Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences
In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZE... more In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZEH) is improved by introducing two permanent magnets attached to the proof mass of a dual beam structure. Both magnets are in the vicinity of each other and attached in such a way to proof mass of a dual beam so that they create a magnetic field around each other. The generated magnetic field develops a repulsive force between the magnets, which improves electrical output and enhances the bandwidth of the harvester. The simple rectangular cantilever structure with and without magnetic tip mass has a frequency bandwidth of 4 Hz and 4.5 Hz, respectively. The proposed structure generates a peak voltage of 20 V at a frequency of 114.51 Hz at an excitation acceleration of 1 g (g= 9.8 m/s 2). The peak output power of a proposed structure is 25.5 µW. The operational frequency range of a proposed dual beam cantilever with a magnetic tip mass of 30 mT is from 102.51 Hz to 120.51 Hz, i.e., 18 Hz. The operational frequency range of a dual beam cantilever without magnetic tip mass is from 104.18 Hz to 118.18 Hz, i.e., 14 Hz. There is an improvement of 22.22% in the frequency bandwidth of the proposed dual beam cantilever with a magnetic tip mass of 30 mT than the dual beam without magnetic tip mass.
The principle of piezoelectricity has been used to design the micro-electro-mechanical system-bas... more The principle of piezoelectricity has been used to design the micro-electro-mechanical system-based piezoelectric energy harvester for generating electrical energy from the surrounding vibration. T...
2021 Advanced Communication Technologies and Signal Processing (ACTS)
This paper presents a parametric analysis of a substrate integrated waveguide fed slot antenna fo... more This paper presents a parametric analysis of a substrate integrated waveguide fed slot antenna for Ka-band application. The slot’s comprehensive behavior and its resonance frequency dependence on its dimension, translational and rotational position, have been analyzed. The optimal return loss for the microstrip to SIW transition has been investigated by maximizing the tapering dimension for the Ka-band of operation by using a commercial 3D electromagnetic CST Microwave Studio Design Suit. The slot antenna resonates at various frequencies following parametric variation. For the study, 27.74 GHz resonance points have been considered, as it comes under the 28 GHz band spectrum. For this bandwidth, the broadside gain is more than 6 dB. Radiation efficiency typically stays over 75 percent across the whole operating band. The co-polarization to cross-polarization deviation for both XZ and YZ planes is more than 40 dB at the resonance point.
Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems, 2020
Agriculture is repeatedly affected by threats like wild animals, insects, droughts and floods. It... more Agriculture is repeatedly affected by threats like wild animals, insects, droughts and floods. It is important to safeguard the farmland from various natural disasters and maintains the quality of crops to meet the consumer demand. For this purpose, the Government of India (GOI) has presented a number of rural plans all through the nation to assist the agriculture sector. The farmers need to monitor their crops to ensure the final product is undamaged and well grown. With the help of UAVs, the information related to the farmland could be gathered and sent to the farmer from time to time. But many of the Indian farms are located in deep remote areas with erratic geographical conditions where telecommunications or Internet services are difficult to maintain. So, the motivation of this research is to provide the farmers of our country with proper access to communication and monitoring farmland by using UAVs connected together by an ad hoc network. The ad hoc network will be able to maintain direct line of sight communication with uninterrupted connectivity in hilly areas and mountains. These connected UAVs can scan the crops and act as surveillance from intrusions. Keywords Agriculture • Ad hoc network • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) • Communication technologies
Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems, 2020
In this project, design of low-power Ku band CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator and low-noise amp... more In this project, design of low-power Ku band CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator and low-noise amplifier for satellite communication is proposed. The proposed LNA provides low input impedance, low noise figure, and high gain which makes it suitable for use in satellite receivers to amplify low-power signals. This NMOS LC VCO has main advantage in low phase noise and low power. This VCO is designed on concept of negative resistance generated by MOSFETs impedance which reduce the phase noise. This circuit is designed using UMC 90 nm CADENCE ADE. For this circuit, we use 1.2 V power supply. Its average phase noise is −109.18 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The oscillator requires approx. 0.001127 \({\mathrm{mm}}^{2}\) of chip area. It is highly useful for satellite communication.
