This paper examines the significance politics and politisation of the agricultural co-operative t... more This paper examines the significance politics and politisation of the agricultural co-operative the movement from 1961 to 1982. It critically examines the co-operative promotion policies and political decisions between 1962 and 1966 that provided for increased footprint and number of co-operatives achieved under top-down promotional approach. Finally a clampdown era spanned from 1967 to 1982 that was characterised by enlisting co-operatives in national development plans. It was followed by strangulating and amalgamating them based on political and administrative boundaries, eventually disbanded them in 1976 and their reinstatement in 1982. Keywords: Tanzania, co-operatives, politicisation, ujamaa
When the British colonial government took over Tanzania, colonial officials championed and encour... more When the British colonial government took over Tanzania, colonial officials championed and encouraged the inhabitants in Kilimanjaro to grow coffee along with settlers. The authorities gave priority to the local smallholders, relegating settlers to a minor role within colonial agriculture and the coffee economy in particular. This generated a vigorous protest among the settlers against the government policy. The tension would bring a number of remarkable developments, including the establishment of the Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association (KNPA) and, later, the promulgation of legislation regulating coffee farming and marketing via cooperatives, such as the Co-operative Societies Ordinance No. 7 of 1932 and the Native Coffee Control Ordinance No 26 of 1937. This paper examines the interlocked dimensions and intricacies related to the coffee industry policies, and their impact on agricultural policies in Kilimanjaro region as well as across the country. In particular, the paper discusses how the settlers' opposition influenced the promulgation of segregative, monopolistic and protectionist legislations, and the role of control Boards in this process. To do so, this paper relies on existing literature as well as underutilized primary sources obtained from the Tanzania National Archives (TNA) in Dar Es Salaam.
This article analyses the marginalization of the native small-scale cotton growers during British... more This article analyses the marginalization of the native small-scale cotton growers during British colonial rule in the Western Cotton Growing Area (WCGA), Tanzania, and their struggle against it. Marginalization was practiced mainly by Indian cotton traders for three decades to maximize profit at the expense of natives who farmed the crop. The Indian traders who were licensed by the colonial authority to buy and export marginalized the growers through underpaying and cheating on them. From the 1930s local chiefs and their subjects (growers) began to protest against this situation, but were ignored by the colonial authority. At the end of the 1940s, growers formed groups which took initiatives that led to minimized marginalization with limited support from some colonial officials. Minimized marginalization did not imply control of the cotton value chain. With the support of native traders, local growers fought on until co-operatives were formed, which allowed them to gain the upper h...
This paper uses primary sources from Tanzania National Archives to examine four decades of cotton... more This paper uses primary sources from Tanzania National Archives to examine four decades of cotton farming and marketing by local peasants in the Western Cotton Growing Area (WCGA) in British colonial Tanzania mainland. Cotton was essential for the colonial economy so it was promoted and developed through legislations and enforced by the colonial officials and local chiefs that compulsorily fixed peasants into the farming of the crop. Upon harvest, peasant producers sold the produce to Indian traders who had monopoly over most of the profitable sections of the industry such as ginning (processing) and export of the crop. Under such monopoly of the value chain, peasants were perpetually marginalised by traders when selling their cotton. The colonial intervention to address the situation failed or was undermined by some officials. At the end of the 1940s, peasants and other stakeholders in the production chain took initiatives against marginalisation and from 1953 they eventually wrestled merchants' monopoly through cooperatives and gained control over the lucrative cotton value chain. This paper discusses this struggle and the final cohesion that was Tanzania Zamani Volume XII Number 2, 2020 90 mobilised by the peasants to cement one historical fact that peasants throughout colonial times were not passive receivers of colonial orders. When necessary, such producers resisted exploitation through creative ways as witnessed by cotton producers in the WCGA.
