We studied whether T. cruzi-derived exosomes modulate parasite infection and tissue damage during... more We studied whether T. cruzi-derived exosomes modulate parasite infection and tissue damage during ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants (HPCVE). Methods: HPCVE obtained by informed consent from healthy donors were pre-treated with T. cruzi exosomes for 2 h (5 mg/ml) and later infected further 24 h with T. cruzi trypomastigotes (10 5 per ml, Y Strain). Parasite load was determined by qPCR, tissue damage was studied by routine histopathological analysis and histochemistry for glycosylated molecules (PAS stain) and collagen (Picro Sirius Red). Results: HPCVE pre-treated with exosomes and infected with the parasite show a significant increase in parasite DNA load compared to control, not infected, or infected with the parasite alone (149 ± 23%, P0.05, n ¼ 3). Additionally, increased tissue damage is observed in HPCVE pre-treated with exosomes and infected with the parasite compared to samples incubated only with T. cruzi. Interestingly, exosomes by themselves induce histopathological and histochemical damage in HPCVE. Conclusion:T. cruzi exosomes, as virulence factors, enhance the infection of the parasite in ex vivo infected HPCVE.
Placental barrier regulates maternal-fetal interchange protecting the baby from damage caused by ... more Placental barrier regulates maternal-fetal interchange protecting the baby from damage caused by substances found in the uterine environment or circulating in the vascular system. Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are a paramount group of environmental pollutants used in intensive agriculture for protection against diseases and pests. While many studies have reported an increased risk of pregnancy alterations in pregnant women exposed to OPs, few have analyzed the effects caused by these pesticides in the placenta. Herein, we evaluated the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF), one of the most widely used OP insecticides, on human placenta using in vitro and ex vivo exposure models. Villous cytotrophoblast cells isolated from normal human term placentas maintained their cell viability, differentiated into syncytiotrophoblast-like structures, and increased the expression of β-hCG, ABCG2, and P-gp in the presence of CPF at concentrations of 10 to 100 μM. The same doses of CPF induced marked changes in chorionic villi samples. Indeed, CPF exposure increased stroma cell apoptosis, altered villi matrix composition, basement membrane thickness, and trophoblastic layer integrity. Histomorphological and ultrastructural alterations are compatible with those found in placentas where maternal-placenta injury is chronic and able to impair the placental barrier function and nutrient transport from mother to the fetus. Our study shows that placental ex vivo exposure to CPF produces tissue alterations and suggest that human placenta is a potential target of CPF toxicity. In addition, it highlights the importance of using different models to assess the effects of a toxic on human placenta.
that 15 samples carried out the uidA gene (14.5%, 15/ 103). In addition, 9 of them (60%, 9/15) ex... more that 15 samples carried out the uidA gene (14.5%, 15/ 103). In addition, 9 of them (60%, 9/15) expressed stx2 gene. All of them were negative for O157 and eae genes. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the prevalence of E. coli in cervicovaginal fluid of pregnant women in Argentina. Furthermore, we detected for the first time the stx2 gene in several E. coli samples. These results suggest that STEC strains may colonize the vagina. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate if the presence STEC in vagina may be a risk for pregnancy complications.
absence of TGF-b. HTR8/SVneo cell invasion decreased with TGF-b1 (30 ± 15%), but increased (1.4 ±... more absence of TGF-b. HTR8/SVneo cell invasion decreased with TGF-b1 (30 ± 15%), but increased (1.4 ± 0.5 fold) in the presence of hCG. Conclusion; These results suggest a modulating effect of hCG on TGF-b in ESCs, facilitating the invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells, which may have direct implications in the process of embryo implantation and placentation.
Las concentraciones maternas y fetales de ghrelina (Ghrl) aumentan durante la gestacion de mamife... more Las concentraciones maternas y fetales de ghrelina (Ghrl) aumentan durante la gestacion de mamiferos, sugiriendo que este polipeptido cumple algun papel importante en este proceso reproductivo. Ademas, algunas evidencias indican que Ghrl ejerce acciones anti-inflamatorias e inmuno-moduladores, por lo que es posible que esta hormona participe en el proceso de implantacion embrionaria. Utilizando un modelo ya validado de desbalance intragestacional de Ghrl, nos propusimos investigar el papel del peptido en la implantacion y el perfil inmunologico uterino. Para esto inyectamos hembras de raton prenadas (via s.c.), del dia 3 al 8 de gestacion con Ghrl (4 nmol/animal/dia), un antagonista (Ant=(D-Lys3)GHRP-6; 6 nmol/animal/dia) o el vehiculo (C=solucion salina). Al dia 8 se practico la eutanasia, se obtuvo sangre para evaluar progesterona plasmatica (por ELISA) y se disecaron los uteros gravidos. Los mismos fueron evaluados macro y microscopicamente registrando: porcentaje de fetos normal...