In this paper, the modification of the thickness profile of the uimorph piezoelectric cantilever-... more In this paper, the modification of the thickness profile of the uimorph piezoelectric cantilever-based energy harvester is presented to achieve the uniform and improved stress distribution profile along the length of the cantilever. The thickness of both substrate and the piezoelectric layer is non uniform and tapered thickness profile is achieved in case of the proposed cantilever structure. Non uniform thickness profile not only improved the stress distribution along the length but also reduces the resonant frequency of the cantilever. The proposed cantilever has frequency 14.32% less resonant than the normal rectangular cantilever. The proposed rectangular cantilever with tapered thickness generates the peak output voltage of 10 V at the resonant frequency of 102.52 Hz. The proposed cantilever generates 17.65% more output voltage than the normal rectangular cantilever.
CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2020
In the present work, a novel cloud-based remote and real time monitoring and control scheme has b... more In the present work, a novel cloud-based remote and real time monitoring and control scheme has been developed for a manufacturing process named friction stir welding (FSW) to avoid occurrence of weld defects. This model acquires data from multiple sensors associated with the FSW machine and transmits them to the cloud. The signals are analyzed and processed in the cloud in real time through various signal processing and machine learning techniques. The model provides a feedback to the machine regarding the desired controlled parameters to achieve an improved weld quality. This is an example of Industry 4.0 where a manufacturing process can be controlled in real time from any location.
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 2018
This paper proposes a dual notched band ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) based on hybri... more This paper proposes a dual notched band ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) based on hybrid transition of microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW). The CPW in ground plane houses a stepped impedance resonator shorted at ends, and is designed to place its resonant modes within the UWB passband. The microstrips on the top plane are placed some distance apart in a back-to-back manner. The transition of microstrip on top and shorted CPW in the ground is coupled through the dielectric in a broadside manner. The optimized design of the transition develops the basic UWB spectrum with good return/insertion loss and extended stopband. Later, defected ground structure, embedded in CPW, and split ring resonators, coupled to feeding lines are utilized to develop dual sharp passband notches. The simulated data are verified against the experimentally developed prototype. The proposed dual notched UWB-BPF structure measures only 14.6 × 7.3 mm2, thereby justifying its compactness.
In this paper a 2.4-GHz non-return to zero (abbreviated as NRZ) active downconversion mixer for t... more In this paper a 2.4-GHz non-return to zero (abbreviated as NRZ) active downconversion mixer for transceiver system is demonstrated. It features with the double-balanced topology, NRZ mechanism, an effecting biasing technique and a current mirror technique are used to achieve the requirements. Downconversion mixer is realized on 180 nm CMOS technology. Despite of trade-off between conversion gain and linearity we can achieve very high conversion gain with moderate linearity. Simulations using cadence tool exhibits a conversion gain of 24.61 dB, a third order intercept point of 6.17 dB, a 1-dB compression point of-5.86 dB and a second order intercept point of ? 87.66 dB at 1.8 V supply.
In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZE... more In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZEH) is improved by introducing two permanent magnets, which is attached to the proof mass of a dual beam structure. Both magnets are in the vicinity of each other and attached in such as a way to proof mass of a dual-beam, so that they create a magnetic field around each other. The generated magnetic field develops a repulsive force between the magnets, which improves not only electrical output but also enhances the bandwidth of harvester. The simple rectangular cantilever structure with and without magnetic tip mass has the frequency bandwidth of 4 Hz and 4.5 Hz respectively. The proposed structure generates a peak voltage of 20 V at a frequency of 114.51 Hz at an excitation acceleration of 1g (g=9.8 m/s). The peak output power of a proposed structure is 12.2 μW. The operational frequency range of a proposed dual-beam cantilever with magnetic tip mass of 30 mT is from 102.51 Hz to 120.51...
