Pineapple (Ananas comusus (L.) Merr) has a high bromelain content with protease activity which hy... more Pineapple (Ananas comusus (L.) Merr) has a high bromelain content with protease activity which hydrolyzes proteins. Bromelain is distributed to all parts of pineapple, including the pineapple crown, which is agricultural waste that has not been utilized properly. The purpose of this study was to determine the protease activity and the character of bromelain extract from the Indonesian pineapple crown. The pineapple crown was collected from Subang district, West Java, Indonesia. The bromelain extract was obtained through the precipitation process with ethanol, then a protein qualitative test was performed. Solubility test was conducted to determine the physicochemical property. UV spectrophotometer was used to determine protease activity by measuring the tyrosine concentration which produced from hydrolysis of casein as a substrate. The bromelain character was determined by protease activity in various pH, temperature, and substrate concentration. The bromelain extract was protein with specific solubility in various solvents and the protease activity was 7.72 ± 0.45 IU/mg. The optimal activity was reached at pH 5 and 55 °C, K M as 1.00 mg/mL, V max as 8.11 IU/mg.min, and K cat as 0.03/sec for casein as substrate. Thermal inactivation of bromelain extract can be described by a first-order model and the calculated Ea value was 642.20 ± 10.60 kJ/mol. The bromelain extract of pineapple crown has protease activity with the specific character and first-order thermal inactivation.
Objective: The goals of this investigation were to identify the species of the producers and asce... more Objective: The goals of this investigation were to identify the species of the producers and ascertain the dose-dependent effect of extracellular products of Indonesian bacteria that generate β-lactamases inhibitors. Methods: An agar diffusion technique for the lactamase inhibitor activity assay was performed. Observation of bacteria using phenotypic analysis was performed by observing colony color and cell shape morphology, biochemical assays and a series of carbohydrate fermentation tests. Bacterial identification was performed by comparing the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rDNA gene of target bacteria with available nucleotide sequences in Gene Library (NCBI). Combining data from phenotypic and genotypic analyses allowed for the identification of the producers. Results: According to our findings, none of the bacteria's extracellular products, which contain β-lactamase inhibitors in a range of concentrations, showed a discernible impact on the values of the inhibition zone. T...
Objective: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of cleaning techniques using hot water tr... more Objective: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of cleaning techniques using hot water treatment soap containing 2% triclosan and chemical antiseptics in reducing the bacterial contamination observed on shared musical wind instruments. Methods: The trumpet, mellophone, trombone, and tuba were evaluated in this study. To count the initial bacterial colonies on the instrument, the total amount of bacteria adhered to it was extracted using the swab procedure. The mouthpieces were immersed in hot water at a temperature of 100 °C for 5 min and then were soaked in soap that contained 2% triclosan to achieve the effect of decontamination. Then the survival colonies were counted. As a series of decontamination technique, this study also examined the disinfection ability of phenol, chloroxylenol, povidone-iodine, and 70% alcohol utilizing the Rideal Walker method. Results: When compared to liquid soap (50.30-91.67%), the cleaning procedure that uses immersion in hot water of 100 °C f...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, Nov 26, 2022
Objective: This study was purposed to determine the most effective inhibition among those repelle... more Objective: This study was purposed to determine the most effective inhibition among those repellent plants i.e. The leaves of kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides), grass teki (Cyperus Cyperus rotundus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and suren (Toona sureni) towards S. typhi clinical isolate. Methods: The ethanolic extracts of sixt plants were obtained by maceration method using 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was done using the standard methods as described by Farnsworth. The inhibition of the repellent leaves ethanolic extracts to chloramphenicol resistant-S. typhi clinical isolate assayed using the agar diffusion method and statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Duncan test. The most potential plant was further determined by investigating the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value using the microdilution test. Results: As the result, all ethanolic leaves extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, except that tannins were not found in C. rotundus and A. conyzoides. However, all extracts had the activity to inhibit the growth of S. typhi. T. sureni leaves extract evidently showed the strongest inhibition with MIC value in the range of 1.5625<x≤3.125 mg/ml and the MBC value in the range of 6.25<x≤12.5 mg/ml. The ratio of MBC/MIC≤4, thus, T. sureni leaf extract may be classified as a strong bactericidal agent. Conclusion: In summary, T. sureni extract leaves achieved the most appreciable value of MIC MBC and considered as the bactericidal agent which has strong potential to be a novel anti-typhoid fever agent.
