PhD and professor working in biodiversity and nature conservation. Mainly work in Neotropics, China and Europe. Affiliated to University of Turku, Finland.
Here, we present new evidence that evolutionary adaptation of the Ailuripodinae lineage to bamboo... more Here, we present new evidence that evolutionary adaptation of the Ailuripodinae lineage to bamboo diet has taken place by morphological adaptations in the masticatory system. The giant panda in the wild and in captivity removes without an exception the outer skin of all bamboo shoots, rich in abrasive and toxic compounds, by the highly adapted premolars P3 and P4. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) allows sidewise movement of the jaw and the premolars can, in a cusp-to-cusp position, remove the poorly digestible outer skin of the bamboo before crushing the bamboo with molars. Based on the evidence presented here, we suggest that adaptation of TMJ to lateral movement for enabling cusp-to-cusp contact of premolars is the crucial evolutionary factor as which we consider the key to understand the Ailuropodinae lineage adaptive pathway to utilize the bamboo resource.
The development of standards and guidelines to secure sustainable forest management at different ... more The development of standards and guidelines to secure sustainable forest management at different geographical scales has expanded greatly during the past fifteen years. Most of these efforts, however, have been formulated for natural forests only; those designed specifically for forest plantations are relatively few. The global forest plantation area is expanding rapidly, with obvious positive and negative impacts on biodiversity. We characterize the key concepts of biodiversity in tropical and subtropical forest plantations and present an analysis of how these elements are covered in the eight principal operational standards and guidelines for sustainable plantation forestry. We also examine the applicability of standards and guidelines in plantations established and managed under different initial settings. The results indicate that the standards and guidelines address certain key elements of biodiversity comprehensively, meanwhile others are ignored or receive only slight attention. There is also substantial variation between the sets in their nature (performance-vs. process-based), scope, congruity in concepts and hierarchy, and specificity. The standards and guidelines seldom take into account the varying initial settings for plantation establishment and the consequent variation in critical factors in biodiversity conservation and management. We recommend that standards and guidelines should be developed so as to pay more attention to the type and operating environment of plantations, to cover all key factors of biodiversity, and to consider building closer relationships between the social and ecological aspects of biodiversity.
1. The parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) is of great interest because it has been... more 1. The parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) is of great interest because it has been claimed that its species richness does not increase with decreasing latitude. 2. No extensive studies of the family have been conducted in South American localities. 3. Arthropods were sampled using 27 Malaise traps in the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve (56 000 ha) in the northeastern Peruvian Amazonian lowland rainforest. The total duration of the sampling programme was 185 Malaise trap months. 4. Altogether, 88 species were collected. This is one of the highest local pimpline and rhyssine species numbers ever recorded. A comparison with results from Mesoamerica revealed that at equal numbers of individuals sampled, the number of Pimplinae and Rhyssinae species in Peruvian Amazonia is at least twofold compared with lowland locations in Mesoamerica and somewhat higher than in the most species-rich Costa Rican higher altitude localities. 5. Non-parametric methods of estimating species richness were applied. These suggest that additional sampling would yield a considerable number of new Pimplinae and/or Rhyssinae species.
... In Colombia, these sediments have a prop-osed Oligo-Miocene age, and only the Quaternary terr... more ... In Colombia, these sediments have a prop-osed Oligo-Miocene age, and only the Quaternary terra ... a restricted area of the western Amazon, it affects the headwaters of the Amazon drainage system, and ... used for the first time to date terra firme deposits of the Amazon basin, thus ...
Biodiversity information is among the most interesting items within the domain of environmental i... more Biodiversity information is among the most interesting items within the domain of environmental informatics. As the ownership of biodiversity resources is a matter of substantial economic expectations, a number of international biodiversity information initiatives have emerged. Premises and perspectives of two major initiatives are reviewed in our paper. The global biodiversity Clearing-house Mechanism established by the Convention on Biological Diversity focuses on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, whereas the Global Biodiversity Information Facility emphasises economic growth and social outcomes. The Clearing-house Mechanism has progressed slowly, as only 50 out of 181 parties of the Convention have national web sites on the Internet. National biodiversity reporting of the parties is also inadequate. Cooperation and division of labour is seen as a vital necessity for both initiatives. The Clearing-house Mechanism has good facilities to focus on commanding the entire information process, while the Global Biodiversity Information Facility has the best prospects in biodiversity data processing.
