This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Fiber based antibacterial materials have gained an enormous attraction for the researchers in the... more Fiber based antibacterial materials have gained an enormous attraction for the researchers in these days. In this study, a novel Sericin Encapsulated Silver Nanoclusters (sericin-AgNCs) were synthesized through single pot and green synthesis route. Subsequently these sericin-AgNCs were incorporated into ultrafine electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) fibers for assessing the antibacterial performance. The physicochemical properties of sericin-AgNCs/CA composite fibers were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and wide X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial properties of sericin-AgNCs/CA composite fibers against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were systematically evaluated. The results showed that sericin-AgNCs incorporated in ultrafine CA fibers have played a vital role for antibacterial activity. An amount of 0.17 mg/mL sericin-AgNCs to CA...
Water scarcity is a major challenge to wheat productivity under changing climate conditions, espe... more Water scarcity is a major challenge to wheat productivity under changing climate conditions, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. During recent years, different agronomic, physiological and molecular approaches have been used to overcome the problems related to drought stress. Breeding approaches, including conventional and modern breeding, are among the most efficient options to overcome drought stress through the development of new varieties adapted to drought. Growing drought-tolerant wheat genotypes may be a sustainable option to boost wheat productivity under drought stress conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim to screen different wheat genotypes based on stress tolerance levels. For this purpose, eleven commonly cultivated wheat genotypes (V1 = Akbar-2019, V2 = Ghazi-2019, V3 = Ujala-2016, V4 = Zincol-2016, V5 = Anaj-2017, V6 = Galaxy-2013, V7 = Pakistan-2013, V8 = Seher-2006, V9 = Lasani-2008, V10 = Faisalabad-2008 and V11 = Millat-2011) wer...
Humans are blessed in all aspects if they have no disability. Despite that some are not as fortun... more Humans are blessed in all aspects if they have no disability. Despite that some are not as fortunate as they are having some disability by some disease or by any mishap. Blindness being one of them and is very common. The surveys by the World Health Organization say that the developing countries have 90% of the cases of visually impaired persons. The visual impairment is related directly to navigation. The movements and the motion of the movements are due to visual sight. We take care of and avoid the coming obstacles in our way. One more factor is the liquid on the surface that could be water or anything. As technological developments have grown Information and Communication Technology is vast spread and electronics have led to low-cost components. These advantages have made possible for researchers to work on several projects for the betterment of humanity. This paper is based on Low-cost Arduinobased Smart Obstacle (LASO) Sensing Cane hardware aimed for visually impaired people. ...
In the current study, amphiphilic peptides were designed and screened against Jak bean urease by ... more In the current study, amphiphilic peptides were designed and screened against Jak bean urease by using computer aided drug discovery approach. The result showed that out of thirty eight amphiphilic peptides 1, 3, 12, 18, 30, and exhibit stronger binding a nity with the active site of the enzyme and establish hydrogen bonds with the nickel ions i.e. Ni 841 and Ni 842 as well as make non-polar and hydrophobic contacts with the nonpolar residues in the active site. The selected amphiphilic peptides were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis strategy, characterized by Fast atomic bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H and 13 C-NMR) and performed in vitro urease inhibitory activity. Amphiphilic peptides 12 and showed excellent urease inhibitory activity, (p < 0.001) with IC 50 values 20.5 ± 0.01 µM, and 28.1 ± 0.03 µM respectively, which was considerably better than thiourea used as positive control. We suggest that these amphiphilic could be potent urease inhibitors and sever as the starting point for effective interventions.
Human efforts to produce more food for increasing populations leave marks on the environment. The... more Human efforts to produce more food for increasing populations leave marks on the environment. The use of conventional agricultural practices, including intensive tillage based on the removal of crop residue, has magnified soil erosion and soil degradation. In recent years, the progressive increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has created global interest in identifying different sustainable strategies in order to reduce their concentration in the atmosphere. Carbon stored in soil is 2–4 times higher than that stored in the atmosphere and four times more when compared to carbon stored in the vegetation. The process of carbon sequestration (CS) involves transferring CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil or storage of other forms of carbon to either defer or mitigate global warming and avoid dangerous climate change. The present review discusses the potential of soils in sequestering carbon and mitigating the accelerated greenhouse effects by adopting different agricu...
