In the present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma viridae were evaluated for their pot... more In the present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma viridae were evaluated for their potential to degrade pesticides such as monochrotophos and methyl parathion. Soil alone, soil with pesticides, and soil with microbes and pesticides were taken as experimental modules. After 30 days of treatment different morphometric and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Percent germination, shoot and root length, content of chlorophyll-a, and b, total chlorophyll, protein and carotenoids were highly reduced in pesticide alone treated soil. However when the pesticide treated soil was mixed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma viridae, the above mentioned parameters were restored to near normal indicating their capacity to degrade the pesticides. The present investigation showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more efficient in degrading monochrotophos and methyl parathion.
Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 2012
ABSTRACT Different organic solvent crude extracts from the leaves of Alangium salviifolium (L.F.)... more ABSTRACT Different organic solvent crude extracts from the leaves of Alangium salviifolium (L.F.) Wangerin, were tested for their feeding deterrence, larvicidal activity and protein concentrations on the fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura L. under laboratory conditions. Treatments were given through two different host plant leaves such as brinjal and castor. The bioassay was carried out at different concentrations viz., 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 and 5%. The maximum antifeedant activity in brinjal (52.0%) and castor (29.97%) leaf discs was recorded in ethyl acetate extract as compared with hexane and chloroform extracts at 5% concentration. The result of larvicidal activity revealed that the maximum larval mortality was registered in brinjal leaves (65.81%) and castor with (57.48%) in ethyl acetate extract as compared to hexane and chloroform extracts at 5% concentration. The ethyl acetate extract of A. salviifolium contained alkaloids, diterpenoids, and saponins. The treatment also reduced haemolymph protein concentration after 48 h.
Herbal Insecticides, Repellents and Biomedicines: Effectiveness and Commercialization, 2016
Mosquitoes are the most dreadful bloodsucking insects in the world, and though tiny in size, they... more Mosquitoes are the most dreadful bloodsucking insects in the world, and though tiny in size, they inflict most human deaths worldwide. They transmit deadly pathogens like Plasmodium, chikungunya virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. Worldwide, there are 3500 species of mosquitoes grouped into 41 genera, but only 100 species are reported as vectors of human and other vertebrate diseases. India contributes nearly 34 % of global dengue and 11 % of global malaria cases. During the year 2012, nearly 1.13 million people were infected with dengue, malaria and chikungunya in India, and 766 succumbed to these diseases. In India, three genera, namely, Aedes, Anopheles and Culex, are the most common groups of mosquitoes found almost in all regions. Aedes spp. transmit dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever, Anopheles spp. transmit malaria, and Culex spp. transmit filariasis and Japanese encephalitis. In recent years, a decrease in the malaria and filariasis cases has been reported, but the number of infected cases and mortality due to dengue is steadily increasing. The failure in mosquito control is mainly due to the inefficiency of synthetic pesticides and repellents. Mosquitoes have developed resistance to almost all types of chemical insecticides. The increasing number of mosquito breeding sites and the destruction of mosquitoes’ natural enemies are also contributing to the sudden rise in mosquito population and mosquito-borne diseases. Application of synthetic chemicals in water bodies is unsafe to humans and nontarget organisms. Microbial pesticides and botanical pesticides are eco-friendly and target specific compared to synthetic pesticides. Microbial pesticides obtained from actinomycetes, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), B. sphaericus (Bs) and many other microorganisms are reported as eco-friendly alternatives for mosquito control. A large number of Bt strains have been reported to possess insecticidal properties against different groups of insects. B. thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is an important pathogenic bacterium to mosquitoes. The secondary metabolites of some microorganisms are potential toxins against mosquito larvae at very low concentrations. Spinosad, a potent insecticide, has been isolated from the actinomycete bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. In this review, potentially effective actinomycetes and other microorganisms against mosquito larvae and their effective bioactive compounds are described. The review also presents up-to-date information on the efficacy of microbial pesticides in mosquito control, their biosafety, field efficacy and commercial applications.