The Holocene biostratlgraphlc record of Amazon lowland rain forests IS fragmentary and is based o... more The Holocene biostratlgraphlc record of Amazon lowland rain forests IS fragmentary and is based on restricted number of cores, the majority representing sedimentation in a floodplain environment These blostratlgraphlc data have often been interpreted as demonstrating climatic oscillation between wetter and drier condmons, and the subsequent vegetation changes Here, we survey and ~4C date a further six western Amazon floodplain lakes and examine their fluvially controlled sedimentation processes The lakes, which are of the cutoff type, are located along the rivers Manu, Tambopata and Amazon (SohmOes) in the Peruvian Amazon lowlands All the lakes cored are under the influence of current overbank sedimentation of the parent suspension-rich whitewater rivers and recewe an annual fdl of allochthonous inorganic suspension dunng the flood Most of the cores collected were rich in minerogemc sediments (gyttja clay, loss on lgmtlon < 5% dry weight) and gave t4C ages for the cutoff events of the lakes ranging from 2000 to 6000 BP However, the high channel migration rates of the Manu and Amazon, as well as observations on the marginal, young successional floodplain forest structure, cast doubt on these dates, suggesting that they are too old Two cores, however, yielded considerably younger, and more reliable, dates for the cutoff events, one from a more organic-rich sediment layer (190 _+ 80 BP) and one from a wood fragment (1300 _+ 90 BP, a ~4C accelerator date) We think that the observed bias towards older 14C ages documented in the gyttja clays is caused by the high propomon of old (fine particulate) orgamc matter being reclrculated and resedlmented within the suspension load The strong fluvial control of lake sedimentation and the unrehablhty of the 14C dates from the Amazon suspension-rich floodplains call for caution m palaeoecoioglcal interpretation Furthermore, owing to the low number of within-lake replicate cores m the Amazon Holocene stratigraphy analyses, we consider the postulated Holocene climatic oscillation schemes to be tentative only
Still active Sub-Andean foreland deformation is suggested to have syndepositionally modified the ... more Still active Sub-Andean foreland deformation is suggested to have syndepositionally modified the fluvial depositional environments in the Peruvian Amazonian foreland basin throughout Neogene-Quaternary time. Modern fluvial aggradation continues to proceed on a large scale (c. 120000 km 2) in two differing depositional systems. Firstly, various multistoried floodbasin deposits are derived from the meandering and anastomosing rivers within the subsiding intraforeland basins. Secondly, in the northern part of the Pastaza-Maranon basin the largest known Holocene alluvial fan-like formation (c. 60000 km 2), composed of reworked, volcaniclastic debris derived from active Ecuadorian volcanoes, has been identified. The widespread, poorly known, dissected surface alluvium (terra firme) which covers the main part of the Peruvian Amazonian foreland basin shows further evidence of long-term foreland deformation, and terraces indicate both the effects of tectonism and Pleistocene climatic oscillations. In northern Peru, the surface alluvium was deposited by a Tertiary fluvial system with palaeocurrents to the west and northwest into the Andean foreland basin. In southern Peru, the respective surficial alluvium was part of a post-Miocene fluvial system flowing northeast into the main Amazon basin. Both systems were gradually abandoned when the eastward migrating Andean foreland deformation led to the more distinctive partitioning of the intraforeland basins, and the modern drainage system was created.
Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, 2004
Describe un modelo de gestión para la ejecución del plan de acción y especialmente los mecanismos... more Describe un modelo de gestión para la ejecución del plan de acción y especialmente los mecanismos financieros para implementar la estrategia regional de conservación de la biodiversidad amazónica. Se presentan asimismo las acciones estratégicas prioritarias comunes para toda la Amazonía peruana, que van desencadenar procesos orientados a conservar y aprovechar sosteniblemente los recursos de la diversidad biológica amazónica, con la finalidad de impulsar el desarrollo regional. Al final se presenta una matriz donde se encuentran las acciones que deben llevarse a cabo para comenzar a conseguir los objetivos definidos en la Estrategia Regional de Diversidad Biológica Amazónica (ERDBA)
... Bot. Fennici 28:225-239, 1991 The dynamics, distribution and classification of swamp vegetati... more ... Bot. Fennici 28:225-239, 1991 The dynamics, distribution and classification of swamp vegetation in Peruvian Amazonia RISTO KALLIOLA, RUOKOLAINEN MAARIT PUHAKKA, JUKKA SALO,HANNA TUOMISTO and KALLE Kalliola, R., Puhakka, M., Salo, J., Tuomisto, H. &amp;amp;amp;amp; ...
