Papers by Rossita Shapawi
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 2013
This study was conducted to determine the potential of a prototype feeding stimulant (FS) compris... more This study was conducted to determine the potential of a prototype feeding stimulant (FS) comprised of amino acids and nucleotides to improve the weaning of Oxyeleotris marmoratus. Two diets (control and FS) were formulated and fed to 2 groups of fish for 14 days. Six fish were in each group. Each fish was in one aquarium and each fish was a replicate. The body lengths were 7.7-9.3 cm. Each fish was given 5 pelleted feeds at 17:00 daily and the ingested feeds were recorded the next day at 12:00. Fish fed the FS diet started ingestion on the 1 st day and attained a higher ingestion ratio of 0.5 and 50% were successfully weaned. However, on the 8 th day, fish fed the control diet had an ingestion ratio of 0.17 and 16.7% were successfully weaned. In conclusion, the FS efficiently promoted feed intake and it can be used to improve the weaning of O. marmoratus.
The present study was conducted to determine the possibility of replacing the commercial fish mea... more The present study was conducted to determine the possibility of replacing the commercial fish meal (FM) with the locally produced fish by-product meal (FBPM) in the diets for red tilapia (phenotypically Oreochromis niloticus) fry (body weight ~0.54 g). Five isoproteic and isolipidic experimental diets with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% inclusion levels of FBPM were formulated and hand-fed to triplicate groups of fish (20 fish/ group) twice a day. After 6 weeks, fish fed FBPM 50 attained the highest final body weight (4.7±0.3 g; mean ±SD), weight gain (764.8±47.2%), specific growth rate (5.1±0.1%/day), feed intake (7.2±0.4 g/fish), protein efficient ratio (1.7±0.2), and the best feed conversion ratio (0.9±0.1). All fish fed FBPM-based diets also attained the better survival (93-95%) than those fed control diet (83%). Since FBPM is a by-product of marine fisheries industry, it should be considered as a major protein source in the diets for red tilapia fry.
This study was conducted to determine the acceptability to betaine as a feed enhancer in the brow... more This study was conducted to determine the acceptability to betaine as a feed enhancer in the brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus at grow-out stage. Different ratios of betaine (BET) + amino acid mixture (AAM) (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5) were delivered to the fish through agar gel pellets in the behavioural assays and the Index of Preference (IndPrf) was calculated. The pure agar gel (PAG) pellet was totally rejected (IndPrf value 0), while the BET and AAM treatments also were not preferred by the fish (0.24 and 0.41, respectively). However, all BET + AAM treatments attained almost perfect IndPrf value (0.83-1.0, P>0.05), and were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the PAG, BET, and AAM treatments. In conclusion, the acceptability to betaine as feed enhancer in the E. fuscoguttatus at grow-out stage was very high; small amount of betaine was sufficient to enhance the taste of the AAM.
Sustainable Marine Structures, 2021
This study was undertaken to examine the options and feasibility of deploying new technologies fo... more This study was undertaken to examine the options and feasibility of deploying new technologies for transforming the aquaculture sector with the objective of increasing the production efficiency. Selection of technologies to obtain the expected outcome should, obviously, be consistent with the criteria of sustainable development. There is a range of technologies being suggested for driving change in aquaculture to enhance its contribution to food security. It is necessary to highlight the complexity of issues for systems approach that can shape the course of development of aquaculture so that it can live-up to the expected fish demand by 2030 in addition to the current quantity of 82.1 million tons. Some of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) technologies suggested to achieve this target envisage the use of real-time monitoring, integration of a constant stream of data from connected production systems and intelligent automation in controls. This requires application of mobile d...
Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021
Different types and inclusion levels of palm oil were incorporated in the enriched diets of L-typ... more Different types and inclusion levels of palm oil were incorporated in the enriched diets of L-type rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, and fed to Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) larvae. The dietary fish oil was replaced with either 50 or 75% of crude palm oil, CPO (CPO50, CPO75) and refined bleached deodorized palm olein, RPO (RPO50, RPO75). The enriched diet containing 100% fish oil (FO100) was used as the experimental control. Triplicate groups of the fish larvae of initial length 2.72 ± 0.14 mm were fed with enriched rotifer for 15 days. In general, palm oil-based enriched diets performed better than the control diet (FO100). Specifically, final mean body weight (31.3 ± 9.2 mg), final mean total length (11.5 ± 1.6 mm), SGR (29.0 ± 1.4%/day) and WG (7,769.4 ± 1,510.8%) of Asian seabass larvae fed RPO75 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to those fed the other palm oil-based diet and FO100. The rotifer enriched with palm oil significantly affected the body proximate comp...