This article examines the politics and passage of the cooperative legislation in 1932 that led to... more This article examines the politics and passage of the cooperative legislation in 1932 that led to the suffocation and eventual strangulation of the Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association (KNPA). In Kilimanjaro, Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives (AMCOs) were registered from 1933 onwards to market coffee. This similarly happened in Ngara District and Ruvuma Region. In Kilimanjaro, the colonial authorities as a whole were responsible for the introduction of AMCOs while in Ngara and Ruvuma the AMCOs were promoted by local colonial officials. In other parts of the country, senior colonial officials deprived support and undermined emerging interests for cooperatives. Additionally, the Registrar's efforts to promote cooperatives was undermined. Consequently, limited development of cooperative undertakings was evident in the territory during interwar years including in areas that produced cash crops. Generally, the promotion of AMCOs lacked central coordination. Political interests dominated the decisions regarding the promotion of AMCOs.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 22, 2017
This paper examines bulk purchase of coffee and cotton during the war and post-Second World War p... more This paper examines bulk purchase of coffee and cotton during the war and post-Second World War period under the long-term contract arrangements as provided under the Defence Ordinance and Orders of 1939, 1940 and 1943 as well as review of various Colonial policies, annual reports, meeting minutes, memoranda and circulars on coffee and production and marketing. Evidence for this topic have been extracted from Tanzania National Archive (TNA) primary sources. It analyses the consequences in employment of administrative machinery, such as the marketing boards, traders and cooperatives in execution the contracts agents on behalf of the British Ministry of Food and Supplies to growers.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 20, 2017
This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) ... more This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) to examine the compulsion marketing policies imposed by the Tanzania's colonial authority among small-scale native coffee producers in the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. The policies were provided under Section 36 of the 1932 cooperative legislation. Also, the 1934 Chagga Rule; and the 1937 Native Coffee (Control and Marketing) Ordinance, which became a key and permanent coffee marketing policy in Tanzania that granted the Moshi Native Coffee Board (MNCB) and KNCU monopoly over the native produced coffee.
This study analysed cooperative members' willingness to pay (WTP) for health insurance. The socia... more This study analysed cooperative members' willingness to pay (WTP) for health insurance. The social capital theory was adopted to analyse the mediation role of trust issues on other variables determining cooperative members' WTP for health insurance. A single Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to elicit and estimate the amount cooperative members that were willing to pay for health insurance. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse variables affecting cooperative members' WTP for health insurance. Findings indicated that most cooperative members were willing to pay for health insurance. Further, except for price, trust issues fully and partially mediate quality attributes and access criteria, respectively, when it comes to WTP for health insurance. Firm trust is required among co-operators, management, health insurers, and health facilities in order to increase WTP for health insurance among cooperative members.
This study analysed co-operative members’ willingness to pay (WTP) for health insurance. The soci... more This study analysed co-operative members’ willingness to pay (WTP) for health insurance. The social capital theory was adopted to analyse the mediation role of trust issues on other variables determining co-operative members’ WTP for health insurance. A single Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to elicit and estimate the amount co-operative members that were willing to pay for health insurance. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse variables affecting co-operative members’ WTP for health insurance. Findings indicated that most co-operative members were willing to pay for health insurance. Further, except for price, trust issues fully and partially mediate quality attributes and access criteria, respectively, when it comes to WTP for health insurance. Firm trust is required among co-operators, management, health insurers, and health facilities in order to increase WTP for health insurance among co-operative members.
Small and micro enterprises are an important source of off-farm employment and self employment fo... more Small and micro enterprises are an important source of off-farm employment and self employment for the poor. Growth and productivity increase in the sector thus make a significant contribution to poverty reduction. Moreover, some micro and small micro enterprises expand into medium and even large scale enterprises through investment and skill acquisition, and thus contribute to the vigour of private sector development.
This paper examines bulk purchase of coffee and cotton during the war and post- Second World War ... more This paper examines bulk purchase of coffee and cotton during the war and post- Second World War period under the long-term contract arrangements as provided under the Defence Ordinance and Orders of 1939, 1940 and 1943 as well as review of various Colonial policies, annual reports, meeting minutes, memoranda and circulars on coffee and production and marketing. Evidence for this topic have been extracted from Tanzania National Archive (TNA) primary sources. It analyses the consequences in employment of administrative machinery, such as the marketing boards, traders and co-operatives in execution the contracts agents on behalf of the British Ministry of Food and Supplies to growers.