Congestive heart failure (CHF) would be associated with mitochondrial abnormalities and increased... more Congestive heart failure (CHF) would be associated with mitochondrial abnormalities and increased of reactive species of oxygen (ROS). To clarify these issues we studied the structure, function of the mitochondrial enzyme nitro oxide synthase inducible (iNOS) and lipoperoxidation of membranes, one of their products through the peroxide nitrite ion (ONOO-), in the heart muscle of patients with heart failure congestive (ICC) grade III and IV (according to New York Heart Association). We included 25 patients who underwent cardiovas-cular surgery to biopsies of the heart muscle. They were stratified into a group with CHF (n = 18) and control group (n = 7). In di-chas bi-opsies analyzed the enzymatic activity of mitochondrial complex III spectrophotometrically, which was measured in mM.ubiquinona-1.mg prot, while the mitochondrial morphology was analyzed by the Zeiss electron microscope, the areas were quantified with program Axionvision 4.6. Lipoperoxidation of membranes was measured b...
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics... more This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Results: After the interaction between Swan cells and maternal PBMC in the presence of VIP (10-7 ... more Results: After the interaction between Swan cells and maternal PBMC in the presence of VIP (10-7 M) and P4 (10-4 M), nitrites production, MMP9 activity and COX-2 expression decreased (p<0.05 T-test). Since trophoblast cells can display a moderate phagocytic function during the maternal-placental interface generation, we evaluated the effect of P4 using two approaches of anti-inflammatory phagocytosis: efferocytosis and eryptosis. P4 increased the engulfment of FITC-beads (MIF X±SE 55±6 vs P4 112±10) or apoptotic erythrocytes (% X±SE 9,5±1 vs P4 19,8±2) by trophoblast cells, but did not modulate ROS and nitrite production. On the other hand, VIP in the presence of P4 increased TGFbeta but did not modulate IL-6 or IL-1 expression (P<0.05). Therefore, we investigated P4 on VIP receptor expression and observed that it significantly increased the expression of VPAC1 and VPAC2 on trophoblast cells (P<0,05), suggesting that P4 not only increases the phagocytic ability of trophoblast cells but also eases VIP immunosuppressive effects. Discussion: P4 could contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis during the peri-implantation period by decreasing the expression of inflammatory mediators, the clearance of apoptotic bodies and easing VIP immunomodulatory effects through TGFbeta production.
Cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp... more Cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; function was studied in the acute phase of Chagas&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; disease in mice reinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen strain (Tul) and with parasites isolated from an infected patient (SGO-Z12). Genetic characterization of SGO-Z12 isolates demonstrated that it belongs to the zimodeme Z12, one of the prevalent ones in humans in Argentina. Electrocardiography, heart histopathology, parasitemias, and survival in infected and reinfected mice were also analyzed. Reinfected mice reached higher parasitemias, 14% of the infected with SGO-Z12 and 76% of the reinfected groups showed electrocardiographic abnormalities. Similar results were found in mice that were infected and reinfected with Tul. SGO-Z12-Reinfected and Tul-Infected groups exhibited cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; affinity significantly diminished (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001) and its density significantly increased (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001) than in infected and non-infected groups. Histopathologic alterations in hearts from Tul and SGO-Z12-Reinfected mice were detected. Reinfections with T. cruzi, Tulahuen strain or SGO-Z12 isolate provoked cardiac dysfunctions of different degrees, from the acute phase on.
We hypothesize that a sustained infection of Trypanosoma cruzi into placental tissue might be dim... more We hypothesize that a sustained infection of Trypanosoma cruzi into placental tissue might be diminished. Human placental chorionic villi and VERO cells as controls were co-cultured with T. cruzi. Parasites occupied 0.0137% at 3 h, 0.0224% (24 h), and 0.0572% (72 h) of the total chorionic villi area analyzed and some few placental samples were negative to parasite DNA, whereas 52% of VERO cells were infected at 3 h and parasites occupied 0.57%, at 24 h the parasite area was of 2.78% and at 72 h was of 3.32%. There were no live parasites in placenta-T. cruzi culture media at 72 h of co-culture. There were significantly increased dead parasites when T. cruzi was treated with unheated culture media coming from placental explants and fewer dead parasites when pre-heated culture media were employed. Conclusion. Low productive infection by T. cruzi into placental tissue associated with no viable parasites in the culture media partially due to placental thermo labile substances.