Artificially collected eggs of Cromileptes altivelis were observed before and after fertilization... more Artificially collected eggs of Cromileptes altivelis were observed before and after fertilization. Newly ovulated eggs (125 g, 1,995 eggs/g) were stripped from a female (1.2 kg). Immediately after fertilization , the eggs absorbed water and became fully spherical with a hard covering membrane. Each egg had an oil globule . The diameter of the fertilized eggs ranged from 0.80 to 0.86 mm. The egg development was also observed. The eggs hatched from 23 h 39 min to 28 h after fertilization at 26.3-27.8•Ž. The fertilization and hatching rates were 90.5% and 73.8%, respectively.
Aacl Bioflux, 2019
Insect meal is gaining popularity as an alternative protein source to reduce the dependency on fi... more Insect meal is gaining popularity as an alternative protein source to reduce the dependency on fishmeal in the formulation of aquaculture feed. In the present study, a 12-week feeding trial was carried out to examine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (ADCDM), protein (ADCCP), and lipid (ADCCL) for three different types of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) meal; spraydried BSFL (SPR), oven-dried BSFL 1 (OVN1) and oven-dried BSFL 2 (OVN2) in the diets formulated for hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E. lanceolatus). A reference diet (RD) was formulated using fishmeal and soybean meal. Meanwhile, the test diets were formulated to contain 70% RD and 30% BSFL meal. Chromic oxide was added at 0.5% as digestibility marker. The diets were fed to juvenile hybrid groupers with an initial weight of 11.5±0.9 g, stocked at a density of 15 fish per tank. Faeces were collected from triplicate groups of fish throughout the feeding trial. The ADC ...
The present study was conducted to investigate the growth performance and feed utilization of mar... more The present study was conducted to investigate the growth performance and feed utilization of marble goby,Oxyeleotris marmorata, juveniles fed with different levels of dietary lipid. Juvenile fish (initial mean weight 2.76 g) were fed with is onitrogenous diets including 10, 14, 18 and 22% of dietary lipid in triplicate groups for 15 weeks. The results showed that the highest growth performance and feed utilization was observed in fish fed D10. The increase of dietary lipid from 10 to 22 % did not improve growth, feed conversion rates, protein efficiency ratio, nitrogen retention efficiency, and apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and lipid (P>0.05). The increase of dietary lipid had significantly increased the whole body and hepatic lipid, hepato-somatic index, visceral-somatic index and intraperitoneal fat levels (P<0.05). These results suggest that there is no protein sparing effect of high dietary lipid levels in O. Marmorata due to possibly a limited ability to...
Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture (BJoMSA), 2017
This study was conducted to determine the taste preference of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscogu... more This study was conducted to determine the taste preference of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) for nucleoside (inosine - INO) and nucleotides (inosine-5’-monophosphate – IMP and guanosine-5’-monophosphate - GMP), which are commonly used as feeding stimulants in fish diets. Behavioural assay was conducted by feeding the fish with the agar gel pellets that contained the taste substances and observing their feeding response through video recording. Preference Index (PrfInd; minimum = 0, maximum = 1) was calculated to evaluate the fish preference for the taste substances tested. Data so collected suggested that INO, IMP, and GMP were generally preferable by the hybrid grouper. However, INO was the most potential FS for both S and L sizes (19.7 ± 1.4 g and 162.3 ± 50.5 g in BW, mean ± S.D.) hybrid grouper based on its functional dosage. In the S size fish, INO attained high PrfInd at both 0.1% and 1% (0.84 and 1) concentration levels, while I...
Four isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) diets containing four differ... more Four isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) diets containing four different carbohydrate sources (tapioca, corn, sago and dextrin) at the same inclusion level (20%) were fed to triplicate groups of fish for 67 days. The fish were cultured in 150L fiberglass tanks with 20 individuals/tank. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance and feed intake of fish fed diets tapioca, corn and sago were better than those fed diet dextrin. Body indices, muscle and liver composition were also affected by the dietary treatments. Sago diet produced fish with significantly higher glucose and lower total protein than other diets. Meanwhile, only mean cell volume and platelet count of blood were affected by the carbohydrate sources. In general, the values of digestibility for dry matter, protein and lipid were considered high in all diets, with significant differences detected among them. In conclusion, all tested starches performed significantly better than dextrin a...
