Papers by Rosemary Taylor
O termo "neo-institucionalismo" é utilizado na ciência política para designar uma perspectiva teó... more O termo "neo-institucionalismo" é utilizado na ciência política para designar uma perspectiva teórica que atrai muita atenção e também certas críticas. Reina, contudo, grande confusão no que concerne ao sentido preciso do termo, às diferenças que o distinguem de outros procedimentos, e ao tipo de esperanças e de problemas que ele suscita. Pretendese aqui fornecer algumas respostas provisórias a essa questão mediante um exame de alguns trabalhos representativos dessa escola na sua fase de expansão, nos anos 80 até meados dos anos 90. Uma grande parte da confusão que cerca o neo-institucionalismo desaparece quando se admite que ele não constitui uma corrente de pensamento unificada. Ao contrário, pelo menos três métodos de análise diferentes, todos reivindicando o título de "neo-institucionalismo", apareceram de 1980 em diante. Designaremos essas três escolas de pensamento como institucionalismo histórico, institucionalismo da escolha racional e institucionalismo sociológico 1. Esses diferentes métodos desenvolveramse como reação contra as perspectivas behavioristas, que foram influentes
International Review of Community Development, 1983
La prévention est le lieu d’une confrontation politique majeure aux États-Unis. De plus en plus, ... more La prévention est le lieu d’une confrontation politique majeure aux États-Unis. De plus en plus, les stratégies de prévention s’inspirent d’une idéologie qui reporte sur les individus la responsabilité de leur santé et de leur bien-être personnel. L’article analyse comment, depuis la fin des années soixante-dix, s’est imposée cette conception individualisante de la prévention et comment elle parvient à influencer les décisions de l’État, tant en ce qui concerne le financement que l’orientation de sa politique de santé. L’article décrit les interventions récentes de l’administration Reagan visant à limiter la portée de diverses réglementations et agences gouvernementales vouées à la prévention, qu’il s’agisse de conditions de travail, d’environnement ou d’hygiène publique. Deux théories étiologiques s’affrontent : l’une qui reçoit le soutien du gouvernement, des industries, du pouvoir médical met l’accent sur les habitudes quotidiennes pathogènes; l’autre met en relief l’importance d...
Revue d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 2013
The objective of this study is to outline a capabilities approach to the social determinants of p... more The objective of this study is to outline a capabilities approach to the social determinants of population health and to compare its explanatory power and implications for public policy-making with psychosocial approaches. A model linking the structures of economic and social relations to health outcomes is developed and logistic methods used to confirm its base validity for a representative sample of 16,488 citizens in 19 developed democracies drawn from the World Values Surveys of 1990 and 2005. Self-reported health is the dependent variable. Age, gender, education, employment status, self-mastery, income, autonomy at work, ties to family and friends, subjective social status, associational memberships and sense of national belonging are considered. At baseline, risk ratios reflecting movement from the 25th to 75th percentile in the distribution of the variable indicate that increases in income reduce the likelihood of poor health (0.78; 0.73-0.82) as does higher autonomy at work ...
Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, 2003
O neo-institucionalismo não constitui uma corrente de pensamento unificada. Ao contrário, pelo me... more O neo-institucionalismo não constitui uma corrente de pensamento unificada. Ao contrário, pelo menos três métodos de análise diferentes apareceram nessa área no último quarto de século: o institucionalismo histórico, o institucionalismo da escolha racional e o institucionalismo sociológico. Todas elas tratam, por ângulos diferentes, do papel desempenhado pelas instituições na determinação de resultados sociais e políticos. Expõe-se e examina-se a gênese de cada uma dessas variantes do "neo-institucionalismo", assim como o que distingue suas maneiras de tratar dos problemas sociais e políticos.