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 2016
This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) ... more This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) to examine the compulsion marketing policies imposed by the Tanzania’s colonial authority among small-scale native coffee producers in the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. The policies were provided under Section 36 of the 1932 co-operative legislation. Also, the 1934 Chagga Rule; and the 1937 Native Coffee (Control and Marketing) Ordinance, which became a key and permanent coffee marketing policy in Tanzania that granted the Moshi Native Coffee Board (MNCB) and KNCU monopoly over the native produced coffee.
By the mid-1970s, Tanzania had the biggest co-operative movement in Africa and the oldest in East... more By the mid-1970s, Tanzania had the biggest co-operative movement in Africa and the oldest in East Africa. Despite such achievement, for decades, the literature on Tanzania’s small-scale coffee and cotton cultivation and marketing co-operatives has suffered from a dearth of substantive historical accounts. The available literature is fragmented along various academic disciplines, mostly political science and sociology. In addition, there is no single substantive secondary historical study specifically dedicated to the co-operative movement since the inception in 1932. The neglect is more critical given the current renaissance in Africa and increasing international interest in the co-operative movement at either national or local levels. This thesis seeks to fill this gap by utilising primary sources from the Co-operative College archive in Manchester and Tanzania National Archive (TNA) to examine and evaluate the coffee and cotton marketing co-operatives during the 1932 to 1982 perio...
This paper has extensively utilised primary evidences obtained from Tanzania National Archives (T... more This paper has extensively utilised primary evidences obtained from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) to provide examine the post-war policies on the co-operative development and its implementation in Tanzania. Historically, the growth and development of the co-operative movement footprint among the natives in Tanzania before the outbreak of WWII was confined within some few geographical areas. This was so owing to the colonial hesitancy policy in promoting the policy based on political and personal interest. A policy shift was evident in the post-war years due to the intervention from the United Nation Organisation, ILO and Fabian Colonial Bureau that prompted the British colonial power to expand of co-operative movement footprint in Tanzania largely for its own economic and political interests. The intervention of the British colonial power in promoting the co-operative movement was based on the modernisation policy. However, the co-operative movement was top-down demonstrating a d...
This paper examines the significance politics and politisation of the agricultural co-operative t... more This paper examines the significance politics and politisation of the agricultural co-operative the movement from 1961 to 1982. It critically examines the co-operative promotion policies and political decisions between 1962 and 1966 that provided for increased footprint and number of co-operatives achieved under top-down promotional approach. Finally a clampdown era spanned from 1967 to 1982 that was characterised by enlisting co-operatives in national development plans. It was followed by strangulating and amalgamating them based on political and administrative boundaries, eventually disbanded them in 1976 and their reinstatement in 1982. Keywords: Tanzania, co-operatives, politicisation, ujamaa
When the British colonial government took over Tanzania, colonial officials championed and encour... more When the British colonial government took over Tanzania, colonial officials championed and encouraged the inhabitants in Kilimanjaro to grow coffee along with settlers. The authorities gave priority to the local smallholders, relegating settlers to a minor role within colonial agriculture and the coffee economy in particular. This generated a vigorous protest among the settlers against the government policy. The tension would bring a number of remarkable developments, including the establishment of the Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association (KNPA) and, later, the promulgation of legislation regulating coffee farming and marketing via cooperatives, such as the Co-operative Societies Ordinance No. 7 of 1932 and the Native Coffee Control Ordinance No 26 of 1937. This paper examines the interlocked dimensions and intricacies related to the coffee industry policies, and their impact on agricultural policies in Kilimanjaro region as well as across the country. In particular, the paper discusses how the settlers' opposition influenced the promulgation of segregative, monopolistic and protectionist legislations, and the role of control Boards in this process. To do so, this paper relies on existing literature as well as underutilized primary sources obtained from the Tanzania National Archives (TNA) in Dar Es Salaam.