Aacl Bioflux, 2016
This study was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttat... more This study was conducted to evaluate the acceptability of hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ A— Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ on diets with different inclusion levels of soybean meal. A total of five dietary treatments with 0, 30, 40, 60, and 80% of fish meal protein replaced by soybean meal (SBM) protein (namely SBM0, SBM30, SBM40, SBM60, and SBM80, respectively) were fed to triplicate groups of fish for 14 days, and the feed intake, weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival were evaluated. The overall feed intake (mean ± SD, n = 3) of fish fed all dietary treatments with SBM inclusion (SBM30, 13.6±0.9 g fish-1; SBM40, 14.3±1.6 g fish-1; SBM60, 13.9±1.6 g fish-1) were not significantly different (p > 0.05) with that of the SBM0 (15.4±1.2 g fish-1), except SBM80 (9.4±2.9 g fish-1). The fish acceptance to SBM30, SBM40, and SBM60 were also as good as the SBM0 diet in the feed intake calculated once every 2 days. The fish fully accepted SBM30, SBM40, and SBM60 d...
Aquaculture Nutrition, 2021
A 14-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary L-ascorbyl-2polyphospha... more A 14-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary L-ascorbyl-2polyphosphate on the growth performance, haematological parameters, biochemical characteristics, and skeletal features of juvenile hybrid grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂E. lanceolatus). Eight experimental diets containing graded vitamin C (VC) levels (0, 18, 45, 78, 144, 245, 386, and 762 mg/kg) were prepared and fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight: 10.41 ± 0.06 g). The final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rates, and fish survival increased when fed with diets supplemented with VC regardless of the supplementation level. Total feed intake reduction was observed in fish fed non-VC diet. Whereas no significant differences were detected in the feed conversion ratios and protein efficiency ratios among fish treatments. The hepatic VC concentration was positively correlated with dietary VC supplementation and reached a plateau when supplemented with more than 386 mg/kg diet. Higher total protein and alkaline phosphatase levels in blood serum and incidence of skeletal deformities were recorded in the fish fed with a control diet compared to other treatments. The results indicate that adding 18 mg/kg of VC is optimum and further increase does not provide any significant benefit to fish growth and health.
Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture (BJoMSA), 2019
The present study was aimed at evaluating the growth performance and feed utilization of marble g... more The present study was aimed at evaluating the growth performance and feed utilization of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) juveniles fed with the acidified diets (AD). In feeding trial I, five fish meal-based diets were prepared [control (pH 6.0), AD 5.3, 4.3, 3.2 and 2.5]. Each diet was fed to triplicate batches of wild-caught O. marmorata (19 fish/ tank; total length, TL = 4.72±0.46 cm) for 8 weeks. The control, AD 5.3, and AD 4.3 treatments were terminated at week 4, due to drastic decline in total feed intake (TFI=0–0.05 g) and weight loss (weight gain, WG = -15.3 to -16.9%) in the fish. The AD 3.2 and AD 2.5 treatments were continued until week 8. Fish fed with the AD 3.2 showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) TFI (0.98 g) compared to those fed with the AD 2.5 (0.73 g) at the end of the trial. Feeding trial II was done to assess the long-term effects of AD for another 7 weeks. Thirty fish specimens were randomly selected from each of AD 3.2 and AD 2.5 treatments and sto...
Sains Malaysiana, 2020
The performance of crude palm oil (CPO)-based diets in the grow-out stage of hybrid grouper (Epin... more The performance of crude palm oil (CPO)-based diets in the grow-out stage of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) was examined in a net-seacage culture system. Isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (16% crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated to replace fish oil (FO) at 25% increment level; 25CPO, 50CPO, 75CPO, and 100CPO. The FO-based diet was formulated to serve as a control treatment (100FO). Triplicate groups of hybrid grouper containing 30 fish per treatment were stocked in 15 cages and fed once daily. After 4 months of feeding trial, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in terms of growth performance, survival, feed utilization efficiency, body indices, fillet yield, and condition factor of fish fed different experimental diets. Except for total cholesterol, all parameters for blood analysis showed no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments. Findings from the organoleptic test showed that all fillets were well accepted by the consumers without any significant differences in their scores (p>0.05). In conclusion, CPO is an excellent source of lipid to replace fish oil in the grow-out diet for hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus.