Gynerium sagittatum is a dioecious giant reed grass that is distributed over wide areas in the Ne... more Gynerium sagittatum is a dioecious giant reed grass that is distributed over wide areas in the Neotropics. In the western parts of the Amazonian lowlands, it is an important pioneer of floodplain forest succession along the whitewater rivers which are characterized by rapid channel migration rates. This report shows that in the western Amazon region, Gynerium sagittatum consists of two types, 'large' and 'small', and a third with characteristics common to both. The 'large' type expands vegetatively into the newly-deposited fluvial sandbars along meandering rivers. Sexual reproduction is rare, and the stands it forms may comprise merely a few, old individuals. The 'small' type, on the other hand, occupies the wide, newly-formed sandbars of the largest of the rivers in extensive, sexually reproduced adult stands of individuals of similar ages. 'Intermediate' types, which are not monotypic, also occur along many rivers. The sympatric setting of the different Gynerium types provides a good basis for comparative studies on the growth and reproduction of a clonal plant in natural sites under a strong abiotic influence.
SummaryThe fruit of the cultivated ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.) has been referred to in the li... more SummaryThe fruit of the cultivated ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.) has been referred to in the literature either as non‐existing or as a berry, seldom as a dry fruit. The fruit of this species as well as the genus is described here for the first time, and is shown to be a dry and indehiscent nutlet of an obovate shape and bilaterally symmetrical cross‐section. The thin testa of the seed is immediately inside the thickened fruit wall. The embryo is strongly curved and encircles the relatively scanty perisperm.
It has been suggested that a huge lake, Lago Amazonas, covered a large part of the Amazon basin u... more It has been suggested that a huge lake, Lago Amazonas, covered a large part of the Amazon basin until as recently as two thousand years ago. According to this hypothesis, the topmost sediments in western Amazonia are almost universally young deposite of lacustrine and deltaic origin. The hypothesis has gained some attention among biologists because of its implications for biological phenomena in Amazonia, especially biogeography and biodiversity. According to the available geological data, however, Amazonia is geologically far more complex than assumed by the lake hypothesis. In the following discussion we will point out the weak nesses of the Lago Amazonas hypothesis, and indicate alternative explanations of the surface geology that are based on tectonically controlled fluvial deposition.
Geoarchaeology-an International Journal, Jul 1, 1996
Lathrap introduced the concept of lateral channel migration of the meandering rivers as a potenti... more Lathrap introduced the concept of lateral channel migration of the meandering rivers as a potential factor for human community dynamics in the Upper Amazon. Nevertheless, the dynamics considered by Lathrap is restricted to particular floodplains. He payed no attention to a large scale fluvial phenomenom: the sudden river relocations (avulsion), which also profoundly affected the Upper Amazon cultures. We present here a historical case study analyzing a river floodplain avulsion at the Middle Ucayali River during the late 1700s, causing the abandonment of a settlement called San Miguel de Cunibos and probably leading to the massive migration of the Cunibos Indians. Furthermore, we argue that similar situations have frequently occurred during the human history of the Upper Amazon, and thus these fluvial phenomena should be taken into consideration in future archaeological and ethnohistorical studies.
The sedimentary record covering the last 150 years was studied in the productive clear water lake... more The sedimentary record covering the last 150 years was studied in the productive clear water lake Pyhäjärvi in SW Finland. The lake has faced significant human-induced changes: (1) the water level was lowered by almost 2 metres in the early 1850s; (2) planktivorous coregonid fishes were successively introduced, commencing in 1908; and (3) nutrient input from intensified agriculture has increased
Abstract Protected areas are crucial for Amazonian nature conservation. Many Amazonian reserves h... more Abstract Protected areas are crucial for Amazonian nature conservation. Many Amazonian reserves have been selected systematically to achieve biodiversity representativeness. We review the role natural-scientific understanding has played in reserve selection, and ...