This article presents a dual notched ultra‐wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with good frequen... more This article presents a dual notched ultra‐wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with good frequency characteristics realized on a low‐cost dielectric. The proposed structure is based on the surface‐to‐surface transition technology, with microstrip lines aligned face‐to‐face on the top, and short‐circuited butterfly shaped coplanar waveguide (CPW) in the ground. The microstrips and CPW are coupled vertically via the dielectric. The basic optimized alignment generates a third‐order UWB filter with quasi‐elliptic response having two transmission zeros at either passband edge and improved insertion/return loss. Later, folded split‐ring resonators are coupled to feed lines of the basic BPF to develop multiple stopbands inside and outside the UWB spectrum. The predicted simulated performance is verified against measured data, which depicts good similarity. The structure covers an area of 21.2 × 16 mm2.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2013
In this paper, a new protocol called MFQMAC is proposed, which has the following features. (i) It... more In this paper, a new protocol called MFQMAC is proposed, which has the following features. (i) It assures quality of service through service differentiation among different classes of traffics. (ii)It provides fairness among traffic flows of same priority class. It maintains fairness without decreasing the channel utilization and solves the unfairness problem between two communicating stations with same prioritized traffics. (iii) It is fully distributed and applicable not only to single hop but also for multi-hop environment. The performance of the protocol is evaluated from QoS as well as fairness point of view through extensive network simulator-2 simulation. It was found that, the protocol, MFQMAC assures high aggregate throughput and low end-to-end delay and jitter in comparison to other MAC protocols and hence said to have enhanced Quality of Service. Further, the protocol also have a better fairness index from IEEE 802.11 and FQA, which confirms its fairness assurance.
2020 International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICE3)
A compact system-on-chip based biosensor for detection and monitoring of breast cancer cells has ... more A compact system-on-chip based biosensor for detection and monitoring of breast cancer cells has been proposed to provide better spectral signature fetching and the concept is proved. Human body cells are seeded on the meta surface that is excited to study the sensor response in Time domain spectroscopy environment. It replaces conventional techniques to diagnose malignancy, and can measure the efficiency of drug composition with the action duration for complete apoptosis. Resonance is observed at 0.86THz where the sensor controls the Surface Plasmon fields due to the Terahertz incident waves impinging on the meta surface. The implantable system consists of a substrate that degrades along with the meta surface that has been characterized to be showing simultaneously dual negative material nature (DNG).
2019 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON)
A unique model of a Metasurface that works as a biosensor to distinguish carcinoma cells on Terah... more A unique model of a Metasurface that works as a biosensor to distinguish carcinoma cells on Terahertz time domain spectroscopy has been designed exploiting metamaterials. Cancer cell apoptosis by the action of drug concentration is monitored using the resonating frequency shift of the double split ring resonator inculcating double asymmetry. The structure that controls the plasma response of the metamaterial is explicitly made to degrade after the completion of medication.
2020 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), 2020
This paper proposes, an annular slot antenna with inner feeding network to generate Orbital Angul... more This paper proposes, an annular slot antenna with inner feeding network to generate Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) waves at 5.4 GHz frequency, for WLAN application. The proposed OAM antenna system is smaller in size because open-ended microstrip lines are used as radiator along with annular slotted ground plane. Parametric variation and far field radiation patterns are presented and discussed. 3D phase patterns proves the generation of OAM waves of different OAM modes using proposed OAM antenna.