Abstract We present a method for large displacement measurement based on light rays interference.... more Abstract We present a method for large displacement measurement based on light rays interference. Instead of fiber's end-face, we launched the light from the side of fiber using a LED-Belt (LB) as a light source. The relative movement between the LB and optical fiber corresponds to displacement change, and associated intensity variation is detected through a power meter. The linear-displacement has been achieved up to 1 m with a sensitivity of about 1.532 nW/mm, which results in a resolution of 0.653 mm. The range can be further enlarged by increasing the length of fiber and LED-Belt depending on the application requirements. The proposed sensor method is simple, cost-effective, and easy to manufacture. The design structure also has significant potential for strain, pressure, and liquid level sensing as well as shape sensing.
Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation... more Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation management in dry direct-seeded rice has received very little attention. Here, we examined the potential of different irrigation regimes: aerobic rice (AR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF) in dry direct-seeded rice cultivation on two rice cultivars (Pride-1 (hybrid indica) and NB-1 (inbred indica)). Growth, yield attributes, grain yield, total water input, water productivity and benefit cost ratio were measured. Our results showed that AR saved 11.22 and 28.40%, and 5.72 and 32.98% water compared with AWD and CF during 2018 and 2020, respectively. There was a significant difference in grain yield among treatments and cultivars. AWD and CF produced statistically same total dry weight and grain yield, while AR reduced the total dry weight by 31.34% and 38.04% and grain yield by 34.82% and 38.16% in comparison to AWD and CF, respectively, across the years. E...
High salt concentrations in the growing medium can severely affect the growth and development of ... more High salt concentrations in the growing medium can severely affect the growth and development of plants. It is imperative to understand the different components of salt-tolerant network in plants in order to produce the salt-tolerant cultivars. High-affinity potassium transporter- and myelocytomatosis proteins have been shown to play a critical role for salinity tolerance through exclusion of sodium (Na+) ions from sensitive shoot tissues in plants. Numerous genes, that limit the uptake of salts from soil and their transport throughout the plant body, adjust the ionic and osmotic balance of cells in roots and shoots. In the present review, we have tried to provide a comprehensive report of major research advances on different mechanisms regulating plant tolerance to salinity stress at proteomics, metabolomics, genomics and transcriptomics levels. Along with the role of ionic homeostasis, a major focus was given on other salinity tolerance mechanisms in plants including osmoregulation and osmo-protection, cell wall remodeling and integrity, and plant antioxidative defense. Major proteins and genes expressed under salt-stressed conditions and their role in enhancing salinity tolerance in plants are discussed as well. Moreover, this manuscript identifies and highlights the key questions on plant salinity tolerance that remain to be discussed in the future.
A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds or thousands of small nodes which could either hav... more A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds or thousands of small nodes which could either have a static or dynamic position. These nodes are deployed through normal or random distribution to report events of a particular area to the base station through sink nodes. Having limited onboard energy of sensor nodes, conservation of energy in wireless sensor network is necessary. For this purpose, a new algorithm is proposed titled Energy-Efficient-Direction-Based-Topology-Control-Algorithm (EEDBTC). In proposed algorithm, direction is the main concern whenever an event occurs the node will send data in the direction of base station so that less energy is consumed. The results of the same were compared with customary dense wireless sensor network, color based WSNs and it was observed that this algorithm is much better than previous topology control algorithms used.