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, Nov 26, 2022
Objective: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum S.), weed grass (Imperata cylindrica L.), pearl g... more Objective: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum S.), weed grass (Imperata cylindrica L.), pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa L.) and nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) are selected weeds found in Indonesia which have been used as ruminants feeding with a complete diet component and evidently reported that bioactive contents of weeds provide more protection to microbial attack than that of crops. This has led to an increase interest in the investigation of weed extracts as anti-shigellosis agents for humans and animals, but there is still no data regarding on phytochemical and pharmacological of our selected weeds as an anti-shigellosis. Therefore, the objectives of this study was to analyze phytochemical and anti-shigellosis properties of those selected weeds towards sensitive (S) and resistant S. dysentriae (R) strains of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazoles. Methods: Phytochemical screening was done using the standard method and further analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antishigellosis activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method; meanwhile, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was determined using the microdilution method. Results: In general, weeds contain flavonoids, steroid, and quinone compounds. The resulted anti-shigellosis showed that all weed extracts produced higher inhibition to sensitive than resistant strains. The MIC-MBC values of each weed on sensitive and resistant, respectively, were as follow: P. purpureum S (S=≥1.25%; R=≥2.5% w/v); I. cylindrica (S=≥5.0%; R=≥ 2.5-10.0%w/v); H. corymbosa (S=≥2.5%; R=≥2.5-10%w/v); and C. rotundus (S=≥2.5-5.0%; R=≥5.0-10%w/v). From these data, all of these weeds have the potential to complement antibiotics that are no longer effective in the treatment of shigella infections. Conclusion: In summary, P. purpureum extract could be promoted as a novel supplement phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of bacillary dysentery.
National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Background: Empirically red Piper betle leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) is used as a natural a... more Background: Empirically red Piper betle leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) is used as a natural antiseptic, and it is proved that the ethanol extract of red P. betle leaf ethanol extract provides antimicrobial activity against the airborne pathogen. Aims and Objectives: To investigate and determine the most effective of the lotion formulated with red P. betle leaf ethanol extract against airborne pathogens. Materials and Methods: The plant material in this study was red P. betle leaves that obtained from Bogor Indonesia. The preliminary antimicrobial activity of the extracts at various concentrations was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The MIC test was performed using an agar diffusion method with perforation technique. Then, antimicrobial lotions (F1-F3) were formulated in varied concentrations (5, 7.5 and 10% w/w) of red P. betle leaf extracts using different excipients and kept for 28 days at 8°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the lotion formulated were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: MIC range for red P. betle leaf extract was found to be 2.5-5% b/v for all bacteria and 1.25-2.5% b/v for C. albicans. A formulation containing these extracts showed a nonsignificant zone of inhibition for 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of which 10% showed maximum zone of inhibition (ranging from 11.23 to 11.83 mm). All of the lotion formulated were stabil for the physicochemical parameters of evaluation. Conclusion: The F2 lotion formula had good pharmaceutical properties and potential antimicrobial activity.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MI... more Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of red betel leaf ethanol extract against Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites.Materials and Methods: The samples of red piper betel leaf were extracted with 70% ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using the standard procedures. Isolation of T. vaginalis trophozoites from vaginal secretions was conducted using swab method, then suspending it into a saline solution sterile and followed by observing trophozoites motility using a microscope. While the anti-leucorrhea activity test and determination of MIC extract was done using macrodillution method. The inhibitory effect of each extract concentration to trichomonas trophozoites’ morphology was observed under a microscope using staining techniques by adding Giemsa dyes.Results: The extract of red piper betel leaves contains several secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoi...
Berdasarkan profil tuberkulosis (TBC) Indonesia dari World Health Organization (WHO), total kasus... more Berdasarkan profil tuberkulosis (TBC) Indonesia dari World Health Organization (WHO), total kasus baru penyakit TBC pada tahun 2011 adalah 313.601 kasus dan 8,9% melibatkan anak-anak di bawah 15 tahun. Tingkat kesembuhan TBC pada anak dipengaruhi terutama oleh kualitas pengobatan Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) yang diberikan. Pertimbangan pemberian obat dalam bentuk racikan tersebut karena perhitungan dosis dapat disesuaikan dengan berat badan dan umur anak secara lebih tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengukur pengaruh kontaminasi mikroba terhadap kualitas OAT racikan guna meningkatkan efek terapi yang diharapkan dan mencegah kegagalan pengobatan TBC. Uji kontaminasi mikroba menggunakan Metode Angka Lempeng Total (ALT). Hasil uji menunjukkan kondisi kadar kontaminasi mikroba seluruhnya dalam kategori memenuhi syarat. Kualitas obat racik menunjukkan 82% masuk dalam kategori cukup baik, dan 18% masuk dalam kategori baik. Kata kunci: Tuberkulosis, proses peracikan, Metode Angka Lempe...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017
Objective: Stools consistency is a common symptom indicating in dysenteriae. The aim of this st... more Objective: Stools consistency is a common symptom indicating in dysenteriae. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the klutuk banana fruit extract that determine different degrees of stool consistency in dysentery induced by Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The extraction of klutuk banana fruits was prepared using a maceration method. The antidysenteriae activity of the klutuk banana extract was evaluated in vivo. The specific pathogen-free mice were intraperitoneally injected with S. dysentriae suspension cell. Observations were made for 7 days on body weight of mice, total fecal weight every 24 hrs and consistency of stool. The level of stool consistency was measured based on Bristol Stool Chart. Results: The results indicated that the body weight of each group was decreased the day after induction and the stool consistency was at level 5-6. However, both test groups could achieve the ideal type of stool (type 4) in the same period of time as ...