Antibacterial activity of aqueous residues of 16 different ethnomedicinal plants have been studie... more Antibacterial activity of aqueous residues of 16 different ethnomedicinal plants have been studied. The effect of the aqueous extract at two different weights of plant residues, 30 and 40 mg, were tested against three gram positive bacteria and seven gram negative bacteria by the filter paper disc diffusion method. Among the tested plants, Cleome gynandropsis and Ageratum conyzoides showed a significant control of the growth of Alkaligens 6iscolactis, Klebsiella aerogenas, Bacillus cerues and Streptococcus pyogens. The maximum inhibitions were observed in Tridax procumbens, Cleome 6iscosa, Acalypha indica and Boerhaa6ia erecta against Aeromonas hydrophilla and Bacillus cerues.
American Journal of Plant Physiology is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal dedicat... more American Journal of Plant Physiology is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal dedicated to publish and disseminate original and high quality information governing basic processes in plant physiology and development. Scope of the journal covers: physiology, biochemistry, ...
A new crystal compound 2, 5-diacetoxy-2-benzyl-4, 4, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclohexanedione was i... more A new crystal compound 2, 5-diacetoxy-2-benzyl-4, 4, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclohexanedione was isolated from the leaves of Syzygium lineare. The insecticidal activity of the compound was assessed against fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. Its activity ...
The various methods and experiments of genetic transformation and regeneration of the important p... more The various methods and experiments of genetic transformation and regeneration of the important pulses belonging to the legume genera Phaseo/us and Wgna are reviewed. As the literature of these topics is widely dispersed in different journals, some of which are not easily available, details are given on the genotypes studied, and the media and hormones used. The results obtained so far are described, and some new attempts made in our laboratory are shown. The problems in legume biotechnology and some future aims are briefly discussed.
Anticancer activity of 9,10 anthraquinone isolated from soil derived (Doddabetta forest, Nilgiris... more Anticancer activity of 9,10 anthraquinone isolated from soil derived (Doddabetta forest, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India) filamentous bacterium Streptomyces sp. isolate ERINLG 26 was tested to explore the molecular mechanisms of action. The culture liquid ethyl acetate extract showed high cytotoxic activity against tested colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line COLO320. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by column chromatography over silica gel and preparative HPLC. The isolated compound, 9,10 anthraquinone, showed prominent cytotoxic activity in vitro against colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line COLO320. It showed 79.7% cytotoxicity at concentration of compound 300 µg/mL with IC 50 value of 75 µg/mL. Treatment of the COLO320 cancer cells with isolated 9,10 anthraquinone significantly reduced cell proliferation and increased formation of fragmented DNA and apoptotic bodies. The expression of p53 and caspase 3 was up regulated by 9,10 anthraquinone in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line COLO320.
A facultative alkaliphilic protease-producing gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (EMGA 5) was isol... more A facultative alkaliphilic protease-producing gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (EMGA 5) was isolated from mangrove soil and confirmed as Bacillus flexus by the 16S rDNA sequence. Buffering capacity and membrane H + conductance of this alkaliphilic isolate were investigated for the cells grown at pH 7.2 and 10.5 using acid pulse technique. Suspensions of B. flexus cells grown in poly peptone yeast glucose medium at pH 10.5 exhibited higher cytoplasmic membrane buffering capacity values (70 µmol H + /pH unit/mg protein at pH 9.9) than the cells grown at pH 7.2 (41 µmol H + /pH unit/mg protein at pH 9.9). B. flexus grown aerobically at pH 7.2 showed higher H + conductance values than the cells grown at pH 10.5 (0.032 µmol H + /s/pH unit/mg protein at pH 9.9 and 0.028 µmol H + /s/pH unit/mg protein at pH 9.8, respectively). The present study revealed that the buffering capacity and membrane H + conductance of the B. flexus isolates were influenced by pH of the medium.