This study was conducted to assess the floristic composition, biological spectra and phenology of... more This study was conducted to assess the floristic composition, biological spectra and phenology of Tehsil Balakot. Frequent visits were made in different seasons during 2012-13. Field notebook was used to record the data within field. Biological spectrum and leaf sizes classes were determined. The floristic diversity revealed 228 plant species belonged to 184 genera and 72 families. Asteraceae family contributed maximum number of species (27) followed by Rosaceae (18), Apiaceae and Lamiaceae (12) species each, Papilionaceae (11) species while remaining 67 families contributed less than 10 species. Herbaceous growth form was the most leading one (71%), followed by shrub (15%) and tree (14%), respectively. Biological spectrum revealed that hemicryptophytes (32.45%) were the most prevalent, followed by therophytes (31.57%), nanophanerophytes (15.35%), megaphanerophytes (13.59%) and chamaephytes (4.38%). Leaf spectra showed that microphyll (28.94%) were dominant, followed by nanophyll (27.19%), leptophyll (22.80%), mesophyll (14.03%) and megaphyll (7.01%). The flora was influenced by two flowering seasons i.e. March to August and September to February. In the first spell, 193 species were recorded, of these 15.54% trees, 15.02% shrubs, 63.21% herbs, 3.62% grasses and 2.59% ferns; while in the second spell, there were 35 species having 2.85% trees, 17.14% shrubs, 74.28% herbs, and 5.71% grasses. The flowering data shows that June and July were the utmost flowering months with 28.50% in 65 and 20.17% in 46 plant species.
Intercropping is an intensive agricultural cropping system widely practiced for enhanced yield an... more Intercropping is an intensive agricultural cropping system widely practiced for enhanced yield and nutrient acquisition advantages. A two-year maize–soybean intercropping (MSI) field study was performed in 2018 and 2019 to assess the effects of potassium (K) fertilizer application on biomass accumulation and distribution of essential nutrients in the various plant parts (root, green biomass and seed) of maize–soybean intercropping (MSI). Three different treatments of K fertilizer applications (T0: no potassium application; T1: maize 40, soybeans 30 and T2: maize 80, soybeans 60 kg ha−1) were designed with 2 rows of maize by wide, narrow row planting in row arrangements of 160 cm + 40 cm. Soybeans were grown in 2 wide rows at a width of 40 cm and a row spacing of 60 cm between the rows of maize and soybeans, while the sole maize (SM) and sole soybean (SS) were grown with 70-cm and 50-cm row spacing, respectively. The results of the two-year study confirmed that, as compared to T0, T2...
In this paper, a displacement sensor is proposed based on the coupling of scattering loss during ... more In this paper, a displacement sensor is proposed based on the coupling of scattering loss during the bending of fiber. We adopted a twisted structure of two fiber to couple the scattered loss which caused by bending. Two polymer optical fiber were used in the experiment and the fibers were twisted and bent. When the fiber draft then the bent radius becomes shorter. The scattered-bend loss was arisen from illuminating fiber and being coupled in receiving fiber. The proposed sensor has range about 150 mm and the sensor used for static, dynamic and plane-in-out measurement. The sensor has good linearity between 0 mm to 80 mm, having the sensitivity of 1.26 nW\mm, resolution of 0.79 mm, and repeatability error of 1.26%. The design structure of the sensor is simple, holistic and cost-effective and has potential advantages on industrial application.
SPE/PAPG Pakistan Section Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 2019
In Potwar Basin, Tight Naturally Fractured carbonate reservoirs usually have matrix porosity of t... more In Potwar Basin, Tight Naturally Fractured carbonate reservoirs usually have matrix porosity of the 2-3% and permeability less than 1 mD. It is very challenging to evaluate Gas initial in-place (GIIP) and reserves accurately in these type of reservoirs. The objective of this study is to evaluate Gas in-place and to characterize the reservoir energy mechanism using rate transient analysis (RTA). A comparison has also been made for Gas in-place from conventional material balance analysis and from rate transient analysis. In this study, rate transient analysis has been performed in a well, located in Potwar with thirteen years of production history. The well is completed in Chorgali and Sakesar formations. Different scenarios of initial reservoir pressure, geo-mechanical effects during initial production of the well and aquifer volume were sensitized to evaluate the Gas initial in-place (GIIP) and reserves. Different type curves such as Agarwal Gardner, Blasingame and flowing material ...