National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2018
Background: Streptococcus mutans is known as primary microorganism in the formation of dental pla... more Background: Streptococcus mutans is known as primary microorganism in the formation of dental plaque and tooth decay. Aims and Objectives: To determine the antibacterial activity of ant-nest plant ethanol extract to inhibit S. mutans clinical isolates growth in vitro. Materials and Methods: The ethanol extracts obtained from the ant-nest plant were studied for antibacterial activity against cariogenic S. mutans obtained from patients with clinically identified carious lesions, using the agar diffusion method. Chlorhexidine gluconate was using as a comparative drug. The simplisia of ant-nest plant was extracted using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening was taken using standard methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test was performed by a macrodilution method and following by subculturing the overnight result onto the surface of agar media. Results: Phytochemical screening of ant-nest plant ethanol extract revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extract showed intensive activity and totally inhibited the growth of S. mutans clinical isolates at 1.25% w/v. In comparison, the chlorhexidine gluconate, essential oil of plants and povidone-iodine in a ranged tested concentration also had given inhibition effect to all hyaluronic acid resistant S. mutans isolates. Conclusion: It can be reasoned that the ethanolic extract of ant-nest plant gave potent and direct antibacterial effect on S. mutans.
Penegakkan diagnosis tuberkulosis yang cepat dan akurat dapat dijadikan solusi permasalahan keter... more Penegakkan diagnosis tuberkulosis yang cepat dan akurat dapat dijadikan solusi permasalahan keterbatasan metode deteksi tuberkulosis yang mengakibatkan keterlambatan pengobatan tuberkulosis. Tujuan dari kegiatan penyuluhan ini adalah untuk mencegah penularan tuberkulosis melalui peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat desa Cilayung Jatinangor tentang gejala tuberkulosis secara dini, memupuk kesadaran masyarakat untuk memutuskan rantai penularan melalui pemeriksaan dini dan pengobatan yang cepat dan tepat serta mengenalkan hasil riset berupa herbal anti tuberkulosis yang dapat diolah secara mandiri sebagai pengobatan alami. Kegiatan ini meliputi pengumpulan data informatif pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit tuberkulosis melalui wawancara dan pre-test, dilanjutkan dengan kegiatan penyuluhan, post test, pengenalan herbal antituberkulosis dan teknik pengolahannya. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah didapatkan data tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat desa Cilayung tentang penyakit tuberkulosis dan p...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2019
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of antiseptic gel products containi... more Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of antiseptic gel products containing green tea extract combined with aloe vera gel by observing the physical properties and the antibacterial effectivity during storage time with different temperature. Methods: The gel of Aloe vera were separated from the leaves using a sterile knife. While the dried green tea leaves were extracted using a maceration method. Both of active agents were combined with different concentration and formulated into an antiseptic gel product. The carbopol in a fixed concentration was used as a gelling agent. The antiseptic gel in different formulas (F1-F9) were evaluated for 56 d in different temperature storage of 18 and 25 °C. The physical properties (color, pH and viscosity) were observed and the antibacterial effectivity of each formula was analyzed using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus. Results: As a result, the green tea extract and aloe vera gel were successfully i...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2018
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the best ratio of maltodextrin and extrac... more Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the best ratio of maltodextrin and extract concentration on performance of anti-dysentery granule containing Klutuk banana fruit extract (Musa balbisiana Colla) as an effective antimicrobial to treat dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae and combined with its pseudostem extract to supply potassium needed for supporting dehydration impact caused by dysentery.Methods: The dried fruit and pseudostem of the Klutuk banana plant were each extracted by maceration method. Each granule formula was optimized in different ratio of extract and maltodextrin concentration (1:2 (F1); 1:3 (F2); and 1:4 (F3) respectively. Then, the anti-shigellosis granule were formulated using the wet granulation method and evaluated for 30 d. The appearance of the granule, weight variation, loss on drying value, flowability, granule solubility, disintegration time, pH, and anti-dysentery activity of each formula was observed. The potassium content determin...
Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research
Considering the easy contagion of tuberculosis (TB) disease spread and the emergence of multidrug... more Considering the easy contagion of tuberculosis (TB) disease spread and the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB, which directly impacts the failure of therapeutic goals and mortality rates increasing, TB disease control remains to be the main concern of continuous health development effort. Therefore, the discovery of new TB drug is needed. This research assessed the new natural anti-TB drug from the ethanolic extract ofstem obtained from Lombok, Indonesia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sensitivity of(Mtb) H37Rv strain tostem extract and to determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The extraction methods ofstem were done using a maceration method. In addition to phytochemical screening and water content analysis using standard method, the phytochemical parameters were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Ethanolic extract ofstem was assayed for their Mtb inhibitory activity using the proportion method. The phytochemical analysis result showed that th...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017
Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Klutuk Banana ... more Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Klutuk Banana (Musa balbisiana colla) fruit extracts against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: The simplisia of Klutuk banana fruit was extracted with ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using standard procedures. Determination thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile of the extract was performed using a thin layer plate. The antibacterial activity was investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by a serial microdilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by subculturing the MIC result onto agar medium. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the pres...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017
Objective: This study was performed to determine the antibacterial concentration of red Piper be... more Objective: This study was performed to determine the antibacterial concentration of red Piper betle leaf ethanolic extract that is safe for Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bifidus as normal flora of the vagina.Methods: The phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of red P. betle leaf was performed using standard procedures. The extracts were tested for determining minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) using macrodilution method and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) done using the streak plate method. Evaluation of its antibacterial effect to vaginal normal flora growth inhibition was conducted using a plate count method with varying extract concentrations as follows: 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% w/v. L. acidophilus FNCC-0051 and L. bifidus FNCC-0210 were used as tested normal flora vaginal bacteria.Results: The phytochemical analysis of the red P. betle leaf extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannin, steroids, saponin, and polyphenolic compounds. T...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in Vitro antibacterial activity of sweet po... more Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in Vitro antibacterial activity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) leaves ethanol extract against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The study was performed by collecting and determining plant samples, extraction, moisture content assay, phytochemical screening, Thin layer Chromatography, antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method using perforator of 11 mm in diameter and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test using macrodilution method against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Results: The Phytochemical analysis of the sweet potato leaves extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannin, steroid and polyphenolic compound. The sweet potato leaves ethanol extract showed significant zone of inhibition in a dose dependent manner against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 with the range of MIC and MBC was 10-20 % b/v.Conclusion : It can be concluded that the sweet potato leaves ethanol extract shows promis...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah bakteri oportunistik Gram negatif yang menyebabkan infeksi pada mat... more Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah bakteri oportunistik Gram negatif yang menyebabkan infeksi pada mata, telinga, kulit, tulang, sistem saraf pusat, saluran pencernaan, sistem peredaran darah, jantung, sistem pernapasan, dan saluran kemih. Kloramfenikol saat ini tidak lagi digunakan sebagai obat pilihan karena banyaknya kasus resistensi terhadap antibiotik tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen resistensi kloramfenikol pada P. aeruginosa isolat klinik. Bakteri ini diisolasi dari nanah pasien otitis eksternal di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin (RSHS) Bandung. Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR-koloni maupun PCR-DNA) digunakan untuk mendeteksi gen resistensi tersebut. Elektrogram dari produk PCR menunjukkan bahwa resistensi P. aeruginosa isolat klinik disebabkan oleh gen cat (317 pb). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, gen cat dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi resistensi antibiotik kloramfenikol pada pasien otitis eksternal.
Objective: The aim of this study was to design miniaturized cabinet that needs the tight requirem... more Objective: The aim of this study was to design miniaturized cabinet that needs the tight requirements in formulating the ingredients of the effervescent tablets to minimize the relative humidity value in order to prevent the initial effervescent reaction.Methods: The compounding workspace was created by designing cabinet arranged with special equipment so that the humidity and temperature of the mixing chamber could be monitored. The conditioning of the workspace was carried out using a variety of methods ie lights, active silica gel and a combination of both during certain observation times. In this study, all of the components in the effervescent tablet formula were mixed using two steps of the wet granulation method. The evaluation of effervescent tablets included: the appearance of the tablet, diameter, tablet thickness, weight uniformity, hardness, friability, tablet disintegration time, pH of the solution, and hedonic test.Results: The results of moisture control optimization ...