The article attempts to detect the defects in friction stir welding (FSW) process by analyzing th... more The article attempts to detect the defects in friction stir welding (FSW) process by analyzing the signal acquired during welding. The said welding technique utilizes pressure and heat developed by the usage of a non-consumable tool. Thus, the axial force signal carries a lot of information about the physical process, and hence, it could be used to identify the weld defects. Signal analysis has been performed by using wavelet-based techniques. Before this analysis, a methodology has been followed to select the best mother wavelets suitable for the signal. The results of defect identification have been validated by mapping the processed signal with the actual weld quality.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences
In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZE... more In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZEH) is improved by introducing two permanent magnets attached to the proof mass of a dual beam structure. Both magnets are in the vicinity of each other and attached in such a way to proof mass of a dual beam so that they create a magnetic field around each other. The generated magnetic field develops a repulsive force between the magnets, which improves electrical output and enhances the bandwidth of the harvester. The simple rectangular cantilever structure with and without magnetic tip mass has a frequency bandwidth of 4 Hz and 4.5 Hz, respectively. The proposed structure generates a peak voltage of 20 V at a frequency of 114.51 Hz at an excitation acceleration of 1 g (g= 9.8 m/s 2). The peak output power of a proposed structure is 25.5 µW. The operational frequency range of a proposed dual beam cantilever with a magnetic tip mass of 30 mT is from 102.51 Hz to 120.51 Hz, i.e., 18 Hz. The operational frequency range of a dual beam cantilever without magnetic tip mass is from 104.18 Hz to 118.18 Hz, i.e., 14 Hz. There is an improvement of 22.22% in the frequency bandwidth of the proposed dual beam cantilever with a magnetic tip mass of 30 mT than the dual beam without magnetic tip mass.
The principle of piezoelectricity has been used to design the micro-electro-mechanical system-bas... more The principle of piezoelectricity has been used to design the micro-electro-mechanical system-based piezoelectric energy harvester for generating electrical energy from the surrounding vibration. T...
2021 Advanced Communication Technologies and Signal Processing (ACTS)
This paper presents a parametric analysis of a substrate integrated waveguide fed slot antenna fo... more This paper presents a parametric analysis of a substrate integrated waveguide fed slot antenna for Ka-band application. The slot’s comprehensive behavior and its resonance frequency dependence on its dimension, translational and rotational position, have been analyzed. The optimal return loss for the microstrip to SIW transition has been investigated by maximizing the tapering dimension for the Ka-band of operation by using a commercial 3D electromagnetic CST Microwave Studio Design Suit. The slot antenna resonates at various frequencies following parametric variation. For the study, 27.74 GHz resonance points have been considered, as it comes under the 28 GHz band spectrum. For this bandwidth, the broadside gain is more than 6 dB. Radiation efficiency typically stays over 75 percent across the whole operating band. The co-polarization to cross-polarization deviation for both XZ and YZ planes is more than 40 dB at the resonance point.
Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems, 2020
Agriculture is repeatedly affected by threats like wild animals, insects, droughts and floods. It... more Agriculture is repeatedly affected by threats like wild animals, insects, droughts and floods. It is important to safeguard the farmland from various natural disasters and maintains the quality of crops to meet the consumer demand. For this purpose, the Government of India (GOI) has presented a number of rural plans all through the nation to assist the agriculture sector. The farmers need to monitor their crops to ensure the final product is undamaged and well grown. With the help of UAVs, the information related to the farmland could be gathered and sent to the farmer from time to time. But many of the Indian farms are located in deep remote areas with erratic geographical conditions where telecommunications or Internet services are difficult to maintain. So, the motivation of this research is to provide the farmers of our country with proper access to communication and monitoring farmland by using UAVs connected together by an ad hoc network. The ad hoc network will be able to maintain direct line of sight communication with uninterrupted connectivity in hilly areas and mountains. These connected UAVs can scan the crops and act as surveillance from intrusions. Keywords Agriculture • Ad hoc network • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) • Communication technologies
Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems, 2020
In this project, design of low-power Ku band CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator and low-noise amp... more In this project, design of low-power Ku band CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator and low-noise amplifier for satellite communication is proposed. The proposed LNA provides low input impedance, low noise figure, and high gain which makes it suitable for use in satellite receivers to amplify low-power signals. This NMOS LC VCO has main advantage in low phase noise and low power. This VCO is designed on concept of negative resistance generated by MOSFETs impedance which reduce the phase noise. This circuit is designed using UMC 90 nm CADENCE ADE. For this circuit, we use 1.2 V power supply. Its average phase noise is −109.18 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The oscillator requires approx. 0.001127 \({\mathrm{mm}}^{2}\) of chip area. It is highly useful for satellite communication.
