The effect of distribution of aluminum layer through the thickness of fiber metal laminates (FMLs... more The effect of distribution of aluminum layer through the thickness of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) on their low velocity impact response was studied. The FMLs were prepared using aluminum 2024-T3 layers (0.3, 0.4, 0.6 mm thickness) and glass fiber reinforced epoxy (two layers of 0°and 90°each) through hand layup followed by vacuum bagging. The four different layups considered had metallic layers placed at different locations through the thickness while maintaining the total metal layer thickness constant. The FMLs were subjected to low-velocity impact using a drop weight testing machine. The performance of FMLs was evaluated using different parameters such as maximum force, energy absorbed, damage degree, dent depth and maximum deflection. Among the four FMLs, it was observed that the FML 2/1-0.6 in which the composite layers were stacked together had lower levels of cracking and deformation and recorded the highest force for the same impact energy level, whereas the FML 4/3-0.3 in which two adjacent composite layers having different fiber orientations were separated by metallic layer recorded the lowest force and maximum cracking and deformation. The lateral spread of delamination and interlayer opening was comparatively greater for 2/1-0.6 when compared to 4/ 3-0.3, indicating that distributing the aluminum layers in the FML can decrease the lateral spread of damage within the FML.
The word colonialism comes from the Roman word "Colonia" which means "farm" or "Settlement " and ... more The word colonialism comes from the Roman word "Colonia" which means "farm" or "Settlement " and referred to Romans who settled in other lands but still retained their citizenship. Accordingly the Oxford English Dictionary .... A settlement in a new country.......A body of people who settle in a new locality , forming a community subjects to or connected with their parent state; the community so formed ,consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors , as long as the connection with parent state is kept up.
Workplace relationship is a very vital phenomenon at the workplace. The relationship between a le... more Workplace relationship is a very vital phenomenon at the workplace. The relationship between a leader & his subordinates can have a major impact on the performance of the employees. The focus of this research is on the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX), superior subordinate communication (SSC), Turnover intention with employee job satisfaction. This study explores Leader Member Exchange Theory (LMX Theory), which theorizes when leaders and followers have good exchanges or high quality effective LMX relationships, they share mutual trust, feel better, accomplish more, and the overall unit performance within organization is enhanced. It was hypothesized that LMX would directly influence SSC, and SSC would directly influence employee job satisfaction. It was also hypothesized that turnover intention would directly influence employee job satisfaction. Data derived from a self-administered questionnaire, and this will be distributed to employees working in fast food indus...
In this study dual-nose projectile was prepared by two blunt noses along the length of projectile... more In this study dual-nose projectile was prepared by two blunt noses along the length of projectile and then made to impact on aluminium plates of 0.82 mm thickness to observe its deformation behavior. The diameter of first blunt nose was 6.4 mm while second blunt nose was on the shank of the projectile having 12.8 mm diameter. Impact on target plate by double nose projectile was made by gas gun experimentally and then verified numerically on Abaqus FEM code. Mesh convergence study was done to choose the correct elements size in the impact area. It was observed that blunt-blunt projectile perforates the target by producing one plug and one ring while speed of the first plug was higher than the speed of the projectile. Blunt-blunt projectile takes more time to perforate the target than single blunt projectile. Experimental and numerical value agrees to each other.
Present study is based on the comparison between the existing model developed by Forrestal for me... more Present study is based on the comparison between the existing model developed by Forrestal for medium velocity impact and the Predicted model used by us for low velocity impact. The model suggested by Forrestal et al.[3,4] is for medium velocity impact (generally varying from 300-1200 m/s) for thick aluminum plates (around 25-27 mm). When this model is tested for low velocity impact (10-100 m/s) on thin aluminum plates (0.5-2 mm), the model fails to fit the experimental data points of Ansari et al.[8],which implies that the model is applicable for high velocity impact on thick plates only. In this study we have modified this model of Forrestal et al.[3,4](by minor adjustment) for low velocity impact on thin aluminum plates and found excellent agreement with the experimental data (Ansari et al.). We have plotted the impact velocity curve with residual velocity and velocity drop and plate thickness curve varying against ballistic limit velocity which is the basis for comparison in thi...