This article analyses the marginalization of the native small-scale cotton growers during British... more This article analyses the marginalization of the native small-scale cotton growers during British colonial rule in the Western Cotton Growing Area (WCGA), Tanzania, and their struggle against it. Marginalization was practiced mainly by Indian cotton traders for three decades to maximize profit at the expense of natives who farmed the crop. The Indian traders who were licensed by the colonial authority to buy and export marginalized the growers through underpaying and cheating on them. From the 1930s local chiefs and their subjects (growers) began to protest against this situation, but were ignored by the colonial authority. At the end of the 1940s, growers formed groups which took initiatives that led to minimized marginalization with limited support from some colonial officials. Minimized marginalization did not imply control of the cotton value chain. With the support of native traders, local growers fought on until co-operatives were formed, which allowed them to gain the upper h...
This paper uses primary sources from Tanzania National Archives to examine four decades of cotton... more This paper uses primary sources from Tanzania National Archives to examine four decades of cotton farming and marketing by local peasants in the Western Cotton Growing Area (WCGA) in British colonial Tanzania mainland. Cotton was essential for the colonial economy so it was promoted and developed through legislations and enforced by the colonial officials and local chiefs that compulsorily fixed peasants into the farming of the crop. Upon harvest, peasant producers sold the produce to Indian traders who had monopoly over most of the profitable sections of the industry such as ginning (processing) and export of the crop. Under such monopoly of the value chain, peasants were perpetually marginalised by traders when selling their cotton. The colonial intervention to address the situation failed or was undermined by some officials. At the end of the 1940s, peasants and other stakeholders in the production chain took initiatives against marginalisation and from 1953 they eventually wrestled merchants' monopoly through cooperatives and gained control over the lucrative cotton value chain. This paper discusses this struggle and the final cohesion that was Tanzania Zamani Volume XII Number 2, 2020 90 mobilised by the peasants to cement one historical fact that peasants throughout colonial times were not passive receivers of colonial orders. When necessary, such producers resisted exploitation through creative ways as witnessed by cotton producers in the WCGA.
This article examines the politics and passage of the cooperative legislation in 1932 that led to... more This article examines the politics and passage of the cooperative legislation in 1932 that led to the suffocation and eventual strangulation of the Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association (KNPA). In Kilimanjaro, Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives (AMCOs) were registered from 1933 onwards to market coffee. This similarly happened in Ngara District and Ruvuma Region. In Kilimanjaro, the colonial authorities as a whole were responsible for the introduction of AMCOs while in Ngara and Ruvuma the AMCOs were promoted by local colonial officials. In other parts of the country, senior colonial officials deprived support and undermined emerging interests for cooperatives. Additionally, the Registrar's efforts to promote cooperatives was undermined. Consequently, limited development of cooperative undertakings was evident in the territory during interwar years including in areas that produced cash crops. Generally, the promotion of AMCOs lacked central coordination. Political interests dominated the decisions regarding the promotion of AMCOs.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 22, 2017
This paper examines bulk purchase of coffee and cotton during the war and post-Second World War p... more This paper examines bulk purchase of coffee and cotton during the war and post-Second World War period under the long-term contract arrangements as provided under the Defence Ordinance and Orders of 1939, 1940 and 1943 as well as review of various Colonial policies, annual reports, meeting minutes, memoranda and circulars on coffee and production and marketing. Evidence for this topic have been extracted from Tanzania National Archive (TNA) primary sources. It analyses the consequences in employment of administrative machinery, such as the marketing boards, traders and cooperatives in execution the contracts agents on behalf of the British Ministry of Food and Supplies to growers.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Aug 20, 2017
This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) ... more This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) to examine the compulsion marketing policies imposed by the Tanzania's colonial authority among small-scale native coffee producers in the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. The policies were provided under Section 36 of the 1932 cooperative legislation. Also, the 1934 Chagga Rule; and the 1937 Native Coffee (Control and Marketing) Ordinance, which became a key and permanent coffee marketing policy in Tanzania that granted the Moshi Native Coffee Board (MNCB) and KNCU monopoly over the native produced coffee.
This study analysed cooperative members' willingness to pay (WTP) for health insurance. The socia... more This study analysed cooperative members' willingness to pay (WTP) for health insurance. The social capital theory was adopted to analyse the mediation role of trust issues on other variables determining cooperative members' WTP for health insurance. A single Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to elicit and estimate the amount cooperative members that were willing to pay for health insurance. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse variables affecting cooperative members' WTP for health insurance. Findings indicated that most cooperative members were willing to pay for health insurance. Further, except for price, trust issues fully and partially mediate quality attributes and access criteria, respectively, when it comes to WTP for health insurance. Firm trust is required among co-operators, management, health insurers, and health facilities in order to increase WTP for health insurance among cooperative members.