Sociology of Health & Illness
COMMENTARY 35 years have tested its competence in public health because decisions in this realm d... more COMMENTARY 35 years have tested its competence in public health because decisions in this realm depend heavily on agreement among the member states. As the European Community grew from 6 states into a Union of 27, that agreement became harder to achieve, not least because national governments preferred to address social issues domestically (Greer et al., 2019: 29). Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle was the first health threat to challenge European unity (Judt, 2001). In 1996, despite years of British denials, "mad cow disease" was linked to human health creating alarm about food safety across Europe. The German government finally agreed to slaughter its suspect cattle in order to control the outbreak within its borders only on condition that Brussels would share the $300 million bill. But the European Community budget was dependent on member states' contributions, and countries like Finland, which claimed that its herds were BSE-free, were reluctant to finance what they termed Germany's complacency. Europe had limited powers to enforce its injunctions: even when the Commission lifted its embargo on the export of British beef, France refused to remove its ban. Yet the BSE crisis had significant effects on the European governance of health: it increased public distrust of EU food safety regulation (Lynch & Vogel, 2001: 25) and agricultural policy and revealed that economic and political interests could trump health considerations and give rise to regulatory capture. This experience brought changes, namely an overhaul of the "ad hoc approach" to food regulation (Vos, 2000), the establishment in 2002 of a new regulatory agency, the European Food Safety Authority (Vincent, 2004), and the promotion of the precautionary principle in risk regulation-that "the absence of scientific certainty no longer justifies delaying the introduction of measures that could prevent potential harm" (Noiville, 2006: 307). The next significant test case for European governance was the appearance in 2004-2006 of a potential pandemic-avian flu, which is extremely virulent in poultry and was transmitted to humans (mainly children, through backyard poultry) in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. There was little person-to-person transfer of the disease, but the suspicion that viral mutation might create it caused global panic. This time vaccines and treatments were the issue that put pressure on European solidarity. Several EU countries generated pre-orders for influenza vaccines but declared that they would impose export limitations on vaccines manufactured within their borders (Bielitzki, 2007: 61). In the event, the pandemic did not materialize, but efforts to mobilize a collective response were unsuccessful. The EU Commission proposed the creation of a strategic stockpile of antiviral drugs, but three member states disagreed and most of the others refused to fund it, with the result that "each country must act for itself" (Ljunggren, 2006). The H1N1 or "swine flu" epidemic in 2009 saw similar resistance to sharing vaccines and medications and concern about this lack of cooperation produced an EU joint procurement mechanism 5 years later to provide for "medical countermeasures for different categories of cross-border health threats" (European Commission, 2014). Framework contracts for (only) pandemic influenza vaccines were signed in March 2019, but many member states did not sign up immediately to this voluntary mechanism (European Commission, 2019). The threat of avian flu did lead to calls for "pandemic preparedness," but readiness entails preparation of a certain kind. That has become evident in the context of the current pandemic. Take ventilators, for example: when the coronavirus arrived, no European country had enough to meet the challenge except perhaps Germany, and it had to order an additional 10,000 ventilators from a domestic supplier (Buck & Ghiglione, 2020). Being prepared on this front would have required three things. The first is advance planning. But anticipating the need for equipment such as ventilators, and then budgeting for that need, is not a simple matter: these are expensive machines; they require maintenance and also trained staff-respiratory therapists-to operate them. Keeping enough on hand, therefore, entails both ongoing expenditure and manpower planning. In March it was revealed that none of the UK Government's key preparedness plans for pandemic influenza,
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010
The relationship between health and social class is firmly established but theoretical understand... more The relationship between health and social class is firmly established but theoretical understanding of its determinants is not well advanced. Existing approaches have limitations and their propositions are rarely tested against each other. We outline a new approach to the problem that links class-based inequalities in health to imbalances between life challenges and people's capabilities for coping with them and locates the sources of those capabilities in multiple dimensions of the social and economic relations constitutive of class. We assess the support for this approach and the relative impact of material, social and cultural factors in a statistical analysis of individual-level data from nineteen developed democracies.
Revue française de science politique, 1997
La science politique et les trois néo-institutionnalismes In: Revue française de science politiqu... more La science politique et les trois néo-institutionnalismes In: Revue française de science politique, 47e année, n°3-4, 1997. pp. 469-496. Résumé On peut mieux appréhender le « néo-institutionnalisme » en science politique comme le développement de trois écoles de pensée distinctes : institutionnalisme historique, institutionnalisme des choix rationnels, et institutionnalisme sociologique. Les auteurs résument les intuitions centrales de chaque école, en portant une attention particulière à la dualité entre les approches « culturelle » et « calculatrice » et évaluent les avantages et les faiblesses de chaque école de pensée en soulevant deux questions clés : comment les institutions influencent le comportement et où se situent l'origine et le changement de ces institutions. En conclusion, ils explorent, pour chaque école, les possibilités d'intégrer certaines de ces intuitions les unes aux autres, de façon à favoriser un dialogue plus fécond entre elles.
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Papers by Rosemary Taylor