Aquaculture Reports, 2020
This study was conducted to identify the effects of organic acid supplementation on 50 % replacem... more This study was conducted to identify the effects of organic acid supplementation on 50 % replacement of fish-meal by soybean meal on the growth performance, hepatic condition and intestinal histology of giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus. Giant grouper juveniles were fed three different diets, 50 % fishmeal protein replacement with soybean meal (SBM50), 50 % fishmeal protein replacement with soybean meal added 1% butyric acid supplementation (SBM50 +1%) and fishmeal diet (FM) as the control. All diets were formulated isoproteic (48 %) and isolipidic (12 %). Experimental fishes were cultured in a recirculating system and fed twice daily until apparent satiation level. Growth performance, hepatic condition and histological changes were observed in the feeding trial. Highest growth was seen in fish fed FM (p < 0.05), followed by SBM50 and SBM50 +1% showed the lowest growth. Better feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) was also observed in fish fed FM (p < 0.05) followed by fish fed SBM50 and SBM50 +1%. Meanwhile, hepatic superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed FM was higher, followed by SBM50 +1% and SBM50 not significant and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of fish fed FM was significantly lower (p<0.05) followed by SBM50 +1% and SBM50. Fish fed FM also showed significantly bigger hepatocytes (p < 0.05) and significantly higher glycogen content (p < 0.05) compared to SBM50 and SBM50 +1%. On the other hand, inclusion of 1% butyric acid helped in mitigating intestinal inflammation caused by soybean meal although not significant. Findings from this study showed that 1% butyric acid did not help in optimizing high levels of plant based protein for giant grouper juveniles.
Malaysian Journal of Science, 2015
Journal of King Saud University - Science, 2018
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary ascorbic acid required by the juve... more A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary ascorbic acid required by the juvenile hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus for its optimum growth, survival, and normal skeletal development. Eight experimental diets containing graded levels of ascorbic acid (4.8, 11.2, 24.1, 47.2, 75.6, 95.4, 156.2, and 303.0 mg/kg) were prepared and labeled as C5, C11, C24, C47, C76, C95, C156 and C303, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish [initial weight 7.71 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD)]. The fish were cultured in 150 L of fiber glass tank supplied with aeration and flow-through seawater system (3 L min −1) with the stocking density of 15 individual per tank. During the feeding trial, fish were hand-fed with the experimental diets to apparent satiation twice a day (8:00 and 15:00). Bulk weight of each fish group was measured at 2 weeks interval. At the end of the experiment, fish were sacrificed and subjected to radiographic imaging to detect the presence of skeletal deformities. The body weight gain (BWG) of fish was in the range from 628.51 ± 39.61 to 880.18 ± 113.30%. Fish fed with the C156 diet gained the highest BWG and specific growth rate (SGR). In the present study, ascorbic acid level did not affect the survival of the hybrid grouper. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) value in all dietary treatments appeared to be less than 1, indicating hybrid grouper have high efficiency of converting feed into body mass. Multiple types of skeletal deformities (fusion, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis) were observed in the fish fed with the diets containing less than 95 mg/kg of ascorbic acid. In conclusion, dietary ascorbic acid levels can affect the growth performance and normal skeletal development in the hybrid grouper. Although 95 mg/kg was sufficient for normal skeletal development, 156 mg/kg of dietary ascorbic acid is recommended for feed development to maintain the optimum growth and normal skeletal development in the fish.
Aquaculture Research, 2017
Hybrid grouper juveniles (body weight, 6.1 ± 0.7 g) (brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscogutt... more Hybrid grouper juveniles (body weight, 6.1 ± 0.7 g) (brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × giant grouper, E. lanceolatus) were fed with six isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (12% crude lipid) feeds containing different levels of soy protein concentrate (SPC) in replacement of fish meal (SPC at 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% protein) and control feed (SPC0) for 6 weeks. Hybrid grouper juveniles were cultured in 100-L fibreglass tank equipped with flow-through water system and fed twice a day to apparent satiation level. The highest and lowest growth was recorded in fish fed SPC20 and SPC60 respectively. However, growth of SPC20 was not significantly higher than those fed SPC0, SPC30, SPC40 and SPC50 (p > .05). A decreasing growth trend was observed with the increasing level of SPC from feed SPC40 to SPC60. A noticeable better feed utilization was also observed in fish fed SPC0, SPC20, SPC30, SPC40 and SPC50 compared to fish fed SPC60 (p < .05). The fish condition factor, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and whole body proximate content of the fish were not affected by the graded levels of SPC. However, the body lipid content was significantly lower in fish fed SPC40 to SPC60 (p < .05). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein and lipid was significantly higher in fish fed SPC0 and SPC20 compared to other dietary treatments (p < .05). Based on the regression analysis on specific growth rate, the study suggests that the hybrid grouper grow best at 21.4% and can utilize up to 50% inclusion level of SPC in protein without significantly affect their growth and its body condition.
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Papers by Rossita Shapawi