... Approved Standard. Wayne, Pennsylvania. NCCLS Document M38-A, 2002, [ISBN 1-56238-470-8]. [17... more ... Approved Standard. Wayne, Pennsylvania. NCCLS Document M38-A, 2002, [ISBN 1-56238-470-8]. [17] Senthilkumar M, Gurumoorthi P, Janardhanan K. Antibacterial potential of some plants used by tribals in Maruthamalai hills, Tamil Nadu. Nat Prod Radian, 2005, 4: 27-...
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternatives to tr... more Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternatives to treat diabetes mellitus. Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit is widely used in the traditional system of medicine to treat diabetes. In the present study methyl caffeate, isolated from S. torvum fruit, was screened for its efficacy in controlling diabetes in animal models. Antihyperglycemic effect of methyl caffeate was studied in normal glucose-fed rats. The effects of oral administration of methyl caffeate (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) for 28 days on body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, total protein, hepatic glycogen and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were investigated. Histological observations in the pancreas and GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles were also studied. Methyl caffeate at 40 mg/kg significantly prevented the increase in blood glucose level after glucose administration at 60 min in comparison to the hyperglycemic control group. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, methyl caffeate produced significant reduction in blood glucose and increased body weight. The levels and/or activities of other biochemical parameters were near normal due to treatment with methyl caffeate. Methyl caffeate treated diabetic rats showed upregulation of GLUT4 and regeneration of β-cells in the pancreas. These results substantiated that methyl caffeate possessed hypoglycemic effect, and it could be developed into a potent oral antidiabetic drug.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, 2013
Background: The present study was aimed at isolating an antidiabetic molecule from a herbal sourc... more Background: The present study was aimed at isolating an antidiabetic molecule from a herbal source and assessing its mechanism of action. Methods: Embelin, isolated from Embelia ribes Burm. (Myrsinaceae) fruit, was evaluated for its potential to regulate insulin resistance, alter β-cell dysfunction and modulate key markers involved in insulin sensitivity and glucose transport using high-fat diet (HFD) fed-streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Molecular-dockings were performed to investigate the binding modes of embelin into PPARγ, PI3K, p-Akt and GLUT4 active sites. Results: Embelin (50 mg/kg b wt.) reduced body weight gain, blood glucose and plasma insulin in treated diabetic rats. It further modulated the altered lipid profiles and antioxidant enzymes with cytoprotective action on β-cell. Embelin significantly increased the PPARγ expression in epididymal adipose tissue compared to diabetic control group; it also inhibited adipogenic activity; it mildly activated PPARγ levels in the liver and skeletal muscle. It also regulated insulin mediated glucose uptake in epididymal adipose tissue through translocation and activation of GLUT4 in PI3K/p-Akt signaling cascade. Embelin bound to PPARγ; it disclosed stable binding affinities to the active sites of PI3K, p-Akt and GLUT4. Conclusions: These findings show that embelin could improve adipose tissue insulin sensitivity without increasing weight gain, enhance glycemic control, protect β-cell from damage and maintain glucose homeostasis in adipose tissue. General significance: Embelin can be used in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused due to obesity.
Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 2013
Two natural alkaloids viz., Vasicine acetate and 2-Acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Adhatoda vas... more Two natural alkaloids viz., Vasicine acetate and 2-Acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Adhatoda vasica leaves, showed antifeedant, larvicidal and moult inhibiting properties against diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in laboratory experiments. Maximum antifeedant activity of 98.5% was recorded at 1000 ppm concentration of Vasicine acetate treatment, whereas as 2-Acetyl benzyl amine recorded only 71.4% antifeedant activity at 1000 ppm concentration. Azadirachtin treatment presented 82% antifeedant activity at the highest concentration (1000 ppm). Both the active compounds of A. vasica showed lethal toxicity on larvae and pupae. The highest larvicidal and pupicidal activities were recorded in 2-Acetyl benzylamine treatment at 125 ppm concentration. The two A. vasica compounds also affected the normal growth and development and moulting process of P. xylostella. Final moulting of larvae into pupae was disrupted by the treatments, which resulted in larval–pupal intermediates and abnormal pupae. Treatments also produced small-size pupae and malformed adults with poorly developed wings.