Here, we present new evidence that evolutionary adaptation of the Ailuripodinae lineage to bamboo... more Here, we present new evidence that evolutionary adaptation of the Ailuripodinae lineage to bamboo diet has taken place by morphological adaptations in the masticatory system. The giant panda in the wild and in captivity removes without an exception the outer skin of all bamboo shoots, rich in abrasive and toxic compounds, by the highly adapted premolars P3 and P4. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) allows sidewise movement of the jaw and the premolars can, in a cusp-to-cusp position, remove the poorly digestible outer skin of the bamboo before crushing the bamboo with molars. Based on the evidence presented here, we suggest that adaptation of TMJ to lateral movement for enabling cusp-to-cusp contact of premolars is the crucial evolutionary factor as which we consider the key to understand the Ailuropodinae lineage adaptive pathway to utilize the bamboo resource.
The development of standards and guidelines to secure sustainable forest management at different ... more The development of standards and guidelines to secure sustainable forest management at different geographical scales has expanded greatly during the past fifteen years. Most of these efforts, however, have been formulated for natural forests only; those designed specifically for forest plantations are relatively few. The global forest plantation area is expanding rapidly, with obvious positive and negative impacts on biodiversity. We characterize the key concepts of biodiversity in tropical and subtropical forest plantations and present an analysis of how these elements are covered in the eight principal operational standards and guidelines for sustainable plantation forestry. We also examine the applicability of standards and guidelines in plantations established and managed under different initial settings. The results indicate that the standards and guidelines address certain key elements of biodiversity comprehensively, meanwhile others are ignored or receive only slight attention. There is also substantial variation between the sets in their nature (performance-vs. process-based), scope, congruity in concepts and hierarchy, and specificity. The standards and guidelines seldom take into account the varying initial settings for plantation establishment and the consequent variation in critical factors in biodiversity conservation and management. We recommend that standards and guidelines should be developed so as to pay more attention to the type and operating environment of plantations, to cover all key factors of biodiversity, and to consider building closer relationships between the social and ecological aspects of biodiversity.
1. The parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) is of great interest because it has been... more 1. The parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) is of great interest because it has been claimed that its species richness does not increase with decreasing latitude. 2. No extensive studies of the family have been conducted in South American localities. 3. Arthropods were sampled using 27 Malaise traps in the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve (56 000 ha) in the northeastern Peruvian Amazonian lowland rainforest. The total duration of the sampling programme was 185 Malaise trap months. 4. Altogether, 88 species were collected. This is one of the highest local pimpline and rhyssine species numbers ever recorded. A comparison with results from Mesoamerica revealed that at equal numbers of individuals sampled, the number of Pimplinae and Rhyssinae species in Peruvian Amazonia is at least twofold compared with lowland locations in Mesoamerica and somewhat higher than in the most species-rich Costa Rican higher altitude localities. 5. Non-parametric methods of estimating species richness were applied. These suggest that additional sampling would yield a considerable number of new Pimplinae and/or Rhyssinae species.
... In Colombia, these sediments have a prop-osed Oligo-Miocene age, and only the Quaternary terr... more ... In Colombia, these sediments have a prop-osed Oligo-Miocene age, and only the Quaternary terra ... a restricted area of the western Amazon, it affects the headwaters of the Amazon drainage system, and ... used for the first time to date terra firme deposits of the Amazon basin, thus ...
Biodiversity information is among the most interesting items within the domain of environmental i... more Biodiversity information is among the most interesting items within the domain of environmental informatics. As the ownership of biodiversity resources is a matter of substantial economic expectations, a number of international biodiversity information initiatives have emerged. Premises and perspectives of two major initiatives are reviewed in our paper. The global biodiversity Clearing-house Mechanism established by the Convention on Biological Diversity focuses on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, whereas the Global Biodiversity Information Facility emphasises economic growth and social outcomes. The Clearing-house Mechanism has progressed slowly, as only 50 out of 181 parties of the Convention have national web sites on the Internet. National biodiversity reporting of the parties is also inadequate. Cooperation and division of labour is seen as a vital necessity for both initiatives. The Clearing-house Mechanism has good facilities to focus on commanding the entire information process, while the Global Biodiversity Information Facility has the best prospects in biodiversity data processing.
