Salma Haque is an associate Professor at International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her areas of research interests include novels, short stories, gender studies.
This paper uses a detailed macroeconomic framework to answer a question critical to policy-makers... more This paper uses a detailed macroeconomic framework to answer a question critical to policy-makers - "Is the U.S. Current Account Deficit sustainable?". To test our theoretical framework, we use data from 1980 to 2014 and attempt to answer this question using four different criterion for debt sustainability. We augment the baseline model with a comprehensive sensitivity analysis which consists of exogenous shocks to relevant domestic and external variables. We find that debt sustainability is highly sensitive to various macroeconomic factors like economic growth in China, the rest of the world and valuation effects. We also document that debt sustainability is sensitive to the choice of measure used to model sustainability, creating a tension for policy-makers which require immediate attention.
ABSTRACTLook Back in Anger is the story of a married couple's stormy relationship. In it the ... more ABSTRACTLook Back in Anger is the story of a married couple's stormy relationship. In it the ill-matched couple, Jimmy Porter and his wife Alison Porter come from different classes. He is a worker's son, and she is from an army family. Class tensions are prevalent throughout the play, and much of Jimmy's abuse is directed at Alison's family, which reflects the deep riftbetween different classes in England of the 50s. Class conflict worries Jimmy greatly and he wants to root out the social disharmony created by it. In Jimmy's view, the upper-class members symbolize the fake aristocratic society which is incapable of genuine feelings for any human being. Besides Jimmy and his wife, there are three on-stage characters. One of them is Colonel Redfern. He is Alison's father who shatters the traditional image of upper-class members and projects a new concept about their nature. His attitude towards his daughter, Alison, and Jimmy is poignantly realized when he has ...
This is a study of the folktale "The Tale of the Kind and the Unkind Girls". In a world... more This is a study of the folktale "The Tale of the Kind and the Unkind Girls". In a world-wide search, the author found more than 900 versions of the tale, enabling him to chronicle how individual storytellers altered the story to fit their own particular needs and tastes.
Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights is one of the greatest love stories of all time. The novel p... more Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights is one of the greatest love stories of all time. The novel published a year before her death in 1848, is a complex piece of work. The book contains so many troubled , tumultuous, and rebellious elements of romanticism. It is the story of two opposing families, the Earnshaws and the Lintons and an outsider called Heathcliff. The Earnshaw family consists of Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw and their children, Catherine and Hindley, and the Linton family consists of Mr, and Mrs. Linton and their two children Isabella and Edgar. In the course of the novel Heathcliff elopes with Isabella and later on marries her. She is a naïve girl when she first comes in contact with Heathcliff. After the elopement she undergoes a radical change. Heathcliff's brutality and mockery of love for her transform her into a brave woman. Though she is not a major character, she is a recognizable individual. Despite her appearance in eight chapters in a novel of thirty-four chapter...
Abstract: John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first sta... more Abstract: John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first staged on 8 May 1956. It depicts the disillusionment and rebelliousness of post-war youth in Britain. The suffering hero Jimmy Porter is the representative of this generation with nowhere to go. Having lost the war against society he fights for a place of his own in domestic relationships and dominates the action of the play. Though “Look Back in Anger is the one- man play per excellence. ” 1 Helena Charles, the friend of Jimmy’s wife Alison, makes her presence felt in spite of his dominance in the play by her guts who stands up to Alison’s defense. Later she falls to Jimmy’s bait easily, becomes something like his mistress and then leaves him and thus paves the way for a reconciliation between the husband and the wife. This paper aims at studying Helena’s arrival and departure and how do they contribute to the reunion of the estranged couple.