Pineapple (Ananas comusus (L.) Merr) has a high bromelain content with protease activity which hy... more Pineapple (Ananas comusus (L.) Merr) has a high bromelain content with protease activity which hydrolyzes proteins. Bromelain is distributed to all parts of pineapple, including the pineapple crown, which is agricultural waste that has not been utilized properly. The purpose of this study was to determine the protease activity and the character of bromelain extract from the Indonesian pineapple crown. The pineapple crown was collected from Subang district, West Java, Indonesia. The bromelain extract was obtained through the precipitation process with ethanol, then a protein qualitative test was performed. Solubility test was conducted to determine the physicochemical property. UV spectrophotometer was used to determine protease activity by measuring the tyrosine concentration which produced from hydrolysis of casein as a substrate. The bromelain character was determined by protease activity in various pH, temperature, and substrate concentration. The bromelain extract was protein with specific solubility in various solvents and the protease activity was 7.72 ± 0.45 IU/mg. The optimal activity was reached at pH 5 and 55 °C, K M as 1.00 mg/mL, V max as 8.11 IU/mg.min, and K cat as 0.03/sec for casein as substrate. Thermal inactivation of bromelain extract can be described by a first-order model and the calculated Ea value was 642.20 ± 10.60 kJ/mol. The bromelain extract of pineapple crown has protease activity with the specific character and first-order thermal inactivation.
Objective: The goals of this investigation were to identify the species of the producers and asce... more Objective: The goals of this investigation were to identify the species of the producers and ascertain the dose-dependent effect of extracellular products of Indonesian bacteria that generate β-lactamases inhibitors. Methods: An agar diffusion technique for the lactamase inhibitor activity assay was performed. Observation of bacteria using phenotypic analysis was performed by observing colony color and cell shape morphology, biochemical assays and a series of carbohydrate fermentation tests. Bacterial identification was performed by comparing the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rDNA gene of target bacteria with available nucleotide sequences in Gene Library (NCBI). Combining data from phenotypic and genotypic analyses allowed for the identification of the producers. Results: According to our findings, none of the bacteria's extracellular products, which contain β-lactamase inhibitors in a range of concentrations, showed a discernible impact on the values of the inhibition zone. T...
Objective: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of cleaning techniques using hot water tr... more Objective: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of cleaning techniques using hot water treatment soap containing 2% triclosan and chemical antiseptics in reducing the bacterial contamination observed on shared musical wind instruments. Methods: The trumpet, mellophone, trombone, and tuba were evaluated in this study. To count the initial bacterial colonies on the instrument, the total amount of bacteria adhered to it was extracted using the swab procedure. The mouthpieces were immersed in hot water at a temperature of 100 °C for 5 min and then were soaked in soap that contained 2% triclosan to achieve the effect of decontamination. Then the survival colonies were counted. As a series of decontamination technique, this study also examined the disinfection ability of phenol, chloroxylenol, povidone-iodine, and 70% alcohol utilizing the Rideal Walker method. Results: When compared to liquid soap (50.30-91.67%), the cleaning procedure that uses immersion in hot water of 100 °C f...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, Nov 26, 2022
Objective: This study was purposed to determine the most effective inhibition among those repelle... more Objective: This study was purposed to determine the most effective inhibition among those repellent plants i.e. The leaves of kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides), grass teki (Cyperus Cyperus rotundus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and suren (Toona sureni) towards S. typhi clinical isolate. Methods: The ethanolic extracts of sixt plants were obtained by maceration method using 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was done using the standard methods as described by Farnsworth. The inhibition of the repellent leaves ethanolic extracts to chloramphenicol resistant-S. typhi clinical isolate assayed using the agar diffusion method and statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Duncan test. The most potential plant was further determined by investigating the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value using the microdilution test. Results: As the result, all ethanolic leaves extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, except that tannins were not found in C. rotundus and A. conyzoides. However, all extracts had the activity to inhibit the growth of S. typhi. T. sureni leaves extract evidently showed the strongest inhibition with MIC value in the range of 1.5625<x≤3.125 mg/ml and the MBC value in the range of 6.25<x≤12.5 mg/ml. The ratio of MBC/MIC≤4, thus, T. sureni leaf extract may be classified as a strong bactericidal agent. Conclusion: In summary, T. sureni extract leaves achieved the most appreciable value of MIC MBC and considered as the bactericidal agent which has strong potential to be a novel anti-typhoid fever agent.