In this paper, the modification of the thickness profile of the uimorph piezoelectric cantilever-... more In this paper, the modification of the thickness profile of the uimorph piezoelectric cantilever-based energy harvester is presented to achieve the uniform and improved stress distribution profile along the length of the cantilever. The thickness of both substrate and the piezoelectric layer is non uniform and tapered thickness profile is achieved in case of the proposed cantilever structure. Non uniform thickness profile not only improved the stress distribution along the length but also reduces the resonant frequency of the cantilever. The proposed cantilever has frequency 14.32% less resonant than the normal rectangular cantilever. The proposed rectangular cantilever with tapered thickness generates the peak output voltage of 10 V at the resonant frequency of 102.52 Hz. The proposed cantilever generates 17.65% more output voltage than the normal rectangular cantilever.
CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2020
In the present work, a novel cloud-based remote and real time monitoring and control scheme has b... more In the present work, a novel cloud-based remote and real time monitoring and control scheme has been developed for a manufacturing process named friction stir welding (FSW) to avoid occurrence of weld defects. This model acquires data from multiple sensors associated with the FSW machine and transmits them to the cloud. The signals are analyzed and processed in the cloud in real time through various signal processing and machine learning techniques. The model provides a feedback to the machine regarding the desired controlled parameters to achieve an improved weld quality. This is an example of Industry 4.0 where a manufacturing process can be controlled in real time from any location.
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 2018
This paper proposes a dual notched band ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) based on hybri... more This paper proposes a dual notched band ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) based on hybrid transition of microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW). The CPW in ground plane houses a stepped impedance resonator shorted at ends, and is designed to place its resonant modes within the UWB passband. The microstrips on the top plane are placed some distance apart in a back-to-back manner. The transition of microstrip on top and shorted CPW in the ground is coupled through the dielectric in a broadside manner. The optimized design of the transition develops the basic UWB spectrum with good return/insertion loss and extended stopband. Later, defected ground structure, embedded in CPW, and split ring resonators, coupled to feeding lines are utilized to develop dual sharp passband notches. The simulated data are verified against the experimentally developed prototype. The proposed dual notched UWB-BPF structure measures only 14.6 × 7.3 mm2, thereby justifying its compactness.
In this paper a 2.4-GHz non-return to zero (abbreviated as NRZ) active downconversion mixer for t... more In this paper a 2.4-GHz non-return to zero (abbreviated as NRZ) active downconversion mixer for transceiver system is demonstrated. It features with the double-balanced topology, NRZ mechanism, an effecting biasing technique and a current mirror technique are used to achieve the requirements. Downconversion mixer is realized on 180 nm CMOS technology. Despite of trade-off between conversion gain and linearity we can achieve very high conversion gain with moderate linearity. Simulations using cadence tool exhibits a conversion gain of 24.61 dB, a third order intercept point of 6.17 dB, a 1-dB compression point of-5.86 dB and a second order intercept point of ? 87.66 dB at 1.8 V supply.
In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZE... more In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZEH) is improved by introducing two permanent magnets, which is attached to the proof mass of a dual beam structure. Both magnets are in the vicinity of each other and attached in such as a way to proof mass of a dual-beam, so that they create a magnetic field around each other. The generated magnetic field develops a repulsive force between the magnets, which improves not only electrical output but also enhances the bandwidth of harvester. The simple rectangular cantilever structure with and without magnetic tip mass has the frequency bandwidth of 4 Hz and 4.5 Hz respectively. The proposed structure generates a peak voltage of 20 V at a frequency of 114.51 Hz at an excitation acceleration of 1g (g=9.8 m/s). The peak output power of a proposed structure is 12.2 μW. The operational frequency range of a proposed dual-beam cantilever with magnetic tip mass of 30 mT is from 102.51 Hz to 120.51...