Regeneration of viable plants was obtained via organogenesis from mature embryonal axes explants ... more Regeneration of viable plants was obtained via organogenesis from mature embryonal axes explants of pigeonpea. Shoots were produced from the apical region of embryonal axes after 20 days of dark incubation on modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium containing 8.86 µM benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.07 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). When the explants were cultured under light-dark (16-8 hrs) conditions, shoots were initiated only after 65 days of culture initiation. The explants lost their ability to regenerate plantlets when they were cultured in continuous light. Regenerated shoots elongated either in the same medium or in MS basal medium. About 40% of the elongated shoots sequentially produced simple, bifoliate and finally trifoliate leaves instead of producing trifoliate leaves directly. The elongated shoots were rooted efficiently upon transferring them to half strength MS medium supplemented with 2.41 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to soil after hardening.
Multiple shoots were efficiently regenerated from cotyledonary node and shoot tip explants of Pis... more Multiple shoots were efficiently regenerated from cotyledonary node and shoot tip explants of Pisum sativum within 15 days on MS medium containing B 5 vitamins and supplelmented with 2.0 mgl −1 6-benzylaminopurine. The elongated shoots produced on the same medium were excised and transferred to MS medium containing half strength ammonium nitrate (8.25 gml −1) and supplemented with auxins (indole-3-butyric acid or naphthalene acetic acid) either alone or in combinations with gibberellic acid. Rooting and flowering were observed on the 7th and 15th day after their transfer to rooting medium. The flowers self-fertilised in vitro and produced mature pods within 25 days of rooting. These seeds were germinable both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro seeds sown in pots under field conditions developed into flowering plants, and subsequently produced pods with viable seeds.
Sexually mature black gram plantlets were efficiently regenerated from seed-derived cotyledon and... more Sexually mature black gram plantlets were efficiently regenerated from seed-derived cotyledon and embryonal axis explants.The explants were capable of producing multiple shoots when cultured on modified MS medium containing B5 vitamins supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) within 15 days. The regenerated shoots were elongated on MS basal medium and rooted on MS medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
In the present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma viridae were evaluated for their pot... more In the present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma viridae were evaluated for their potential to degrade pesticides such as monochrotophos and methyl parathion. Soil alone, soil with pesticides, and soil with microbes and pesticides were taken as experimental modules. After 30 days of treatment different morphometric and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Percent germination, shoot and root length, content of chlorophyll-a, and b, total chlorophyll, protein and carotenoids were highly reduced in pesticide alone treated soil. However when the pesticide treated soil was mixed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma viridae, the above mentioned parameters were restored to near normal indicating their capacity to degrade the pesticides. The present investigation showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more efficient in degrading monochrotophos and methyl parathion.
Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 2012
ABSTRACT Different organic solvent crude extracts from the leaves of Alangium salviifolium (L.F.)... more ABSTRACT Different organic solvent crude extracts from the leaves of Alangium salviifolium (L.F.) Wangerin, were tested for their feeding deterrence, larvicidal activity and protein concentrations on the fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura L. under laboratory conditions. Treatments were given through two different host plant leaves such as brinjal and castor. The bioassay was carried out at different concentrations viz., 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 and 5%. The maximum antifeedant activity in brinjal (52.0%) and castor (29.97%) leaf discs was recorded in ethyl acetate extract as compared with hexane and chloroform extracts at 5% concentration. The result of larvicidal activity revealed that the maximum larval mortality was registered in brinjal leaves (65.81%) and castor with (57.48%) in ethyl acetate extract as compared to hexane and chloroform extracts at 5% concentration. The ethyl acetate extract of A. salviifolium contained alkaloids, diterpenoids, and saponins. The treatment also reduced haemolymph protein concentration after 48 h.