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, Nov 26, 2022
Objective: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum S.), weed grass (Imperata cylindrica L.), pearl g... more Objective: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum S.), weed grass (Imperata cylindrica L.), pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa L.) and nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) are selected weeds found in Indonesia which have been used as ruminants feeding with a complete diet component and evidently reported that bioactive contents of weeds provide more protection to microbial attack than that of crops. This has led to an increase interest in the investigation of weed extracts as anti-shigellosis agents for humans and animals, but there is still no data regarding on phytochemical and pharmacological of our selected weeds as an anti-shigellosis. Therefore, the objectives of this study was to analyze phytochemical and anti-shigellosis properties of those selected weeds towards sensitive (S) and resistant S. dysentriae (R) strains of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazoles. Methods: Phytochemical screening was done using the standard method and further analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antishigellosis activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method; meanwhile, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was determined using the microdilution method. Results: In general, weeds contain flavonoids, steroid, and quinone compounds. The resulted anti-shigellosis showed that all weed extracts produced higher inhibition to sensitive than resistant strains. The MIC-MBC values of each weed on sensitive and resistant, respectively, were as follow: P. purpureum S (S=≥1.25%; R=≥2.5% w/v); I. cylindrica (S=≥5.0%; R=≥ 2.5-10.0%w/v); H. corymbosa (S=≥2.5%; R=≥2.5-10%w/v); and C. rotundus (S=≥2.5-5.0%; R=≥5.0-10%w/v). From these data, all of these weeds have the potential to complement antibiotics that are no longer effective in the treatment of shigella infections. Conclusion: In summary, P. purpureum extract could be promoted as a novel supplement phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of bacillary dysentery.
National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Background: Empirically red Piper betle leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) is used as a natural a... more Background: Empirically red Piper betle leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) is used as a natural antiseptic, and it is proved that the ethanol extract of red P. betle leaf ethanol extract provides antimicrobial activity against the airborne pathogen. Aims and Objectives: To investigate and determine the most effective of the lotion formulated with red P. betle leaf ethanol extract against airborne pathogens. Materials and Methods: The plant material in this study was red P. betle leaves that obtained from Bogor Indonesia. The preliminary antimicrobial activity of the extracts at various concentrations was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The MIC test was performed using an agar diffusion method with perforation technique. Then, antimicrobial lotions (F1-F3) were formulated in varied concentrations (5, 7.5 and 10% w/w) of red P. betle leaf extracts using different excipients and kept for 28 days at 8°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the lotion formulated were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: MIC range for red P. betle leaf extract was found to be 2.5-5% b/v for all bacteria and 1.25-2.5% b/v for C. albicans. A formulation containing these extracts showed a nonsignificant zone of inhibition for 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of which 10% showed maximum zone of inhibition (ranging from 11.23 to 11.83 mm). All of the lotion formulated were stabil for the physicochemical parameters of evaluation. Conclusion: The F2 lotion formula had good pharmaceutical properties and potential antimicrobial activity.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MI... more Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of red betel leaf ethanol extract against Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites.Materials and Methods: The samples of red piper betel leaf were extracted with 70% ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using the standard procedures. Isolation of T. vaginalis trophozoites from vaginal secretions was conducted using swab method, then suspending it into a saline solution sterile and followed by observing trophozoites motility using a microscope. While the anti-leucorrhea activity test and determination of MIC extract was done using macrodillution method. The inhibitory effect of each extract concentration to trichomonas trophozoites’ morphology was observed under a microscope using staining techniques by adding Giemsa dyes.Results: The extract of red piper betel leaves contains several secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoi...
Berdasarkan profil tuberkulosis (TBC) Indonesia dari World Health Organization (WHO), total kasus... more Berdasarkan profil tuberkulosis (TBC) Indonesia dari World Health Organization (WHO), total kasus baru penyakit TBC pada tahun 2011 adalah 313.601 kasus dan 8,9% melibatkan anak-anak di bawah 15 tahun. Tingkat kesembuhan TBC pada anak dipengaruhi terutama oleh kualitas pengobatan Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) yang diberikan. Pertimbangan pemberian obat dalam bentuk racikan tersebut karena perhitungan dosis dapat disesuaikan dengan berat badan dan umur anak secara lebih tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengukur pengaruh kontaminasi mikroba terhadap kualitas OAT racikan guna meningkatkan efek terapi yang diharapkan dan mencegah kegagalan pengobatan TBC. Uji kontaminasi mikroba menggunakan Metode Angka Lempeng Total (ALT). Hasil uji menunjukkan kondisi kadar kontaminasi mikroba seluruhnya dalam kategori memenuhi syarat. Kualitas obat racik menunjukkan 82% masuk dalam kategori cukup baik, dan 18% masuk dalam kategori baik. Kata kunci: Tuberkulosis, proses peracikan, Metode Angka Lempe...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017
Objective: Stools consistency is a common symptom indicating in dysenteriae. The aim of this st... more Objective: Stools consistency is a common symptom indicating in dysenteriae. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the klutuk banana fruit extract that determine different degrees of stool consistency in dysentery induced by Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The extraction of klutuk banana fruits was prepared using a maceration method. The antidysenteriae activity of the klutuk banana extract was evaluated in vivo. The specific pathogen-free mice were intraperitoneally injected with S. dysentriae suspension cell. Observations were made for 7 days on body weight of mice, total fecal weight every 24 hrs and consistency of stool. The level of stool consistency was measured based on Bristol Stool Chart. Results: The results indicated that the body weight of each group was decreased the day after induction and the stool consistency was at level 5-6. However, both test groups could achieve the ideal type of stool (type 4) in the same period of time as ...
