... more In this paper the strategic use of innovation by two polluting firms to influence environmental policy is evaluated. The analysis is carried out by comparing two alternative policy regimes for two policy instruments: Taxes and standards. The first of the regimes assumes that the regulator commits to an ex-ante level of the policy instrument. In the second one, there is no commitment. The results show that when there is no commitment and a tax is used to control emissions, the strategic behavior of firms can be welfare improving if the efficiency of the clean technology is relatively low. If this is not the case, the strategic behavior of the duopolists has a detrimental effect on welfare regardless of the policy instrument used to control emissions.
In this working paper we model the case of an international non-renewable resource monopolist as ... more In this working paper we model the case of an international non-renewable resource monopolist as a dynamic game between a monopolist and n importing countries' governments, and we investigate whether a tariff on resource imports can be advantageous for the consumers of the importing countries when the monopolist sets the price and the importing countries' governments act in a non-cooperative way. We find that a tariff is advantageous for the consumers even when there is no commitment to the trade policy, although the part of the rent that can be reaped by the importing countries decreases substantially with the number of importing countries. The optimality of the tariff in our dynamic game is explained by the fact that through the tariff the governments of the importing countries can influence the dynamics of the accumulated extractions and hence the extraction costs and the evolution of the monopolist price.
In this paper the scope of the applicability of the Stackelberg equilibrium concept in differenti... more In this paper the scope of the applicability of the Stackelberg equilibrium concept in differential games is investigated. Firstly, it is showed that for a class of differential games with state-interdependence the stationary feedback Nash equilibrium coincides with the stationary feedback Stackelberg equilibrium independently of the player being the leader of the game. Secondly, sufficient conditions for obtaining the coincidence between the two equilibria are defined. A review of different economic models shows that this coincidence is going to occur for a good number of economic applications of differential games. This result appears because of the continuous-time setting in which differential games are defined. In this setting the first movement advantage of the leader may disappears and then both equilibria coincide.
For the widely-used linear-quadratic model of stable IEAs the key results are: (i) if the members... more For the widely-used linear-quadratic model of stable IEAs the key results are: (i) if the members of the IEA act in a Cournot fashion with respect to non-signatories, a stable IEA has no more than 2 signatories; (ii) if the signatories act as Stackelberg leaders, a stable IEA can have any number of signatories. These results were derived using numerical simulations and ignored the non-negativity constraint on emissions. Recent papers using analytical approaches and explicitly recognising the non-negativity constraint have suggested that with Stackelberg leadership a stable IEA has at most four signatories. Such papers have introduced non-negativity constraints by restricting parameter values to ensure interior solutions for emissions, which restricts the number of signatories. We use the more appropriate approach of directly imposing the non-negativity constraint on emissions, recognising that for some parameter values this will entail corner solutions, and show, analytically, that ...
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1997
In this paper we study the determination of optimal water storage capacity in a region, taking in... more In this paper we study the determination of optimal water storage capacity in a region, taking into account that the supply of the resource, the flow into the reserve, is uncertain, that a measure of the uncertainty, the variance, is likely to increase with climate change, that building capacity is costly, and that the development of water resources may entail also en¨ironmental costs. We find that water storage capacity in the long run is positi¨ely related to increases in uncertainty if the marginal benefit of water withdrawal is con¨ex and that, for the case of costly reversibility of investment, a range of inaction for investment appears, and the stability of water storage capacity with respect to changes in variance increases.
Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have often employed the con... more Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have often employed the concept of self-enforcing agreements to predict the number of parties to such an agreement. The term self-enforcing, however, is a bit misleading. The concept refers to the stability of cooperative agreements, not to enforcing compliance with these agreements once they are in place. In this paper we analyze an IEA game in which parties to an agreement finance an independent monitor who audits the compliance performance of the members of an agreement. These audits reveal instances of noncompliance so they can be sanctioned. We find that costly monitoring of compliance limits the circumstances under which international cooperation to protect the environment is worthwhile, but when IEAs do form they will often involve greater participation than IEAs that do not require costly monitoring. Consequently, costly monitoring of IEAs can produce higher international environmental quality. Moreover, under certain conditions, aggregate welfare is higher when IEAs require costly monitoring.
In Chile respiratory diseases are the prime cause of death in infants under one year of age. Infl... more In Chile respiratory diseases are the prime cause of death in infants under one year of age. Influenza is very common and produces alterations in feeding habits, digestive disorders, detention of ponderal growth, and a significant predisposition to secondary complications of a bacterial type.' In practice, one of the prime causes of hospitalization of infants is acute inflammatory obstruction of the lower respiratory tract. Generally it starts with an acute respiratory infection, with the sudden appearance of progressive respiratory difficulties, expiratory stridor, and coughing. Its pathogeny corresponds to that of edema: fibrinoid necrosis of the epithelium and infiltration of the bronchial, bronchiolar, and peribronchial wall, with a great accumulation of secretions in the lumen, which favors secondary bacterial infection. This is the picture that we call bronchiolitis. It must be considered different from bronchopneumonia, asthma, whooping cough, interstitial pneumonitis, endobronchial foreign bodies, obstructive laryngitis, and acute obstructive bronchitis. Acute obstructive bronchitis on many occasions is different in its evolution, either because of the antecedents (relapse), or because of the special constitution predisposed to this disorder (exudative diathesis, overweight); the treatment is approximately the same, and it is a better tolerated condition. In general, the acute obstructive respiratory inflammatory processes include laryngitis and acute bronchiolar obstructions; according to the criteria of sampling evaluation used, they have a variable mortality rate, which in general decreases with the use of oxygen, warm moist air, antibiotics, and corticoids.2
Este artículo consiste en un análisis teórico en términos de costes de transporte del agua, tarif... more Este artículo consiste en un análisis teórico en términos de costes de transporte del agua, tarifas, renta del recurso y bienestar social de tres criterios aplicables en la planificación de los trasvases intercuencas. Los criterios estudiados han sido: la minimización de los costes de transporte del agua; la fijación de tarifas del agua iguales al coste de transporte medio; y la fijación de tarifas socialmente óptimas. Para ilustrar el análisis teórico se ha procedido a una simulación basada en los datos disponibles sobre recursos hidráulicos del país y su distribución por cuencas, así como en las estimaciones de demanda previas al Plan Hidrológico. Esta simulación nos ha permitido evaluar el coste social de la aplicación de criterios no óptimos. Palabras clave: Recursos naturales. Planificación hidrológica.
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Papers by Santiago Rubio