This study analysed co-operative members’ willingness to pay (WTP) for health insurance. The soci... more This study analysed co-operative members’ willingness to pay (WTP) for health insurance. The social capital theory was adopted to analyse the mediation role of trust issues on other variables determining co-operative members’ WTP for health insurance. A single Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to elicit and estimate the amount co-operative members that were willing to pay for health insurance. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse variables affecting co-operative members’ WTP for health insurance. Findings indicated that most co-operative members were willing to pay for health insurance. Further, except for price, trust issues fully and partially mediate quality attributes and access criteria, respectively, when it comes to WTP for health insurance. Firm trust is required among co-operators, management, health insurers, and health facilities in order to increase WTP for health insurance among co-operative members.
Small and micro enterprises are an important source of off-farm employment and self employment fo... more Small and micro enterprises are an important source of off-farm employment and self employment for the poor. Growth and productivity increase in the sector thus make a significant contribution to poverty reduction. Moreover, some micro and small micro enterprises expand into medium and even large scale enterprises through investment and skill acquisition, and thus contribute to the vigour of private sector development.
This paper examines bulk purchase of coffee and cotton during the war and post- Second World War ... more This paper examines bulk purchase of coffee and cotton during the war and post- Second World War period under the long-term contract arrangements as provided under the Defence Ordinance and Orders of 1939, 1940 and 1943 as well as review of various Colonial policies, annual reports, meeting minutes, memoranda and circulars on coffee and production and marketing. Evidence for this topic have been extracted from Tanzania National Archive (TNA) primary sources. It analyses the consequences in employment of administrative machinery, such as the marketing boards, traders and co-operatives in execution the contracts agents on behalf of the British Ministry of Food and Supplies to growers.
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 2016
This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) ... more This is a historical study that utilises primary evidences from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) to examine the compulsion marketing policies imposed by the Tanzania’s colonial authority among small-scale native coffee producers in the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. The policies were provided under Section 36 of the 1932 co-operative legislation. Also, the 1934 Chagga Rule; and the 1937 Native Coffee (Control and Marketing) Ordinance, which became a key and permanent coffee marketing policy in Tanzania that granted the Moshi Native Coffee Board (MNCB) and KNCU monopoly over the native produced coffee.
By the mid-1970s, Tanzania had the biggest co-operative movement in Africa and the oldest in East... more By the mid-1970s, Tanzania had the biggest co-operative movement in Africa and the oldest in East Africa. Despite such achievement, for decades, the literature on Tanzania’s small-scale coffee and cotton cultivation and marketing co-operatives has suffered from a dearth of substantive historical accounts. The available literature is fragmented along various academic disciplines, mostly political science and sociology. In addition, there is no single substantive secondary historical study specifically dedicated to the co-operative movement since the inception in 1932. The neglect is more critical given the current renaissance in Africa and increasing international interest in the co-operative movement at either national or local levels. This thesis seeks to fill this gap by utilising primary sources from the Co-operative College archive in Manchester and Tanzania National Archive (TNA) to examine and evaluate the coffee and cotton marketing co-operatives during the 1932 to 1982 perio...
This paper has extensively utilised primary evidences obtained from Tanzania National Archives (T... more This paper has extensively utilised primary evidences obtained from Tanzania National Archives (TNA) to provide examine the post-war policies on the co-operative development and its implementation in Tanzania. Historically, the growth and development of the co-operative movement footprint among the natives in Tanzania before the outbreak of WWII was confined within some few geographical areas. This was so owing to the colonial hesitancy policy in promoting the policy based on political and personal interest. A policy shift was evident in the post-war years due to the intervention from the United Nation Organisation, ILO and Fabian Colonial Bureau that prompted the British colonial power to expand of co-operative movement footprint in Tanzania largely for its own economic and political interests. The intervention of the British colonial power in promoting the co-operative movement was based on the modernisation policy. However, the co-operative movement was top-down demonstrating a d...
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