This article presents a dual notched ultra‐wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with good frequen... more This article presents a dual notched ultra‐wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with good frequency characteristics realized on a low‐cost dielectric. The proposed structure is based on the surface‐to‐surface transition technology, with microstrip lines aligned face‐to‐face on the top, and short‐circuited butterfly shaped coplanar waveguide (CPW) in the ground. The microstrips and CPW are coupled vertically via the dielectric. The basic optimized alignment generates a third‐order UWB filter with quasi‐elliptic response having two transmission zeros at either passband edge and improved insertion/return loss. Later, folded split‐ring resonators are coupled to feed lines of the basic BPF to develop multiple stopbands inside and outside the UWB spectrum. The predicted simulated performance is verified against measured data, which depicts good similarity. The structure covers an area of 21.2 × 16 mm2.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2013
In this paper, a new protocol called MFQMAC is proposed, which has the following features. (i) It... more In this paper, a new protocol called MFQMAC is proposed, which has the following features. (i) It assures quality of service through service differentiation among different classes of traffics. (ii)It provides fairness among traffic flows of same priority class. It maintains fairness without decreasing the channel utilization and solves the unfairness problem between two communicating stations with same prioritized traffics. (iii) It is fully distributed and applicable not only to single hop but also for multi-hop environment. The performance of the protocol is evaluated from QoS as well as fairness point of view through extensive network simulator-2 simulation. It was found that, the protocol, MFQMAC assures high aggregate throughput and low end-to-end delay and jitter in comparison to other MAC protocols and hence said to have enhanced Quality of Service. Further, the protocol also have a better fairness index from IEEE 802.11 and FQA, which confirms its fairness assurance.
2020 International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICE3)
A compact system-on-chip based biosensor for detection and monitoring of breast cancer cells has ... more A compact system-on-chip based biosensor for detection and monitoring of breast cancer cells has been proposed to provide better spectral signature fetching and the concept is proved. Human body cells are seeded on the meta surface that is excited to study the sensor response in Time domain spectroscopy environment. It replaces conventional techniques to diagnose malignancy, and can measure the efficiency of drug composition with the action duration for complete apoptosis. Resonance is observed at 0.86THz where the sensor controls the Surface Plasmon fields due to the Terahertz incident waves impinging on the meta surface. The implantable system consists of a substrate that degrades along with the meta surface that has been characterized to be showing simultaneously dual negative material nature (DNG).
2019 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON)
A unique model of a Metasurface that works as a biosensor to distinguish carcinoma cells on Terah... more A unique model of a Metasurface that works as a biosensor to distinguish carcinoma cells on Terahertz time domain spectroscopy has been designed exploiting metamaterials. Cancer cell apoptosis by the action of drug concentration is monitored using the resonating frequency shift of the double split ring resonator inculcating double asymmetry. The structure that controls the plasma response of the metamaterial is explicitly made to degrade after the completion of medication.
2020 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), 2020
This paper proposes, an annular slot antenna with inner feeding network to generate Orbital Angul... more This paper proposes, an annular slot antenna with inner feeding network to generate Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) waves at 5.4 GHz frequency, for WLAN application. The proposed OAM antenna system is smaller in size because open-ended microstrip lines are used as radiator along with annular slotted ground plane. Parametric variation and far field radiation patterns are presented and discussed. 3D phase patterns proves the generation of OAM waves of different OAM modes using proposed OAM antenna.
The article attempts to detect the defects in friction stir welding (FSW) process by analyzing th... more The article attempts to detect the defects in friction stir welding (FSW) process by analyzing the signal acquired during welding. The said welding technique utilizes pressure and heat developed by the usage of a non-consumable tool. Thus, the axial force signal carries a lot of information about the physical process, and hence, it could be used to identify the weld defects. Signal analysis has been performed by using wavelet-based techniques. Before this analysis, a methodology has been followed to select the best mother wavelets suitable for the signal. The results of defect identification have been validated by mapping the processed signal with the actual weld quality.
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