The Holocene biostratlgraphlc record of Amazon lowland rain forests IS fragmentary and is based o... more The Holocene biostratlgraphlc record of Amazon lowland rain forests IS fragmentary and is based on restricted number of cores, the majority representing sedimentation in a floodplain environment These blostratlgraphlc data have often been interpreted as demonstrating climatic oscillation between wetter and drier condmons, and the subsequent vegetation changes Here, we survey and ~4C date a further six western Amazon floodplain lakes and examine their fluvially controlled sedimentation processes The lakes, which are of the cutoff type, are located along the rivers Manu, Tambopata and Amazon (SohmOes) in the Peruvian Amazon lowlands All the lakes cored are under the influence of current overbank sedimentation of the parent suspension-rich whitewater rivers and recewe an annual fdl of allochthonous inorganic suspension dunng the flood Most of the cores collected were rich in minerogemc sediments (gyttja clay, loss on lgmtlon < 5% dry weight) and gave t4C ages for the cutoff events of the lakes ranging from 2000 to 6000 BP However, the high channel migration rates of the Manu and Amazon, as well as observations on the marginal, young successional floodplain forest structure, cast doubt on these dates, suggesting that they are too old Two cores, however, yielded considerably younger, and more reliable, dates for the cutoff events, one from a more organic-rich sediment layer (190 _+ 80 BP) and one from a wood fragment (1300 _+ 90 BP, a ~4C accelerator date) We think that the observed bias towards older 14C ages documented in the gyttja clays is caused by the high propomon of old (fine particulate) orgamc matter being reclrculated and resedlmented within the suspension load The strong fluvial control of lake sedimentation and the unrehablhty of the 14C dates from the Amazon suspension-rich floodplains call for caution m palaeoecoioglcal interpretation Furthermore, owing to the low number of within-lake replicate cores m the Amazon Holocene stratigraphy analyses, we consider the postulated Holocene climatic oscillation schemes to be tentative only
Still active Sub-Andean foreland deformation is suggested to have syndepositionally modified the ... more Still active Sub-Andean foreland deformation is suggested to have syndepositionally modified the fluvial depositional environments in the Peruvian Amazonian foreland basin throughout Neogene-Quaternary time. Modern fluvial aggradation continues to proceed on a large scale (c. 120000 km 2) in two differing depositional systems. Firstly, various multistoried floodbasin deposits are derived from the meandering and anastomosing rivers within the subsiding intraforeland basins. Secondly, in the northern part of the Pastaza-Maranon basin the largest known Holocene alluvial fan-like formation (c. 60000 km 2), composed of reworked, volcaniclastic debris derived from active Ecuadorian volcanoes, has been identified. The widespread, poorly known, dissected surface alluvium (terra firme) which covers the main part of the Peruvian Amazonian foreland basin shows further evidence of long-term foreland deformation, and terraces indicate both the effects of tectonism and Pleistocene climatic oscillations. In northern Peru, the surface alluvium was deposited by a Tertiary fluvial system with palaeocurrents to the west and northwest into the Andean foreland basin. In southern Peru, the respective surficial alluvium was part of a post-Miocene fluvial system flowing northeast into the main Amazon basin. Both systems were gradually abandoned when the eastward migrating Andean foreland deformation led to the more distinctive partitioning of the intraforeland basins, and the modern drainage system was created.
Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, 2004
Describe un modelo de gestión para la ejecución del plan de acción y especialmente los mecanismos... more Describe un modelo de gestión para la ejecución del plan de acción y especialmente los mecanismos financieros para implementar la estrategia regional de conservación de la biodiversidad amazónica. Se presentan asimismo las acciones estratégicas prioritarias comunes para toda la Amazonía peruana, que van desencadenar procesos orientados a conservar y aprovechar sosteniblemente los recursos de la diversidad biológica amazónica, con la finalidad de impulsar el desarrollo regional. Al final se presenta una matriz donde se encuentran las acciones que deben llevarse a cabo para comenzar a conseguir los objetivos definidos en la Estrategia Regional de Diversidad Biológica Amazónica (ERDBA)
... Bot. Fennici 28:225-239, 1991 The dynamics, distribution and classification of swamp vegetati... more ... Bot. Fennici 28:225-239, 1991 The dynamics, distribution and classification of swamp vegetation in Peruvian Amazonia RISTO KALLIOLA, RUOKOLAINEN MAARIT PUHAKKA, JUKKA SALO,HANNA TUOMISTO and KALLE Kalliola, R., Puhakka, M., Salo, J., Tuomisto, H. &amp;amp;amp;amp; ...
