Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis is uncommon in adults especially in developed countries. ... more Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis is uncommon in adults especially in developed countries. Streptococcus is the most frequently identified infectious agent in younger patients and staphylococcus in older patients. The most common sites of infection are the upper respiratory tract and skin in younger patients and skin followed by respiratory and urinary tract in older patients. The prognosis is often poor in older patients and in those with an immunocompromised background including diabetes, malignancy, alcoholism, AIDS, or intravenous drug use. Outcome does not seem to correlate with steroid treatment.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: With an estimated global prevalence of 10% or more, chronic kidney disease (... more BACKGROUND AND AIMS: With an estimated global prevalence of 10% or more, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated complications constitute a major challenge for healthcare systems worldwide, which is worsened by the burden of undiagnosed CKD. Early diagnosis of CKD followed by guideline-recommended
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Nineteen patients with severe renal failure due to multiple myeloma and with Bence Jones proteinu... more Nineteen patients with severe renal failure due to multiple myeloma and with Bence Jones proteinuria greater than 1 gm/day were randomly assigned to group I or group II. Corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs were given to all cases. The 9 patients of group I were also treated by peritoneal dialysis and the 10 patients of group II by plasma exchange and hemodialysis. Only 1 patient of group I, who was not oliguric at the onset, showed partial recovery from renal failure after 3 months of therapy, while 9 patients of group II (3 of whom were oliguric) had significant decrease in Bence Jones proteinuria and rapid improvement from the renal failure. In our experience, plasma exchange is more effective than peritoneal dialysis for reducing Bence Jones proteinuria and recovering from renal failure, even when there is oliguria.
Introduction: High-flux hemodialysis membranes may modulate the cytokine storm of SARS-CoV-2, but... more Introduction: High-flux hemodialysis membranes may modulate the cytokine storm of SARS-CoV-2, but their impact on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients is unknown. The aim of the study was the evaluation of asymmetric cellulose triacetate (ATA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dialyzers on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in CHD patients with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A prospective, observational study on CHD patients with SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. Patients were enrolled from March 2020 to May 2021. Pre- and postdialysis C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined at each session. Patients who underwent on-line hemodiafiltration (OLHDF) with a PMMA dialyzer were compared with those treated with OLHDF with a ATA dialyzer. The primary endpoint was the differences in the reduction ratio per session (RR) of CRP, PCT, IL-6, and IL-6 RR >25%. Results: We consecutively enrolled 74 CHD patients with COVID-19, 48 were treated with ATA memb...
Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) still represents the main complication during dialysis treatment.... more Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) still represents the main complication during dialysis treatment. Patient’s discomfort, reduced dialysis efficiency, reduced treatment time are only some of the main problems that could derive from the need to stop or temporarily interrupt the treatment because of IDH. Up to now, different types of treatment (HDF, HF, or AFB) have been considered to prevent IDH as well as the use of biofeedback systems (Blood Volume Monitoring, Temperature control, Sodium profiling, Blood Pressure monitoring). Recently a new biofeedback system (Biologic Fusion®) controlling simultaneously blood pressure (BP) and relative blood volume changes (RBV) has been developed to prevent IDH. This system runs according to fuzzy logic. We describe how this system works and to a better understanding, we report a clinical case of a patient with frequent IDH treated with the use of this system.
Chronic hemodialysis patients are at high risk of morbidity and mortality in case of SARS-CoV-2 i... more Chronic hemodialysis patients are at high risk of morbidity and mortality in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection and they may need to be treated with monoclonal antibodies, either because they have not been vaccinated, or because they have a low anti spike antibody titer. Administration of Sotrovimab has recently been proposed for hemodialysis patients, but data are on the results lacking. We report on four cases of chronic dialysis patients who received Sotrovimab during intermittent dialysis sessions. In our series, no adverse reactions were recorded; intradialytic administration resulted safe and allowed an adequate observation time without prolonging hospital stay in chronic hemodialysis outpatients.
This study investigated the impact of the fourth COVID-19 pandemic wave on dialysis patients of R... more This study investigated the impact of the fourth COVID-19 pandemic wave on dialysis patients of Romagna territory, assessing the associations of vaccination status with infection risk, clinical severity and mortality. From November 2021 to February 2022, an epidemiological search was conducted on 829 patients under dialysis treatment for at least one month. The data were then analyzed with reference to the general population of the same area. A temporal comparison was also carried out with the previous pandemic waves (from March 2020 to October 2021). The epidemiological evolution over time in the dialysis population and in Romagna citizens replicated the global trend, as the peak of the fourth wave corresponded to the time of maximum diffusion of omicron variant (B.1.1.529). Of 771 prevalent dialysis patients at the beginning of the study, 109 (14.1%) contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection during the 4-month observation period. Vaccine adherence in the dialysis population of the reference...