Herbal Insecticides, Repellents and Biomedicines: Effectiveness and Commercialization, 2016
Mosquitoes are the most dreadful bloodsucking insects in the world, and though tiny in size, they... more Mosquitoes are the most dreadful bloodsucking insects in the world, and though tiny in size, they inflict most human deaths worldwide. They transmit deadly pathogens like Plasmodium, chikungunya virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. Worldwide, there are 3500 species of mosquitoes grouped into 41 genera, but only 100 species are reported as vectors of human and other vertebrate diseases. India contributes nearly 34 % of global dengue and 11 % of global malaria cases. During the year 2012, nearly 1.13 million people were infected with dengue, malaria and chikungunya in India, and 766 succumbed to these diseases. In India, three genera, namely, Aedes, Anopheles and Culex, are the most common groups of mosquitoes found almost in all regions. Aedes spp. transmit dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever, Anopheles spp. transmit malaria, and Culex spp. transmit filariasis and Japanese encephalitis. In recent years, a decrease in the malaria and filariasis cases has been reported, but the number of infected cases and mortality due to dengue is steadily increasing. The failure in mosquito control is mainly due to the inefficiency of synthetic pesticides and repellents. Mosquitoes have developed resistance to almost all types of chemical insecticides. The increasing number of mosquito breeding sites and the destruction of mosquitoes’ natural enemies are also contributing to the sudden rise in mosquito population and mosquito-borne diseases. Application of synthetic chemicals in water bodies is unsafe to humans and nontarget organisms. Microbial pesticides and botanical pesticides are eco-friendly and target specific compared to synthetic pesticides. Microbial pesticides obtained from actinomycetes, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), B. sphaericus (Bs) and many other microorganisms are reported as eco-friendly alternatives for mosquito control. A large number of Bt strains have been reported to possess insecticidal properties against different groups of insects. B. thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is an important pathogenic bacterium to mosquitoes. The secondary metabolites of some microorganisms are potential toxins against mosquito larvae at very low concentrations. Spinosad, a potent insecticide, has been isolated from the actinomycete bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. In this review, potentially effective actinomycetes and other microorganisms against mosquito larvae and their effective bioactive compounds are described. The review also presents up-to-date information on the efficacy of microbial pesticides in mosquito control, their biosafety, field efficacy and commercial applications.
Antibacterial activity of aqueous residues of 16 different ethnomedicinal plants have been studie... more Antibacterial activity of aqueous residues of 16 different ethnomedicinal plants have been studied. The effect of the aqueous extract at two different weights of plant residues, 30 and 40 mg, were tested against three gram positive bacteria and seven gram negative bacteria by the filter paper disc diffusion method. Among the tested plants, Cleome gynandropsis and Ageratum conyzoides showed a significant control of the growth of Alkaligens 6iscolactis, Klebsiella aerogenas, Bacillus cerues and Streptococcus pyogens. The maximum inhibitions were observed in Tridax procumbens, Cleome 6iscosa, Acalypha indica and Boerhaa6ia erecta against Aeromonas hydrophilla and Bacillus cerues.
American Journal of Plant Physiology is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal dedicat... more American Journal of Plant Physiology is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal dedicated to publish and disseminate original and high quality information governing basic processes in plant physiology and development. Scope of the journal covers: physiology, biochemistry, ...
A new crystal compound 2, 5-diacetoxy-2-benzyl-4, 4, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclohexanedione was i... more A new crystal compound 2, 5-diacetoxy-2-benzyl-4, 4, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclohexanedione was isolated from the leaves of Syzygium lineare. The insecticidal activity of the compound was assessed against fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. Its activity ...
The various methods and experiments of genetic transformation and regeneration of the important p... more The various methods and experiments of genetic transformation and regeneration of the important pulses belonging to the legume genera Phaseo/us and Wgna are reviewed. As the literature of these topics is widely dispersed in different journals, some of which are not easily available, details are given on the genotypes studied, and the media and hormones used. The results obtained so far are described, and some new attempts made in our laboratory are shown. The problems in legume biotechnology and some future aims are briefly discussed.