Strained marriage is a traumatic experience which is influenced by complex social, financial, cul... more Strained marriage is a traumatic experience which is influenced by complex social, financial, cultural and psychological factors. For this study two European literary couples Nora-Helmer and Gertrude-Mr. Morel from Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers are taken and their problems get visible for real life couples to see. This paper is mainly related to the fact that many issues regarding strained marriage are still under-researched. This study attempts to go into the depth of this global issue by providing information through critical textual analysis. In nature, it is an explanatory as well as exploratory research. A qualitative approach will be employed to know about the causes of strained marriage relationship and its consequences on the couples and families.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2013
Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice has several minor characters which are realistically port... more Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice has several minor characters which are realistically portrayed. Charlotte Lucas is one of them. She is the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Lucas and is portrayed as a victim of her society. The dominant theme of this novel is marriage and is the only hope for her as she is a realist. She has plain appearance and is not in a position to disregard social conventions. Hence, she has practical good sense and a practical view of matrimony. Her marriage with Mr. Collins is not self-deception as she marries with her eyes open. For this reason, she does not consider her marriage a mistake though it is loveless. She is a fictitious character, but we should remember that Austen's characters are from real life. Charlotte's marriage is symbolic showing the financial insecurity of marriageable girls in her times. Therefore, her inability to disregard the existing social code needs to be judged from the viewpoint of 18 th century England. However, we cannot overlook her as a character who has admirable qualities. She draws mixed reactions. Some find her a moral failure and some appreciate her decision to marry Mr. Collins for financial security. Through her character, the agonies of unmarried women, their yearning for marital safety are exhibited in this novel. This paper focuses on the grounds for Charlotte's decision to marry Mr. Collins, the conditions of women of her society and her likeable qualities which save her marriage and individualize her. Female characters are always core of Jane Austen"s novels. In her Pride and Prejudice there are many female characters who fascinate many researchers. Some works talked about Charlotte Lucas and there are different voices from different critics about her. Weinsheimer (1972, 404) criticizes her for her interest in the establishment than the real happiness in marriage and also of her self-deception. However, Newton (1981, 11) argues that she was also the victim of her society. Tanner (1986, 108) also agrees that we should sympathize with her instead of blaming her. But their studies are not detailed and have not touched her good sides. Though women of Charlotte"s society had lower social status than men, it does not mean there were no intelligent, sensible women. Austen also applies more positive term to her. So, this paper aims to show how realistically she represents the deplorable conditions of the marriageable women of her society and how she individualizes herself among her contemporaries with her good attributes. Charlotte Lucas is past the romance as she is twenty-seven years old. The oldest of several children in the Lucas family she is introduced to the reader as ".. . a sensible, intelligent young woman. . ." (18). We can know about her main characteristics in the above description. Her attitude to marriage is very important, as she shows an entirely materialistic view of marriage like her contemporaries. But she is utterly unlike the other spiteful girls of her society and a good human being. The deeper overtones of the theme emerge when she agrees to marry the ridiculous Mr. Collins. The insecurity of a single woman and the money-minded society are the dominant considerations which have formed her attitudes towards marriage, but as she has a significant feeling of life and reality, she finds her place in the plot. During her time, women had to marry undesirable partners for financial reasons. In the words of Ian Watt: "Newspapers carried on marriage marts, with advertisements offering or demanding specified dowries and jointers, and young girls were driven into flagrantly unsuitable marriages on the grounds of economic advantage" (Watt, 142-3). In her society a woman"s role was clear and simple. Her husband or father defined her position in life; she was expected to be modest, submissive and almost totally unable to think independently. Pride and Prejudice is also about the social conventions of the time, and the role of women in society as well as the causes of their subjugation and humiliation. The first sentence of the novel also highlights the importance of marriage in it: ". .. a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife" (5) which ironically means that a single woman must be in want of a husband. In Pride and Prejudice Charlotte Lucas is an important minor character whose physical description is not given and her dialogues are also limited. But we can judge her on the basis of her limited communication
John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger is a dramatic study of a strained marriage relationship. I... more John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger is a dramatic study of a strained marriage relationship. In it Jimmy Porter is the protagonist and Alison Porter, a retired Colonel's daughter, is the heroine. The actual action of the play is centered around Jimmy's relationship with her. Despite his dominance, his wife Alison Porter, is the most important supporting character on whom Jimmy inflicts pain by his tirades all the time until eventually she feels she can bear no more. Later on she leaves him in her pregnant state to seek peace. After the loss of the baby she comes back to him when both have lost faith in each other. So they will go back to their previous unhealthy relationship causing her to become deplorable again. My reading of Alison Porter is that she is a suffering person though some find Jimmy a sufferer. This paper aims at assessing her sufferings and the reasons behind them.