INTRODUZIONE. Le stime del VFG ottenute con le formule MDRD e CKD-EPI forniscono risultati discre... more INTRODUZIONE. Le stime del VFG ottenute con le formule MDRD e CKD-EPI forniscono risultati discrepanti. Una tecnica usata per il confronto tra le formule \ue8 il metodo di Bland-Altman, che consiste nel rappresentare graficamente sugli assi cartesiani la media delle formule e la differenza tra gli stessi due valori. I limiti di concordanza al 95% tra le formule vengono stimati come la media delle differenze \ub1 1,96 volte la deviazione standard delle differenze. Questo approccio si basa sull\u2019assunto che media e deviazione standard delle differenze siano costanti lungo tutto l\u2019asse delle ascisse. Scopo di questo studio \ue8 proporre un metodo alternativo per il calcolo dei limiti di concordanza tra MDRD e CKD-EPI, basato sulla regressione polinomiale frazionaria. MATERIALI E METODI. La popolazione considerata proviene dal registro PIRP (Prevenzione Insufficienza Renale Progressiva), che comprende i pazienti con insufficienza renale cronica afferenti a 13 Centri Nefrologici della Regione Emilia-Romagna. Per i 10.687 pazienti selezionati si \ue8 stimato il VFG utilizzando l\u2019MDRD e il CKD-EPI, ed \ue8 poi stato esaminato il grado di concordanza tra le formule con il metodo di Bland-Altman. \uc8 stata quindi utilizzata la regressione polinomiale frazionaria per esprimere la differenza tra CKD-EPI ed MDRD in funzione della media delle due formule. RISULTATI E CONCLUSIONI. La concordanza tra MDRD e CKD-EPI diminuisce all\u2019aumentare del VFG. Per un VFG medio di 10 mL/min/1,73m\ub2, la differenza tra le formule \ue8 inferiore a 1 mL/min/1,73m\ub2 nel 95% dei casi; per un VFG di 90 la differenza tra i limiti di accordo \ue8 pari, invece, a 16 mL/min/1,73m\ub2. In sintesi, per valori di VFG da 40 a 10 mL/min pu\uf2 essere indifferente utilizzare l\u2019una o l\u2019altra formula, poich\ue9 il grado di accordo tra le due formule \ue8 accettabile. Viceversa, per i pazienti con CKD agli stadi iniziali (CKD2, CKD3), si suggerisce di monitorare l\u2019andamento nel tempo della funzione renale sempre con la stessa formula di stima, poich\ue9 lo scostamento tra i valori ottenuti \ue8 abbastanza rilevante
Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia, 2018
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) is an hormone family whose use has considerably increased amon... more Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) is an hormone family whose use has considerably increased among body-builders during the last decades. The AAS abuse, especially associated with other drugs or nutritional supplements and protein loads, may cause a variety of pathologies to several organs with a mechanism related to dosage, timing and substance. The kidney is the main metabolizer of these drugs and it can be acutely or chronically damaged with ESKD. The literature reports some cases of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in body-builders who abused of AAS. However, the link is not well understood and limited to some case-studies. In this paper, we report the case of a young body-builder who developed a FSGS collapsing variant with ESKD after prolonged abuse of AAS and a strongly hyperproteic diet and other dietary supplements. The patient underwent a genetic test because of the rapid and irreversibile onset of ESKD. The test showed a gene mutation of ACTN4, predisposing and c...
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2021
Background and objectives Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular morbidi... more Background and objectives Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. We evaluated the cardioprotective effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Design, setting, participants, & measurements In this phase 3, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point, parallel, multicenter trial, we recruited patients on maintenance hemodialysis with hypertension and/or left ventricular hypertrophy from 28 Italian centers. Between July 2009 and February 2014, 140 participants were randomized to ramipril (1.25–10 mg/d) and 129 participants were allocated to non-RAS inhibition therapy, both titrated up to the maximally tolerated dose to achieve predefined target BP values. The primary efficacy end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Secondary end points included the single components of the primary end point, new-onse...