The effect of distribution of aluminum layer through the thickness of fiber metal laminates (FMLs... more The effect of distribution of aluminum layer through the thickness of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) on their low velocity impact response was studied. The FMLs were prepared using aluminum 2024-T3 layers (0.3, 0.4, 0.6 mm thickness) and glass fiber reinforced epoxy (two layers of 0°and 90°each) through hand layup followed by vacuum bagging. The four different layups considered had metallic layers placed at different locations through the thickness while maintaining the total metal layer thickness constant. The FMLs were subjected to low-velocity impact using a drop weight testing machine. The performance of FMLs was evaluated using different parameters such as maximum force, energy absorbed, damage degree, dent depth and maximum deflection. Among the four FMLs, it was observed that the FML 2/1-0.6 in which the composite layers were stacked together had lower levels of cracking and deformation and recorded the highest force for the same impact energy level, whereas the FML 4/3-0.3 in which two adjacent composite layers having different fiber orientations were separated by metallic layer recorded the lowest force and maximum cracking and deformation. The lateral spread of delamination and interlayer opening was comparatively greater for 2/1-0.6 when compared to 4/ 3-0.3, indicating that distributing the aluminum layers in the FML can decrease the lateral spread of damage within the FML.
The word colonialism comes from the Roman word "Colonia" which means "farm" or "Settlement " and ... more The word colonialism comes from the Roman word "Colonia" which means "farm" or "Settlement " and referred to Romans who settled in other lands but still retained their citizenship. Accordingly the Oxford English Dictionary .... A settlement in a new country.......A body of people who settle in a new locality , forming a community subjects to or connected with their parent state; the community so formed ,consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors , as long as the connection with parent state is kept up.
Workplace relationship is a very vital phenomenon at the workplace. The relationship between a le... more Workplace relationship is a very vital phenomenon at the workplace. The relationship between a leader & his subordinates can have a major impact on the performance of the employees. The focus of this research is on the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX), superior subordinate communication (SSC), Turnover intention with employee job satisfaction. This study explores Leader Member Exchange Theory (LMX Theory), which theorizes when leaders and followers have good exchanges or high quality effective LMX relationships, they share mutual trust, feel better, accomplish more, and the overall unit performance within organization is enhanced. It was hypothesized that LMX would directly influence SSC, and SSC would directly influence employee job satisfaction. It was also hypothesized that turnover intention would directly influence employee job satisfaction. Data derived from a self-administered questionnaire, and this will be distributed to employees working in fast food indus...
In this study dual-nose projectile was prepared by two blunt noses along the length of projectile... more In this study dual-nose projectile was prepared by two blunt noses along the length of projectile and then made to impact on aluminium plates of 0.82 mm thickness to observe its deformation behavior. The diameter of first blunt nose was 6.4 mm while second blunt nose was on the shank of the projectile having 12.8 mm diameter. Impact on target plate by double nose projectile was made by gas gun experimentally and then verified numerically on Abaqus FEM code. Mesh convergence study was done to choose the correct elements size in the impact area. It was observed that blunt-blunt projectile perforates the target by producing one plug and one ring while speed of the first plug was higher than the speed of the projectile. Blunt-blunt projectile takes more time to perforate the target than single blunt projectile. Experimental and numerical value agrees to each other.
Present study is based on the comparison between the existing model developed by Forrestal for me... more Present study is based on the comparison between the existing model developed by Forrestal for medium velocity impact and the Predicted model used by us for low velocity impact. The model suggested by Forrestal et al.[3,4] is for medium velocity impact (generally varying from 300-1200 m/s) for thick aluminum plates (around 25-27 mm). When this model is tested for low velocity impact (10-100 m/s) on thin aluminum plates (0.5-2 mm), the model fails to fit the experimental data points of Ansari et al.[8],which implies that the model is applicable for high velocity impact on thick plates only. In this study we have modified this model of Forrestal et al.[3,4](by minor adjustment) for low velocity impact on thin aluminum plates and found excellent agreement with the experimental data (Ansari et al.). We have plotted the impact velocity curve with residual velocity and velocity drop and plate thickness curve varying against ballistic limit velocity which is the basis for comparison in thi...
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