John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first staged o... more John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first staged on 8 May 1956. It depicts the disillusionment and rebelliousness of post-war youth in Britain. The suffering hero Jimmy Porter is the representative of this generation ...
A number of ultraviolet light-induced tumors that do not grow progressively in 3- or 9-month-old ... more A number of ultraviolet light-induced tumors that do not grow progressively in 3- or 9-month-old animals grow progressively in animals starting at approximately 15 months of age. We investigated the immune response to one such tumor, 6130, in young and old mice to determine in nature of this breakdown in immune protection with age. The 6130 tumor cells that grow progressively in 22-month-old animals still retain sensitivity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) generated against the highly immunogenic "6130-A" antigen and consequently are still immunologically rejected when transplanted into 3- and 9-month-old animals, but not in mice older than 15 months. Investigation of the CD8+ CTL response found that in animals 3-12 months old, primary and secondary tumor-specific CTL responses to 6130 can be generated in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, the CD8+ CTL responses to 6130 seen in animals 15 months of age or older were significantly depressed or absent. These results indicate that a decline in antigen-specific CD8+ CTL is the major cause of increased susceptibility to 6130 tumor growth in older animals.
ASA University Review, Volume 11,No. 1, January-June 2017
Stephen Crane's(1871-1900)one of the best known short stories,"The Open Boat" is based on his own... more Stephen Crane's(1871-1900)one of the best known short stories,"The Open Boat" is based on his own real- life traumatic incident.It starts with the description of four shipwrecked men aboard an open dinghy on a turbulent sea.There is the captain,a correspondent,an oiler and a cook.In the story, there struggle for survival is found in the setting of the sea,which symbolizes nature.Nature is the protagonist and the open boat represents helpless man in the vast universe.The story is notable for its use of irony,imagery,symbolism and the exploration of themes as survival,solidarity and the conflict between men and nature.With the help of tone and imagery, Crane successfully portrays the cruelty of nature to the boatmen.At the beginning of their ordeal-the men find nature as unpredictably fierce.Throughout the story, we see nature's antagonism and indifference and the boatmen try their best to overcome their difficulties.In this paper I shall show that nature is paradoxical as well as unpredictable, and these characteristics completely overwhelm the endangered men.
This paper uses a detailed macroeconomic framework to answer a question critical to policy-makers... more This paper uses a detailed macroeconomic framework to answer a question critical to policy-makers - "Is the U.S. Current Account Deficit sustainable?". To test our theoretical framework, we use data from 1980 to 2014 and attempt to answer this question using four different criterion for debt sustainability. We augment the baseline model with a comprehensive sensitivity analysis which consists of exogenous shocks to relevant domestic and external variables. We find that debt sustainability is highly sensitive to various macroeconomic factors like economic growth in China, the rest of the world and valuation effects. We also document that debt sustainability is sensitive to the choice of measure used to model sustainability, creating a tension for policy-makers which require immediate attention.
ABSTRACTLook Back in Anger is the story of a married couple's stormy relationship. In it the ... more ABSTRACTLook Back in Anger is the story of a married couple's stormy relationship. In it the ill-matched couple, Jimmy Porter and his wife Alison Porter come from different classes. He is a worker's son, and she is from an army family. Class tensions are prevalent throughout the play, and much of Jimmy's abuse is directed at Alison's family, which reflects the deep riftbetween different classes in England of the 50s. Class conflict worries Jimmy greatly and he wants to root out the social disharmony created by it. In Jimmy's view, the upper-class members symbolize the fake aristocratic society which is incapable of genuine feelings for any human being. Besides Jimmy and his wife, there are three on-stage characters. One of them is Colonel Redfern. He is Alison's father who shatters the traditional image of upper-class members and projects a new concept about their nature. His attitude towards his daughter, Alison, and Jimmy is poignantly realized when he has ...
This is a study of the folktale "The Tale of the Kind and the Unkind Girls". In a world... more This is a study of the folktale "The Tale of the Kind and the Unkind Girls". In a world-wide search, the author found more than 900 versions of the tale, enabling him to chronicle how individual storytellers altered the story to fit their own particular needs and tastes.
Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights is one of the greatest love stories of all time. The novel p... more Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights is one of the greatest love stories of all time. The novel published a year before her death in 1848, is a complex piece of work. The book contains so many troubled , tumultuous, and rebellious elements of romanticism. It is the story of two opposing families, the Earnshaws and the Lintons and an outsider called Heathcliff. The Earnshaw family consists of Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw and their children, Catherine and Hindley, and the Linton family consists of Mr, and Mrs. Linton and their two children Isabella and Edgar. In the course of the novel Heathcliff elopes with Isabella and later on marries her. She is a naïve girl when she first comes in contact with Heathcliff. After the elopement she undergoes a radical change. Heathcliff's brutality and mockery of love for her transform her into a brave woman. Though she is not a major character, she is a recognizable individual. Despite her appearance in eight chapters in a novel of thirty-four chapter...
Abstract: John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first sta... more Abstract: John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first staged on 8 May 1956. It depicts the disillusionment and rebelliousness of post-war youth in Britain. The suffering hero Jimmy Porter is the representative of this generation with nowhere to go. Having lost the war against society he fights for a place of his own in domestic relationships and dominates the action of the play. Though “Look Back in Anger is the one- man play per excellence. ” 1 Helena Charles, the friend of Jimmy’s wife Alison, makes her presence felt in spite of his dominance in the play by her guts who stands up to Alison’s defense. Later she falls to Jimmy’s bait easily, becomes something like his mistress and then leaves him and thus paves the way for a reconciliation between the husband and the wife. This paper aims at studying Helena’s arrival and departure and how do they contribute to the reunion of the estranged couple.
Strained marriage is a traumatic experience which is influenced by complex social, financial, cul... more Strained marriage is a traumatic experience which is influenced by complex social, financial, cultural and psychological factors. For this study two European literary couples Nora-Helmer and Gertrude-Mr. Morel from Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers are taken and their problems get visible for real life couples to see. This paper is mainly related to the fact that many issues regarding strained marriage are still under-researched. This study attempts to go into the depth of this global issue by providing information through critical textual analysis. In nature, it is an explanatory as well as exploratory research. A qualitative approach will be employed to know about the causes of strained marriage relationship and its consequences on the couples and families.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2013
Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice has several minor characters which are realistically port... more Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice has several minor characters which are realistically portrayed. Charlotte Lucas is one of them. She is the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Lucas and is portrayed as a victim of her society. The dominant theme of this novel is marriage and is the only hope for her as she is a realist. She has plain appearance and is not in a position to disregard social conventions. Hence, she has practical good sense and a practical view of matrimony. Her marriage with Mr. Collins is not self-deception as she marries with her eyes open. For this reason, she does not consider her marriage a mistake though it is loveless. She is a fictitious character, but we should remember that Austen's characters are from real life. Charlotte's marriage is symbolic showing the financial insecurity of marriageable girls in her times. Therefore, her inability to disregard the existing social code needs to be judged from the viewpoint of 18 th century England. However, we cannot overlook her as a character who has admirable qualities. She draws mixed reactions. Some find her a moral failure and some appreciate her decision to marry Mr. Collins for financial security. Through her character, the agonies of unmarried women, their yearning for marital safety are exhibited in this novel. This paper focuses on the grounds for Charlotte's decision to marry Mr. Collins, the conditions of women of her society and her likeable qualities which save her marriage and individualize her. Female characters are always core of Jane Austen"s novels. In her Pride and Prejudice there are many female characters who fascinate many researchers. Some works talked about Charlotte Lucas and there are different voices from different critics about her. Weinsheimer (1972, 404) criticizes her for her interest in the establishment than the real happiness in marriage and also of her self-deception. However, Newton (1981, 11) argues that she was also the victim of her society. Tanner (1986, 108) also agrees that we should sympathize with her instead of blaming her. But their studies are not detailed and have not touched her good sides. Though women of Charlotte"s society had lower social status than men, it does not mean there were no intelligent, sensible women. Austen also applies more positive term to her. So, this paper aims to show how realistically she represents the deplorable conditions of the marriageable women of her society and how she individualizes herself among her contemporaries with her good attributes. Charlotte Lucas is past the