This study aims to check the effect of trilemma and quadrilemma choices on price and output stabi... more This study aims to check the effect of trilemma and quadrilemma choices on price and output stability of the Indian economy over the period of 1980-2016. All the three combos of trilemma triangle have been put into an empirical framework in order to check their effect upon the inflation rate, growth rate, inflation volatility, and output volatility. The role played by the international reserve hoarding has also been taken into account as the many studies have proved that trilemma framework is converting into the quadrilemma due to an increasing amount of reserves as well as due to the decisive role played by these reserves in the effectiveness of trinity choices upon the macroeconomic stability. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) has used and concluded that trinity choices could successfully affect the macroeconomic stability of the Indian economy. Another important conclusion is that the quadrilemma framework choices are better than the trilemma as the presence of interaction variable of the trinity indices and international reserves have altered the policy effects in an efficient manner and made these policy choices more stabilizing. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes to the existing literature by check the effect of trilemma and quadrilemma choices on price and output stability for the Indian economy.
The energy storage system (ESS) is the main issue in traction applications, such as battery elect... more The energy storage system (ESS) is the main issue in traction applications, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). To alleviate the shortage of power density in BEVs, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can be used as an alternative ESS. HESS has the dynamic features of the battery and a supercapacitor (SC), and it requires an intelligent energy management system (EMS) to operate it effectively. In this study, a real-time EMS is proposed, which is comprised of a fuzzy logic controller-based low-pass filter and an adaptive proportional integrator-based charge controller. The proposed EMS intelligently distributes the required power from the battery and SC during acceleration. It allocates the braking energy to the SC on the basis of the state of charge. A simulation study was conducted for three standard drive cycles (New York City cycle, Artemis urban cycle, and New York composite cycle) using MATLAB Simulink. Comparative analysis of conventional and proposed EMSs was carried o...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Fiber based antibacterial materials have gained an enormous attraction for the researchers in the... more Fiber based antibacterial materials have gained an enormous attraction for the researchers in these days. In this study, a novel Sericin Encapsulated Silver Nanoclusters (sericin-AgNCs) were synthesized through single pot and green synthesis route. Subsequently these sericin-AgNCs were incorporated into ultrafine electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) fibers for assessing the antibacterial performance. The physicochemical properties of sericin-AgNCs/CA composite fibers were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and wide X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial properties of sericin-AgNCs/CA composite fibers against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were systematically evaluated. The results showed that sericin-AgNCs incorporated in ultrafine CA fibers have played a vital role for antibacterial activity. An amount of 0.17 mg/mL sericin-AgNCs to CA...
Water scarcity is a major challenge to wheat productivity under changing climate conditions, espe... more Water scarcity is a major challenge to wheat productivity under changing climate conditions, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. During recent years, different agronomic, physiological and molecular approaches have been used to overcome the problems related to drought stress. Breeding approaches, including conventional and modern breeding, are among the most efficient options to overcome drought stress through the development of new varieties adapted to drought. Growing drought-tolerant wheat genotypes may be a sustainable option to boost wheat productivity under drought stress conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim to screen different wheat genotypes based on stress tolerance levels. For this purpose, eleven commonly cultivated wheat genotypes (V1 = Akbar-2019, V2 = Ghazi-2019, V3 = Ujala-2016, V4 = Zincol-2016, V5 = Anaj-2017, V6 = Galaxy-2013, V7 = Pakistan-2013, V8 = Seher-2006, V9 = Lasani-2008, V10 = Faisalabad-2008 and V11 = Millat-2011) wer...