Background and Aims Many studies are available that reported a higher risk of COVID-19 disease am... more Background and Aims Many studies are available that reported a higher risk of COVID-19 disease among patients on dialysis or with kidney transplantation, and the poor outcome of COVID-19 in these patients. Patients in conservative therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have received lower attention, therefore little is known about how COVID-19 may affect this population. The aim of this study was to analyse the COVID-19 incidence and mortality in CKD patients followed up in an integrated healthcare program, living in a small area of Northern Italy. Method The study population included CKD patients from the Emilia-Romagna Prevention of Progressive Renal Insufficiency (PIRP) project, followed up in the 4 nephrology units (Ravenna, Forlì, Cesena and Rimini) of AUSL Romagna (Italy) and alive at 1.01.2020. All patients were in conservative therapy and none of them had initiated dialysis or received kidney transplantation. The hospital discharge database was used to identify patients ho...
Background/Aims: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the major current health em... more Background/Aims: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the major current health emergency worldwide, adding a significant burden also to the community of nephrologists for the management of their patients. Here, we analyzed the impact of COVID-19 infection in renal patients to assess the time to viral clearance, together with the production and persistence of IgG and IgM antibody response, in consideration of the altered immune capacity of this fragile population. Methods: Viral clearance and antibody kinetics were investigated in 49 renal patients recovered from COVID-19 infection: 7 of them with chronic decompensated renal failure, 31 under dialysis treatment, and 11 kidney transplant recipients. Results: The time span between the diagnosis of infection and recovery based on laboratory testing (2 negative nasopharyngeal swabs in consecutive days) was 31.7 ± 13.3 days. Three new positive cases were detected from 8 to 13 days following recovery. At the first serologic...
Nephropathic subjects with impaired immune responses show dramatically high infection rates of co... more Nephropathic subjects with impaired immune responses show dramatically high infection rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This work evaluated the ability to acquire and maintain protective antibodies over time in 26 hemodialysis patients and 21 kidney transplant recipients. The subjects were followed-up through quantitative determination of circulating SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and neutralizing antibodies in the 6-month period after clinical and laboratory recovery. A group of 143 healthcare workers with no underlying chronic pathologies or renal diseases recovered from COVID was also evaluated. In both dialysis and transplanted patients, antibody titers reached a zenith around the 3rd month, and then a decline occurred on average between the 270th and 300th day. Immunocompromised patients who lost antibodies around the 6th month were more common than non-renal subjects, although the difference was not significant (38.5% vs. 26.6%). Considering the decay of antibody levels belo...
Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis is uncommon in adults especially in developed countries. ... more Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis is uncommon in adults especially in developed countries. Streptococcus is the most frequently identified infectious agent in younger patients and staphylococcus in older patients. The most common sites of infection are the upper respiratory tract and skin in younger patients and skin followed by respiratory and urinary tract in older patients. The prognosis is often poor in older patients and in those with an immunocompromised background including diabetes, malignancy, alcoholism, AIDS, or intravenous drug use. Outcome does not seem to correlate with steroid treatment.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: With an estimated global prevalence of 10% or more, chronic kidney disease (... more BACKGROUND AND AIMS: With an estimated global prevalence of 10% or more, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated complications constitute a major challenge for healthcare systems worldwide, which is worsened by the burden of undiagnosed CKD. Early diagnosis of CKD followed by guideline-recommended
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Nineteen patients with severe renal failure due to multiple myeloma and with Bence Jones proteinu... more Nineteen patients with severe renal failure due to multiple myeloma and with Bence Jones proteinuria greater than 1 gm/day were randomly assigned to group I or group II. Corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs were given to all cases. The 9 patients of group I were also treated by peritoneal dialysis and the 10 patients of group II by plasma exchange and hemodialysis. Only 1 patient of group I, who was not oliguric at the onset, showed partial recovery from renal failure after 3 months of therapy, while 9 patients of group II (3 of whom were oliguric) had significant decrease in Bence Jones proteinuria and rapid improvement from the renal failure. In our experience, plasma exchange is more effective than peritoneal dialysis for reducing Bence Jones proteinuria and recovering from renal failure, even when there is oliguria.
Introduction: High-flux hemodialysis membranes may modulate the cytokine storm of SARS-CoV-2, but... more Introduction: High-flux hemodialysis membranes may modulate the cytokine storm of SARS-CoV-2, but their impact on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients is unknown. The aim of the study was the evaluation of asymmetric cellulose triacetate (ATA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dialyzers on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in CHD patients with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A prospective, observational study on CHD patients with SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. Patients were enrolled from March 2020 to May 2021. Pre- and postdialysis C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined at each session. Patients who underwent on-line hemodiafiltration (OLHDF) with a PMMA dialyzer were compared with those treated with OLHDF with a ATA dialyzer. The primary endpoint was the differences in the reduction ratio per session (RR) of CRP, PCT, IL-6, and IL-6 RR >25%. Results: We consecutively enrolled 74 CHD patients with COVID-19, 48 were treated with ATA memb...
Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) still represents the main complication during dialysis treatment.... more Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) still represents the main complication during dialysis treatment. Patient’s discomfort, reduced dialysis efficiency, reduced treatment time are only some of the main problems that could derive from the need to stop or temporarily interrupt the treatment because of IDH. Up to now, different types of treatment (HDF, HF, or AFB) have been considered to prevent IDH as well as the use of biofeedback systems (Blood Volume Monitoring, Temperature control, Sodium profiling, Blood Pressure monitoring). Recently a new biofeedback system (Biologic Fusion®) controlling simultaneously blood pressure (BP) and relative blood volume changes (RBV) has been developed to prevent IDH. This system runs according to fuzzy logic. We describe how this system works and to a better understanding, we report a clinical case of a patient with frequent IDH treated with the use of this system.
Chronic hemodialysis patients are at high risk of morbidity and mortality in case of SARS-CoV-2 i... more Chronic hemodialysis patients are at high risk of morbidity and mortality in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection and they may need to be treated with monoclonal antibodies, either because they have not been vaccinated, or because they have a low anti spike antibody titer. Administration of Sotrovimab has recently been proposed for hemodialysis patients, but data are on the results lacking. We report on four cases of chronic dialysis patients who received Sotrovimab during intermittent dialysis sessions. In our series, no adverse reactions were recorded; intradialytic administration resulted safe and allowed an adequate observation time without prolonging hospital stay in chronic hemodialysis outpatients.
This study investigated the impact of the fourth COVID-19 pandemic wave on dialysis patients of R... more This study investigated the impact of the fourth COVID-19 pandemic wave on dialysis patients of Romagna territory, assessing the associations of vaccination status with infection risk, clinical severity and mortality. From November 2021 to February 2022, an epidemiological search was conducted on 829 patients under dialysis treatment for at least one month. The data were then analyzed with reference to the general population of the same area. A temporal comparison was also carried out with the previous pandemic waves (from March 2020 to October 2021). The epidemiological evolution over time in the dialysis population and in Romagna citizens replicated the global trend, as the peak of the fourth wave corresponded to the time of maximum diffusion of omicron variant (B.1.1.529). Of 771 prevalent dialysis patients at the beginning of the study, 109 (14.1%) contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection during the 4-month observation period. Vaccine adherence in the dialysis population of the reference...
INTRODUZIONE. Le stime del VFG ottenute con le formule MDRD e CKD-EPI forniscono risultati discre... more INTRODUZIONE. Le stime del VFG ottenute con le formule MDRD e CKD-EPI forniscono risultati discrepanti. Una tecnica usata per il confronto tra le formule \ue8 il metodo di Bland-Altman, che consiste nel rappresentare graficamente sugli assi cartesiani la media delle formule e la differenza tra gli stessi due valori. I limiti di concordanza al 95% tra le formule vengono stimati come la media delle differenze \ub1 1,96 volte la deviazione standard delle differenze. Questo approccio si basa sull\u2019assunto che media e deviazione standard delle differenze siano costanti lungo tutto l\u2019asse delle ascisse. Scopo di questo studio \ue8 proporre un metodo alternativo per il calcolo dei limiti di concordanza tra MDRD e CKD-EPI, basato sulla regressione polinomiale frazionaria. MATERIALI E METODI. La popolazione considerata proviene dal registro PIRP (Prevenzione Insufficienza Renale Progressiva), che comprende i pazienti con insufficienza renale cronica afferenti a 13 Centri Nefrologici della Regione Emilia-Romagna. Per i 10.687 pazienti selezionati si \ue8 stimato il VFG utilizzando l\u2019MDRD e il CKD-EPI, ed \ue8 poi stato esaminato il grado di concordanza tra le formule con il metodo di Bland-Altman. \uc8 stata quindi utilizzata la regressione polinomiale frazionaria per esprimere la differenza tra CKD-EPI ed MDRD in funzione della media delle due formule. RISULTATI E CONCLUSIONI. La concordanza tra MDRD e CKD-EPI diminuisce all\u2019aumentare del VFG. Per un VFG medio di 10 mL/min/1,73m\ub2, la differenza tra le formule \ue8 inferiore a 1 mL/min/1,73m\ub2 nel 95% dei casi; per un VFG di 90 la differenza tra i limiti di accordo \ue8 pari, invece, a 16 mL/min/1,73m\ub2. In sintesi, per valori di VFG da 40 a 10 mL/min pu\uf2 essere indifferente utilizzare l\u2019una o l\u2019altra formula, poich\ue9 il grado di accordo tra le due formule \ue8 accettabile. Viceversa, per i pazienti con CKD agli stadi iniziali (CKD2, CKD3), si suggerisce di monitorare l\u2019andamento nel tempo della funzione renale sempre con la stessa formula di stima, poich\ue9 lo scostamento tra i valori ottenuti \ue8 abbastanza rilevante
Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia, 2018
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) is an hormone family whose use has considerably increased amon... more Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) is an hormone family whose use has considerably increased among body-builders during the last decades. The AAS abuse, especially associated with other drugs or nutritional supplements and protein loads, may cause a variety of pathologies to several organs with a mechanism related to dosage, timing and substance. The kidney is the main metabolizer of these drugs and it can be acutely or chronically damaged with ESKD. The literature reports some cases of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in body-builders who abused of AAS. However, the link is not well understood and limited to some case-studies. In this paper, we report the case of a young body-builder who developed a FSGS collapsing variant with ESKD after prolonged abuse of AAS and a strongly hyperproteic diet and other dietary supplements. The patient underwent a genetic test because of the rapid and irreversibile onset of ESKD. The test showed a gene mutation of ACTN4, predisposing and c...