National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2018
Background: Streptococcus mutans is known as primary microorganism in the formation of dental pla... more Background: Streptococcus mutans is known as primary microorganism in the formation of dental plaque and tooth decay. Aims and Objectives: To determine the antibacterial activity of ant-nest plant ethanol extract to inhibit S. mutans clinical isolates growth in vitro. Materials and Methods: The ethanol extracts obtained from the ant-nest plant were studied for antibacterial activity against cariogenic S. mutans obtained from patients with clinically identified carious lesions, using the agar diffusion method. Chlorhexidine gluconate was using as a comparative drug. The simplisia of ant-nest plant was extracted using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening was taken using standard methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test was performed by a macrodilution method and following by subculturing the overnight result onto the surface of agar media. Results: Phytochemical screening of ant-nest plant ethanol extract revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extract showed intensive activity and totally inhibited the growth of S. mutans clinical isolates at 1.25% w/v. In comparison, the chlorhexidine gluconate, essential oil of plants and povidone-iodine in a ranged tested concentration also had given inhibition effect to all hyaluronic acid resistant S. mutans isolates. Conclusion: It can be reasoned that the ethanolic extract of ant-nest plant gave potent and direct antibacterial effect on S. mutans.
Penegakkan diagnosis tuberkulosis yang cepat dan akurat dapat dijadikan solusi permasalahan keter... more Penegakkan diagnosis tuberkulosis yang cepat dan akurat dapat dijadikan solusi permasalahan keterbatasan metode deteksi tuberkulosis yang mengakibatkan keterlambatan pengobatan tuberkulosis. Tujuan dari kegiatan penyuluhan ini adalah untuk mencegah penularan tuberkulosis melalui peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat desa Cilayung Jatinangor tentang gejala tuberkulosis secara dini, memupuk kesadaran masyarakat untuk memutuskan rantai penularan melalui pemeriksaan dini dan pengobatan yang cepat dan tepat serta mengenalkan hasil riset berupa herbal anti tuberkulosis yang dapat diolah secara mandiri sebagai pengobatan alami. Kegiatan ini meliputi pengumpulan data informatif pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit tuberkulosis melalui wawancara dan pre-test, dilanjutkan dengan kegiatan penyuluhan, post test, pengenalan herbal antituberkulosis dan teknik pengolahannya. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah didapatkan data tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat desa Cilayung tentang penyakit tuberkulosis dan p...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2019
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of antiseptic gel products containi... more Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of antiseptic gel products containing green tea extract combined with aloe vera gel by observing the physical properties and the antibacterial effectivity during storage time with different temperature. Methods: The gel of Aloe vera were separated from the leaves using a sterile knife. While the dried green tea leaves were extracted using a maceration method. Both of active agents were combined with different concentration and formulated into an antiseptic gel product. The carbopol in a fixed concentration was used as a gelling agent. The antiseptic gel in different formulas (F1-F9) were evaluated for 56 d in different temperature storage of 18 and 25 °C. The physical properties (color, pH and viscosity) were observed and the antibacterial effectivity of each formula was analyzed using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus. Results: As a result, the green tea extract and aloe vera gel were successfully i...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2018
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the best ratio of maltodextrin and extrac... more Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the best ratio of maltodextrin and extract concentration on performance of anti-dysentery granule containing Klutuk banana fruit extract (Musa balbisiana Colla) as an effective antimicrobial to treat dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae and combined with its pseudostem extract to supply potassium needed for supporting dehydration impact caused by dysentery.Methods: The dried fruit and pseudostem of the Klutuk banana plant were each extracted by maceration method. Each granule formula was optimized in different ratio of extract and maltodextrin concentration (1:2 (F1); 1:3 (F2); and 1:4 (F3) respectively. Then, the anti-shigellosis granule were formulated using the wet granulation method and evaluated for 30 d. The appearance of the granule, weight variation, loss on drying value, flowability, granule solubility, disintegration time, pH, and anti-dysentery activity of each formula was observed. The potassium content determin...
Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research
Considering the easy contagion of tuberculosis (TB) disease spread and the emergence of multidrug... more Considering the easy contagion of tuberculosis (TB) disease spread and the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB, which directly impacts the failure of therapeutic goals and mortality rates increasing, TB disease control remains to be the main concern of continuous health development effort. Therefore, the discovery of new TB drug is needed. This research assessed the new natural anti-TB drug from the ethanolic extract ofstem obtained from Lombok, Indonesia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sensitivity of(Mtb) H37Rv strain tostem extract and to determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The extraction methods ofstem were done using a maceration method. In addition to phytochemical screening and water content analysis using standard method, the phytochemical parameters were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Ethanolic extract ofstem was assayed for their Mtb inhibitory activity using the proportion method. The phytochemical analysis result showed that th...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017
Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Klutuk Banana ... more Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Klutuk Banana (Musa balbisiana colla) fruit extracts against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 and the amount of potassium to the discovery of anti-dysentery drug candidates.Methods: The simplisia of Klutuk banana fruit was extracted with ethanol using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract was performed using standard procedures. Determination thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile of the extract was performed using a thin layer plate. The antibacterial activity was investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by a serial microdilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by subculturing the MIC result onto agar medium. Potassium levels of the extract were carried out quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the pres...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017
Objective: This study was performed to determine the antibacterial concentration of red Piper be... more Objective: This study was performed to determine the antibacterial concentration of red Piper betle leaf ethanolic extract that is safe for Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bifidus as normal flora of the vagina.Methods: The phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of red P. betle leaf was performed using standard procedures. The extracts were tested for determining minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) using macrodilution method and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) done using the streak plate method. Evaluation of its antibacterial effect to vaginal normal flora growth inhibition was conducted using a plate count method with varying extract concentrations as follows: 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% w/v. L. acidophilus FNCC-0051 and L. bifidus FNCC-0210 were used as tested normal flora vaginal bacteria.Results: The phytochemical analysis of the red P. betle leaf extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannin, steroids, saponin, and polyphenolic compounds. T...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in Vitro antibacterial activity of sweet po... more Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in Vitro antibacterial activity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) leaves ethanol extract against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The study was performed by collecting and determining plant samples, extraction, moisture content assay, phytochemical screening, Thin layer Chromatography, antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method using perforator of 11 mm in diameter and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test using macrodilution method against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Results: The Phytochemical analysis of the sweet potato leaves extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannin, steroid and polyphenolic compound. The sweet potato leaves ethanol extract showed significant zone of inhibition in a dose dependent manner against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 with the range of MIC and MBC was 10-20 % b/v.Conclusion : It can be concluded that the sweet potato leaves ethanol extract shows promis...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah bakteri oportunistik Gram negatif yang menyebabkan infeksi pada mat... more Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah bakteri oportunistik Gram negatif yang menyebabkan infeksi pada mata, telinga, kulit, tulang, sistem saraf pusat, saluran pencernaan, sistem peredaran darah, jantung, sistem pernapasan, dan saluran kemih. Kloramfenikol saat ini tidak lagi digunakan sebagai obat pilihan karena banyaknya kasus resistensi terhadap antibiotik tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen resistensi kloramfenikol pada P. aeruginosa isolat klinik. Bakteri ini diisolasi dari nanah pasien otitis eksternal di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin (RSHS) Bandung. Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR-koloni maupun PCR-DNA) digunakan untuk mendeteksi gen resistensi tersebut. Elektrogram dari produk PCR menunjukkan bahwa resistensi P. aeruginosa isolat klinik disebabkan oleh gen cat (317 pb). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, gen cat dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi resistensi antibiotik kloramfenikol pada pasien otitis eksternal.
Objective: The aim of this study was to design miniaturized cabinet that needs the tight requirem... more Objective: The aim of this study was to design miniaturized cabinet that needs the tight requirements in formulating the ingredients of the effervescent tablets to minimize the relative humidity value in order to prevent the initial effervescent reaction.Methods: The compounding workspace was created by designing cabinet arranged with special equipment so that the humidity and temperature of the mixing chamber could be monitored. The conditioning of the workspace was carried out using a variety of methods ie lights, active silica gel and a combination of both during certain observation times. In this study, all of the components in the effervescent tablet formula were mixed using two steps of the wet granulation method. The evaluation of effervescent tablets included: the appearance of the tablet, diameter, tablet thickness, weight uniformity, hardness, friability, tablet disintegration time, pH of the solution, and hedonic test.Results: The results of moisture control optimization ...
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