Humans are blessed in all aspects if they have no disability. Despite that some are not as fortun... more Humans are blessed in all aspects if they have no disability. Despite that some are not as fortunate as they are having some disability by some disease or by any mishap. Blindness being one of them and is very common. The surveys by the World Health Organization say that the developing countries have 90% of the cases of visually impaired persons. The visual impairment is related directly to navigation. The movements and the motion of the movements are due to visual sight. We take care of and avoid the coming obstacles in our way. One more factor is the liquid on the surface that could be water or anything. As technological developments have grown Information and Communication Technology is vast spread and electronics have led to low-cost components. These advantages have made possible for researchers to work on several projects for the betterment of humanity. This paper is based on Low-cost Arduinobased Smart Obstacle (LASO) Sensing Cane hardware aimed for visually impaired people. ...
In the current study, amphiphilic peptides were designed and screened against Jak bean urease by ... more In the current study, amphiphilic peptides were designed and screened against Jak bean urease by using computer aided drug discovery approach. The result showed that out of thirty eight amphiphilic peptides 1, 3, 12, 18, 30, and exhibit stronger binding a nity with the active site of the enzyme and establish hydrogen bonds with the nickel ions i.e. Ni 841 and Ni 842 as well as make non-polar and hydrophobic contacts with the nonpolar residues in the active site. The selected amphiphilic peptides were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis strategy, characterized by Fast atomic bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H and 13 C-NMR) and performed in vitro urease inhibitory activity. Amphiphilic peptides 12 and showed excellent urease inhibitory activity, (p < 0.001) with IC 50 values 20.5 ± 0.01 µM, and 28.1 ± 0.03 µM respectively, which was considerably better than thiourea used as positive control. We suggest that these amphiphilic could be potent urease inhibitors and sever as the starting point for effective interventions.
Human efforts to produce more food for increasing populations leave marks on the environment. The... more Human efforts to produce more food for increasing populations leave marks on the environment. The use of conventional agricultural practices, including intensive tillage based on the removal of crop residue, has magnified soil erosion and soil degradation. In recent years, the progressive increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has created global interest in identifying different sustainable strategies in order to reduce their concentration in the atmosphere. Carbon stored in soil is 2–4 times higher than that stored in the atmosphere and four times more when compared to carbon stored in the vegetation. The process of carbon sequestration (CS) involves transferring CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil or storage of other forms of carbon to either defer or mitigate global warming and avoid dangerous climate change. The present review discusses the potential of soils in sequestering carbon and mitigating the accelerated greenhouse effects by adopting different agricu...
Abstract We present a method for large displacement measurement based on light rays interference.... more Abstract We present a method for large displacement measurement based on light rays interference. Instead of fiber's end-face, we launched the light from the side of fiber using a LED-Belt (LB) as a light source. The relative movement between the LB and optical fiber corresponds to displacement change, and associated intensity variation is detected through a power meter. The linear-displacement has been achieved up to 1 m with a sensitivity of about 1.532 nW/mm, which results in a resolution of 0.653 mm. The range can be further enlarged by increasing the length of fiber and LED-Belt depending on the application requirements. The proposed sensor method is simple, cost-effective, and easy to manufacture. The design structure also has significant potential for strain, pressure, and liquid level sensing as well as shape sensing.
Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation... more Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation management in dry direct-seeded rice has received very little attention. Here, we examined the potential of different irrigation regimes: aerobic rice (AR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF) in dry direct-seeded rice cultivation on two rice cultivars (Pride-1 (hybrid indica) and NB-1 (inbred indica)). Growth, yield attributes, grain yield, total water input, water productivity and benefit cost ratio were measured. Our results showed that AR saved 11.22 and 28.40%, and 5.72 and 32.98% water compared with AWD and CF during 2018 and 2020, respectively. There was a significant difference in grain yield among treatments and cultivars. AWD and CF produced statistically same total dry weight and grain yield, while AR reduced the total dry weight by 31.34% and 38.04% and grain yield by 34.82% and 38.16% in comparison to AWD and CF, respectively, across the years. E...