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2021
Background and objectives Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular morbidi... more Background and objectives Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. We evaluated the cardioprotective effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Design, setting, participants, & measurements In this phase 3, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point, parallel, multicenter trial, we recruited patients on maintenance hemodialysis with hypertension and/or left ventricular hypertrophy from 28 Italian centers. Between July 2009 and February 2014, 140 participants were randomized to ramipril (1.25–10 mg/d) and 129 participants were allocated to non-RAS inhibition therapy, both titrated up to the maximally tolerated dose to achieve predefined target BP values. The primary efficacy end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Secondary end points included the single components of the primary end point, new-onse...
Background and Aims Many studies are available that reported a higher risk of COVID-19 disease am... more Background and Aims Many studies are available that reported a higher risk of COVID-19 disease among patients on dialysis or with kidney transplantation, and the poor outcome of COVID-19 in these patients. Patients in conservative therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have received lower attention, therefore little is known about how COVID-19 may affect this population. The aim of this study was to analyse the COVID-19 incidence and mortality in CKD patients followed up in an integrated healthcare program, living in a small area of Northern Italy. Method The study population included CKD patients from the Emilia-Romagna Prevention of Progressive Renal Insufficiency (PIRP) project, followed up in the 4 nephrology units (Ravenna, Forlì, Cesena and Rimini) of AUSL Romagna (Italy) and alive at 1.01.2020. All patients were in conservative therapy and none of them had initiated dialysis or received kidney transplantation. The hospital discharge database was used to identify patients ho...
Background/Aims: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the major current health em... more Background/Aims: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the major current health emergency worldwide, adding a significant burden also to the community of nephrologists for the management of their patients. Here, we analyzed the impact of COVID-19 infection in renal patients to assess the time to viral clearance, together with the production and persistence of IgG and IgM antibody response, in consideration of the altered immune capacity of this fragile population. Methods: Viral clearance and antibody kinetics were investigated in 49 renal patients recovered from COVID-19 infection: 7 of them with chronic decompensated renal failure, 31 under dialysis treatment, and 11 kidney transplant recipients. Results: The time span between the diagnosis of infection and recovery based on laboratory testing (2 negative nasopharyngeal swabs in consecutive days) was 31.7 ± 13.3 days. Three new positive cases were detected from 8 to 13 days following recovery. At the first serologic...
Nephropathic subjects with impaired immune responses show dramatically high infection rates of co... more Nephropathic subjects with impaired immune responses show dramatically high infection rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This work evaluated the ability to acquire and maintain protective antibodies over time in 26 hemodialysis patients and 21 kidney transplant recipients. The subjects were followed-up through quantitative determination of circulating SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and neutralizing antibodies in the 6-month period after clinical and laboratory recovery. A group of 143 healthcare workers with no underlying chronic pathologies or renal diseases recovered from COVID was also evaluated. In both dialysis and transplanted patients, antibody titers reached a zenith around the 3rd month, and then a decline occurred on average between the 270th and 300th day. Immunocompromised patients who lost antibodies around the 6th month were more common than non-renal subjects, although the difference was not significant (38.5% vs. 26.6%). Considering the decay of antibody levels belo...
Uploads
Papers by Angelo Rigotti