romance as she is twenty-seven years old. The oldest of several children in the Lucas family she is introduced to the reader as ".. . a sensible, intelligent young woman. . ." (18). We can know about her main characteristics in the above description. Her attitude to marriage is very important, as she shows an entirely materialistic view of marriage like her contemporaries. But she is utterly unlike the other spiteful girls of her society and a good human being. The deeper overtones of the theme emerge when she agrees to marry the ridiculous Mr. Collins. The insecurity of a single woman and the money-minded society are the dominant considerations which have formed her attitudes towards marriage, but as she has a significant feeling of life and reality, she finds her place in the plot. During her time, women had to marry undesirable partners for financial reasons. In the words of Ian Watt: "Newspapers carried on marriage marts, with advertisements offering or demanding specified dowries and jointers, and young girls were driven into flagrantly unsuitable marriages on the grounds of economic advantage" (Watt, 142-3). In her society a woman"s role was clear and simple. Her husband or father defined her position in life; she was expected to be modest, submissive and almost totally unable to think independently. Pride and Prejudice is also about the social conventions of the time, and the role of women in society as well as the causes of their subjugation and humiliation. The first sentence of the novel also highlights the importance of marriage in it: ". .. a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife" (5) which ironically means that a single woman must be in want of a husband. In Pride and Prejudice Charlotte Lucas is an important minor character whose physical description is not given and her dialogues are also limited. But we can judge her on the basis of her limited communication
John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger is a dramatic study of a strained marriage relationship. I... more John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger is a dramatic study of a strained marriage relationship. In it Jimmy Porter is the protagonist and Alison Porter, a retired Colonel's daughter, is the heroine. The actual action of the play is centered around Jimmy's relationship with her. Despite his dominance, his wife Alison Porter, is the most important supporting character on whom Jimmy inflicts pain by his tirades all the time until eventually she feels she can bear no more. Later on she leaves him in her pregnant state to seek peace. After the loss of the baby she comes back to him when both have lost faith in each other. So they will go back to their previous unhealthy relationship causing her to become deplorable again. My reading of Alison Porter is that she is a suffering person though some find Jimmy a sufferer. This paper aims at assessing her sufferings and the reasons behind them.
John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first staged o... more John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first staged on 8 May 1956. It depicts the disillusionment and rebelliousness of post-war youth in Britain. The suffering hero Jimmy Porter is the representative of this generation ...
A number of ultraviolet light-induced tumors that do not grow progressively in 3- or 9-month-old ... more A number of ultraviolet light-induced tumors that do not grow progressively in 3- or 9-month-old animals grow progressively in animals starting at approximately 15 months of age. We investigated the immune response to one such tumor, 6130, in young and old mice to determine in nature of this breakdown in immune protection with age. The 6130 tumor cells that grow progressively in 22-month-old animals still retain sensitivity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) generated against the highly immunogenic "6130-A" antigen and consequently are still immunologically rejected when transplanted into 3- and 9-month-old animals, but not in mice older than 15 months. Investigation of the CD8+ CTL response found that in animals 3-12 months old, primary and secondary tumor-specific CTL responses to 6130 can be generated in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, the CD8+ CTL responses to 6130 seen in animals 15 months of age or older were significantly depressed or absent. These results indicate that a decline in antigen-specific CD8+ CTL is the major cause of increased susceptibility to 6130 tumor growth in older animals.
ASA University Review, Volume 11,No. 1, January-June 2017
Stephen Crane's(1871-1900)one of the best known short stories,"The Open Boat" is based on his own... more Stephen Crane's(1871-1900)one of the best known short stories,"The Open Boat" is based on his own real- life traumatic incident.It starts with the description of four shipwrecked men aboard an open dinghy on a turbulent sea.There is the captain,a correspondent,an oiler and a cook.In the story, there struggle for survival is found in the setting of the sea,which symbolizes nature.Nature is the protagonist and the open boat represents helpless man in the vast universe.The story is notable for its use of irony,imagery,symbolism and the exploration of themes as survival,solidarity and the conflict between men and nature.With the help of tone and imagery, Crane successfully portrays the cruelty of nature to the boatmen.At the beginning of their ordeal-the men find nature as unpredictably fierce.Throughout the story, we see nature's antagonism and indifference and the boatmen try their best to overcome their difficulties.In this paper I shall show that nature is paradoxical as well as unpredictable, and these characteristics completely overwhelm the endangered men.
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Papers by Salma Haque