High salt concentrations in the growing medium can severely affect the growth and development of ... more High salt concentrations in the growing medium can severely affect the growth and development of plants. It is imperative to understand the different components of salt-tolerant network in plants in order to produce the salt-tolerant cultivars. High-affinity potassium transporter- and myelocytomatosis proteins have been shown to play a critical role for salinity tolerance through exclusion of sodium (Na+) ions from sensitive shoot tissues in plants. Numerous genes, that limit the uptake of salts from soil and their transport throughout the plant body, adjust the ionic and osmotic balance of cells in roots and shoots. In the present review, we have tried to provide a comprehensive report of major research advances on different mechanisms regulating plant tolerance to salinity stress at proteomics, metabolomics, genomics and transcriptomics levels. Along with the role of ionic homeostasis, a major focus was given on other salinity tolerance mechanisms in plants including osmoregulation and osmo-protection, cell wall remodeling and integrity, and plant antioxidative defense. Major proteins and genes expressed under salt-stressed conditions and their role in enhancing salinity tolerance in plants are discussed as well. Moreover, this manuscript identifies and highlights the key questions on plant salinity tolerance that remain to be discussed in the future.
A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds or thousands of small nodes which could either hav... more A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds or thousands of small nodes which could either have a static or dynamic position. These nodes are deployed through normal or random distribution to report events of a particular area to the base station through sink nodes. Having limited onboard energy of sensor nodes, conservation of energy in wireless sensor network is necessary. For this purpose, a new algorithm is proposed titled Energy-Efficient-Direction-Based-Topology-Control-Algorithm (EEDBTC). In proposed algorithm, direction is the main concern whenever an event occurs the node will send data in the direction of base station so that less energy is consumed. The results of the same were compared with customary dense wireless sensor network, color based WSNs and it was observed that this algorithm is much better than previous topology control algorithms used.
This study was conducted to assess the floristic composition, biological spectra and phenology of... more This study was conducted to assess the floristic composition, biological spectra and phenology of Tehsil Balakot. Frequent visits were made in different seasons during 2012-13. Field notebook was used to record the data within field. Biological spectrum and leaf sizes classes were determined. The floristic diversity revealed 228 plant species belonged to 184 genera and 72 families. Asteraceae family contributed maximum number of species (27) followed by Rosaceae (18), Apiaceae and Lamiaceae (12) species each, Papilionaceae (11) species while remaining 67 families contributed less than 10 species. Herbaceous growth form was the most leading one (71%), followed by shrub (15%) and tree (14%), respectively. Biological spectrum revealed that hemicryptophytes (32.45%) were the most prevalent, followed by therophytes (31.57%), nanophanerophytes (15.35%), megaphanerophytes (13.59%) and chamaephytes (4.38%). Leaf spectra showed that microphyll (28.94%) were dominant, followed by nanophyll (27.19%), leptophyll (22.80%), mesophyll (14.03%) and megaphyll (7.01%). The flora was influenced by two flowering seasons i.e. March to August and September to February. In the first spell, 193 species were recorded, of these 15.54% trees, 15.02% shrubs, 63.21% herbs, 3.62% grasses and 2.59% ferns; while in the second spell, there were 35 species having 2.85% trees, 17.14% shrubs, 74.28% herbs, and 5.71% grasses. The flowering data shows that June and July were the utmost flowering months with 28.50% in 65 and 20.17% in 46 plant species.
Intercropping is an intensive agricultural cropping system widely practiced for enhanced yield an... more Intercropping is an intensive agricultural cropping system widely practiced for enhanced yield and nutrient acquisition advantages. A two-year maize–soybean intercropping (MSI) field study was performed in 2018 and 2019 to assess the effects of potassium (K) fertilizer application on biomass accumulation and distribution of essential nutrients in the various plant parts (root, green biomass and seed) of maize–soybean intercropping (MSI). Three different treatments of K fertilizer applications (T0: no potassium application; T1: maize 40, soybeans 30 and T2: maize 80, soybeans 60 kg ha−1) were designed with 2 rows of maize by wide, narrow row planting in row arrangements of 160 cm + 40 cm. Soybeans were grown in 2 wide rows at a width of 40 cm and a row spacing of 60 cm between the rows of maize and soybeans, while the sole maize (SM) and sole soybean (SS) were grown with 70-cm and 50-cm row spacing, respectively. The results of the two-year study confirmed that, as compared to T0, T2...