Gynerium sagittatum is a dioecious giant reed grass that is distributed over wide areas in the Ne... more Gynerium sagittatum is a dioecious giant reed grass that is distributed over wide areas in the Neotropics. In the western parts of the Amazonian lowlands, it is an important pioneer of floodplain forest succession along the whitewater rivers which are characterized by rapid channel migration rates. This report shows that in the western Amazon region, Gynerium sagittatum consists of two types, 'large' and 'small', and a third with characteristics common to both. The 'large' type expands vegetatively into the newly-deposited fluvial sandbars along meandering rivers. Sexual reproduction is rare, and the stands it forms may comprise merely a few, old individuals. The 'small' type, on the other hand, occupies the wide, newly-formed sandbars of the largest of the rivers in extensive, sexually reproduced adult stands of individuals of similar ages. 'Intermediate' types, which are not monotypic, also occur along many rivers. The sympatric setting of the different Gynerium types provides a good basis for comparative studies on the growth and reproduction of a clonal plant in natural sites under a strong abiotic influence.
SummaryThe fruit of the cultivated ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.) has been referred to in the li... more SummaryThe fruit of the cultivated ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.) has been referred to in the literature either as non‐existing or as a berry, seldom as a dry fruit. The fruit of this species as well as the genus is described here for the first time, and is shown to be a dry and indehiscent nutlet of an obovate shape and bilaterally symmetrical cross‐section. The thin testa of the seed is immediately inside the thickened fruit wall. The embryo is strongly curved and encircles the relatively scanty perisperm.
It has been suggested that a huge lake, Lago Amazonas, covered a large part of the Amazon basin u... more It has been suggested that a huge lake, Lago Amazonas, covered a large part of the Amazon basin until as recently as two thousand years ago. According to this hypothesis, the topmost sediments in western Amazonia are almost universally young deposite of lacustrine and deltaic origin. The hypothesis has gained some attention among biologists because of its implications for biological phenomena in Amazonia, especially biogeography and biodiversity. According to the available geological data, however, Amazonia is geologically far more complex than assumed by the lake hypothesis. In the following discussion we will point out the weak nesses of the Lago Amazonas hypothesis, and indicate alternative explanations of the surface geology that are based on tectonically controlled fluvial deposition.
Geoarchaeology-an International Journal, Jul 1, 1996
Lathrap introduced the concept of lateral channel migration of the meandering rivers as a potenti... more Lathrap introduced the concept of lateral channel migration of the meandering rivers as a potential factor for human community dynamics in the Upper Amazon. Nevertheless, the dynamics considered by Lathrap is restricted to particular floodplains. He payed no attention to a large scale fluvial phenomenom: the sudden river relocations (avulsion), which also profoundly affected the Upper Amazon cultures. We present here a historical case study analyzing a river floodplain avulsion at the Middle Ucayali River during the late 1700s, causing the abandonment of a settlement called San Miguel de Cunibos and probably leading to the massive migration of the Cunibos Indians. Furthermore, we argue that similar situations have frequently occurred during the human history of the Upper Amazon, and thus these fluvial phenomena should be taken into consideration in future archaeological and ethnohistorical studies.
The sedimentary record covering the last 150 years was studied in the productive clear water lake... more The sedimentary record covering the last 150 years was studied in the productive clear water lake Pyhäjärvi in SW Finland. The lake has faced significant human-induced changes: (1) the water level was lowered by almost 2 metres in the early 1850s; (2) planktivorous coregonid fishes were successively introduced, commencing in 1908; and (3) nutrient input from intensified agriculture has increased
Abstract Protected areas are crucial for Amazonian nature conservation. Many Amazonian reserves h... more Abstract Protected areas are crucial for Amazonian nature conservation. Many Amazonian reserves have been selected systematically to achieve biodiversity representativeness. We review the role natural-scientific understanding has played in reserve selection, and ...
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