Anticancer activity of 9,10 anthraquinone isolated from soil derived (Doddabetta forest, Nilgiris... more Anticancer activity of 9,10 anthraquinone isolated from soil derived (Doddabetta forest, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India) filamentous bacterium Streptomyces sp. isolate ERINLG 26 was tested to explore the molecular mechanisms of action. The culture liquid ethyl acetate extract showed high cytotoxic activity against tested colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line COLO320. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by column chromatography over silica gel and preparative HPLC. The isolated compound, 9,10 anthraquinone, showed prominent cytotoxic activity in vitro against colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line COLO320. It showed 79.7% cytotoxicity at concentration of compound 300 µg/mL with IC 50 value of 75 µg/mL. Treatment of the COLO320 cancer cells with isolated 9,10 anthraquinone significantly reduced cell proliferation and increased formation of fragmented DNA and apoptotic bodies. The expression of p53 and caspase 3 was up regulated by 9,10 anthraquinone in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line COLO320.
A facultative alkaliphilic protease-producing gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (EMGA 5) was isol... more A facultative alkaliphilic protease-producing gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (EMGA 5) was isolated from mangrove soil and confirmed as Bacillus flexus by the 16S rDNA sequence. Buffering capacity and membrane H + conductance of this alkaliphilic isolate were investigated for the cells grown at pH 7.2 and 10.5 using acid pulse technique. Suspensions of B. flexus cells grown in poly peptone yeast glucose medium at pH 10.5 exhibited higher cytoplasmic membrane buffering capacity values (70 µmol H + /pH unit/mg protein at pH 9.9) than the cells grown at pH 7.2 (41 µmol H + /pH unit/mg protein at pH 9.9). B. flexus grown aerobically at pH 7.2 showed higher H + conductance values than the cells grown at pH 10.5 (0.032 µmol H + /s/pH unit/mg protein at pH 9.9 and 0.028 µmol H + /s/pH unit/mg protein at pH 9.8, respectively). The present study revealed that the buffering capacity and membrane H + conductance of the B. flexus isolates were influenced by pH of the medium.
... Approved Standard. Wayne, Pennsylvania. NCCLS Document M38-A, 2002, [ISBN 1-56238-470-8]. [17... more ... Approved Standard. Wayne, Pennsylvania. NCCLS Document M38-A, 2002, [ISBN 1-56238-470-8]. [17] Senthilkumar M, Gurumoorthi P, Janardhanan K. Antibacterial potential of some plants used by tribals in Maruthamalai hills, Tamil Nadu. Nat Prod Radian, 2005, 4: 27-...
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternatives to tr... more Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternatives to treat diabetes mellitus. Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit is widely used in the traditional system of medicine to treat diabetes. In the present study methyl caffeate, isolated from S. torvum fruit, was screened for its efficacy in controlling diabetes in animal models. Antihyperglycemic effect of methyl caffeate was studied in normal glucose-fed rats. The effects of oral administration of methyl caffeate (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) for 28 days on body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, total protein, hepatic glycogen and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were investigated. Histological observations in the pancreas and GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles were also studied. Methyl caffeate at 40 mg/kg significantly prevented the increase in blood glucose level after glucose administration at 60 min in comparison to the hyperglycemic control group. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, methyl caffeate produced significant reduction in blood glucose and increased body weight. The levels and/or activities of other biochemical parameters were near normal due to treatment with methyl caffeate. Methyl caffeate treated diabetic rats showed upregulation of GLUT4 and regeneration of β-cells in the pancreas. These results substantiated that methyl caffeate possessed hypoglycemic effect, and it could be developed into a potent oral antidiabetic drug.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, 2013
Background: The present study was aimed at isolating an antidiabetic molecule from a herbal sourc... more Background: The present study was aimed at isolating an antidiabetic molecule from a herbal source and assessing its mechanism of action. Methods: Embelin, isolated from Embelia ribes Burm. (Myrsinaceae) fruit, was evaluated for its potential to regulate insulin resistance, alter β-cell dysfunction and modulate key markers involved in insulin sensitivity and glucose transport using high-fat diet (HFD) fed-streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Molecular-dockings were performed to investigate the binding modes of embelin into PPARγ, PI3K, p-Akt and GLUT4 active sites. Results: Embelin (50 mg/kg b wt.) reduced body weight gain, blood glucose and plasma insulin in treated diabetic rats. It further modulated the altered lipid profiles and antioxidant enzymes with cytoprotective action on β-cell. Embelin significantly increased the PPARγ expression in epididymal adipose tissue compared to diabetic control group; it also inhibited adipogenic activity; it mildly activated PPARγ levels in the liver and skeletal muscle. It also regulated insulin mediated glucose uptake in epididymal adipose tissue through translocation and activation of GLUT4 in PI3K/p-Akt signaling cascade. Embelin bound to PPARγ; it disclosed stable binding affinities to the active sites of PI3K, p-Akt and GLUT4. Conclusions: These findings show that embelin could improve adipose tissue insulin sensitivity without increasing weight gain, enhance glycemic control, protect β-cell from damage and maintain glucose homeostasis in adipose tissue. General significance: Embelin can be used in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused due to obesity.
Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 2013
Two natural alkaloids viz., Vasicine acetate and 2-Acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Adhatoda vas... more Two natural alkaloids viz., Vasicine acetate and 2-Acetyl benzylamine, isolated from Adhatoda vasica leaves, showed antifeedant, larvicidal and moult inhibiting properties against diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in laboratory experiments. Maximum antifeedant activity of 98.5% was recorded at 1000 ppm concentration of Vasicine acetate treatment, whereas as 2-Acetyl benzyl amine recorded only 71.4% antifeedant activity at 1000 ppm concentration. Azadirachtin treatment presented 82% antifeedant activity at the highest concentration (1000 ppm). Both the active compounds of A. vasica showed lethal toxicity on larvae and pupae. The highest larvicidal and pupicidal activities were recorded in 2-Acetyl benzylamine treatment at 125 ppm concentration. The two A. vasica compounds also affected the normal growth and development and moulting process of P. xylostella. Final moulting of larvae into pupae was disrupted by the treatments, which resulted in larval–pupal intermediates and abnormal pupae. Treatments also produced small-size pupae and malformed adults with poorly developed wings.
Regeneration of viable plants was obtained via organogenesis from mature embryonal axes explants ... more Regeneration of viable plants was obtained via organogenesis from mature embryonal axes explants of pigeonpea. Shoots were produced from the apical region of embryonal axes after 20 days of dark incubation on modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium containing 8.86 µM benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.07 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). When the explants were cultured under light-dark (16-8 hrs) conditions, shoots were initiated only after 65 days of culture initiation. The explants lost their ability to regenerate plantlets when they were cultured in continuous light. Regenerated shoots elongated either in the same medium or in MS basal medium. About 40% of the elongated shoots sequentially produced simple, bifoliate and finally trifoliate leaves instead of producing trifoliate leaves directly. The elongated shoots were rooted efficiently upon transferring them to half strength MS medium supplemented with 2.41 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to soil after hardening.
Multiple shoots were efficiently regenerated from cotyledonary node and shoot tip explants of Pis... more Multiple shoots were efficiently regenerated from cotyledonary node and shoot tip explants of Pisum sativum within 15 days on MS medium containing B 5 vitamins and supplelmented with 2.0 mgl −1 6-benzylaminopurine. The elongated shoots produced on the same medium were excised and transferred to MS medium containing half strength ammonium nitrate (8.25 gml −1) and supplemented with auxins (indole-3-butyric acid or naphthalene acetic acid) either alone or in combinations with gibberellic acid. Rooting and flowering were observed on the 7th and 15th day after their transfer to rooting medium. The flowers self-fertilised in vitro and produced mature pods within 25 days of rooting. These seeds were germinable both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro seeds sown in pots under field conditions developed into flowering plants, and subsequently produced pods with viable seeds.
Sexually mature black gram plantlets were efficiently regenerated from seed-derived cotyledon and... more Sexually mature black gram plantlets were efficiently regenerated from seed-derived cotyledon and embryonal axis explants.The explants were capable of producing multiple shoots when cultured on modified MS medium containing B5 vitamins supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) within 15 days. The regenerated shoots were elongated on MS basal medium and rooted on MS medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
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