In this paper, a displacement sensor is proposed based on the coupling of scattering loss during ... more In this paper, a displacement sensor is proposed based on the coupling of scattering loss during the bending of fiber. We adopted a twisted structure of two fiber to couple the scattered loss which caused by bending. Two polymer optical fiber were used in the experiment and the fibers were twisted and bent. When the fiber draft then the bent radius becomes shorter. The scattered-bend loss was arisen from illuminating fiber and being coupled in receiving fiber. The proposed sensor has range about 150 mm and the sensor used for static, dynamic and plane-in-out measurement. The sensor has good linearity between 0 mm to 80 mm, having the sensitivity of 1.26 nW\mm, resolution of 0.79 mm, and repeatability error of 1.26%. The design structure of the sensor is simple, holistic and cost-effective and has potential advantages on industrial application.
SPE/PAPG Pakistan Section Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 2019
In Potwar Basin, Tight Naturally Fractured carbonate reservoirs usually have matrix porosity of t... more In Potwar Basin, Tight Naturally Fractured carbonate reservoirs usually have matrix porosity of the 2-3% and permeability less than 1 mD. It is very challenging to evaluate Gas initial in-place (GIIP) and reserves accurately in these type of reservoirs. The objective of this study is to evaluate Gas in-place and to characterize the reservoir energy mechanism using rate transient analysis (RTA). A comparison has also been made for Gas in-place from conventional material balance analysis and from rate transient analysis. In this study, rate transient analysis has been performed in a well, located in Potwar with thirteen years of production history. The well is completed in Chorgali and Sakesar formations. Different scenarios of initial reservoir pressure, geo-mechanical effects during initial production of the well and aquifer volume were sensitized to evaluate the Gas initial in-place (GIIP) and reserves. Different type curves such as Agarwal Gardner, Blasingame and flowing material ...
This study aims to check the effect of trilemma and quadrilemma choices on price and output stabi... more This study aims to check the effect of trilemma and quadrilemma choices on price and output stability of the Indian economy over the period of 1980-2016. All the three combos of trilemma triangle have been put into an empirical framework in order to check their effect upon the inflation rate, growth rate, inflation volatility, and output volatility. The role played by the international reserve hoarding has also been taken into account as the many studies have proved that trilemma framework is converting into the quadrilemma due to an increasing amount of reserves as well as due to the decisive role played by these reserves in the effectiveness of trinity choices upon the macroeconomic stability. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) has used and concluded that trinity choices could successfully affect the macroeconomic stability of the Indian economy. Another important conclusion is that the quadrilemma framework choices are better than the trilemma as the presence of interaction variable of the trinity indices and international reserves have altered the policy effects in an efficient manner and made these policy choices more stabilizing. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes to the existing literature by check the effect of trilemma and quadrilemma choices on price and output stability for the Indian economy.
The energy storage system (ESS) is the main issue in traction applications, such as battery elect... more The energy storage system (ESS) is the main issue in traction applications, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). To alleviate the shortage of power density in BEVs, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can be used as an alternative ESS. HESS has the dynamic features of the battery and a supercapacitor (SC), and it requires an intelligent energy management system (EMS) to operate it effectively. In this study, a real-time EMS is proposed, which is comprised of a fuzzy logic controller-based low-pass filter and an adaptive proportional integrator-based charge controller. The proposed EMS intelligently distributes the required power from the battery and SC during acceleration. It allocates the braking energy to the SC on the basis of the state of charge. A simulation study was conducted for three standard drive cycles (New York City cycle, Artemis urban cycle, and New York composite cycle) using MATLAB Simulink. Comparative analysis of conventional and proposed EMSs was carried o...
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