We studied whether T. cruzi-derived exosomes modulate parasite infection and tissue damage during... more We studied whether T. cruzi-derived exosomes modulate parasite infection and tissue damage during ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants (HPCVE). Methods: HPCVE obtained by informed consent from healthy donors were pre-treated with T. cruzi exosomes for 2 h (5 mg/ml) and later infected further 24 h with T. cruzi trypomastigotes (10 5 per ml, Y Strain). Parasite load was determined by qPCR, tissue damage was studied by routine histopathological analysis and histochemistry for glycosylated molecules (PAS stain) and collagen (Picro Sirius Red). Results: HPCVE pre-treated with exosomes and infected with the parasite show a significant increase in parasite DNA load compared to control, not infected, or infected with the parasite alone (149 ± 23%, P0.05, n ¼ 3). Additionally, increased tissue damage is observed in HPCVE pre-treated with exosomes and infected with the parasite compared to samples incubated only with T. cruzi. Interestingly, exosomes by themselves induce histopathological and histochemical damage in HPCVE. Conclusion:T. cruzi exosomes, as virulence factors, enhance the infection of the parasite in ex vivo infected HPCVE.
Placental barrier regulates maternal-fetal interchange protecting the baby from damage caused by ... more Placental barrier regulates maternal-fetal interchange protecting the baby from damage caused by substances found in the uterine environment or circulating in the vascular system. Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are a paramount group of environmental pollutants used in intensive agriculture for protection against diseases and pests. While many studies have reported an increased risk of pregnancy alterations in pregnant women exposed to OPs, few have analyzed the effects caused by these pesticides in the placenta. Herein, we evaluated the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF), one of the most widely used OP insecticides, on human placenta using in vitro and ex vivo exposure models. Villous cytotrophoblast cells isolated from normal human term placentas maintained their cell viability, differentiated into syncytiotrophoblast-like structures, and increased the expression of β-hCG, ABCG2, and P-gp in the presence of CPF at concentrations of 10 to 100 μM. The same doses of CPF induced marked changes in chorionic villi samples. Indeed, CPF exposure increased stroma cell apoptosis, altered villi matrix composition, basement membrane thickness, and trophoblastic layer integrity. Histomorphological and ultrastructural alterations are compatible with those found in placentas where maternal-placenta injury is chronic and able to impair the placental barrier function and nutrient transport from mother to the fetus. Our study shows that placental ex vivo exposure to CPF produces tissue alterations and suggest that human placenta is a potential target of CPF toxicity. In addition, it highlights the importance of using different models to assess the effects of a toxic on human placenta.
that 15 samples carried out the uidA gene (14.5%, 15/ 103). In addition, 9 of them (60%, 9/15) ex... more that 15 samples carried out the uidA gene (14.5%, 15/ 103). In addition, 9 of them (60%, 9/15) expressed stx2 gene. All of them were negative for O157 and eae genes. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the prevalence of E. coli in cervicovaginal fluid of pregnant women in Argentina. Furthermore, we detected for the first time the stx2 gene in several E. coli samples. These results suggest that STEC strains may colonize the vagina. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate if the presence STEC in vagina may be a risk for pregnancy complications.
absence of TGF-b. HTR8/SVneo cell invasion decreased with TGF-b1 (30 ± 15%), but increased (1.4 ±... more absence of TGF-b. HTR8/SVneo cell invasion decreased with TGF-b1 (30 ± 15%), but increased (1.4 ± 0.5 fold) in the presence of hCG. Conclusion; These results suggest a modulating effect of hCG on TGF-b in ESCs, facilitating the invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells, which may have direct implications in the process of embryo implantation and placentation.
Las concentraciones maternas y fetales de ghrelina (Ghrl) aumentan durante la gestacion de mamife... more Las concentraciones maternas y fetales de ghrelina (Ghrl) aumentan durante la gestacion de mamiferos, sugiriendo que este polipeptido cumple algun papel importante en este proceso reproductivo. Ademas, algunas evidencias indican que Ghrl ejerce acciones anti-inflamatorias e inmuno-moduladores, por lo que es posible que esta hormona participe en el proceso de implantacion embrionaria. Utilizando un modelo ya validado de desbalance intragestacional de Ghrl, nos propusimos investigar el papel del peptido en la implantacion y el perfil inmunologico uterino. Para esto inyectamos hembras de raton prenadas (via s.c.), del dia 3 al 8 de gestacion con Ghrl (4 nmol/animal/dia), un antagonista (Ant=(D-Lys3)GHRP-6; 6 nmol/animal/dia) o el vehiculo (C=solucion salina). Al dia 8 se practico la eutanasia, se obtuvo sangre para evaluar progesterona plasmatica (por ELISA) y se disecaron los uteros gravidos. Los mismos fueron evaluados macro y microscopicamente registrando: porcentaje de fetos normal...
Congestive heart failure (CHF) would be associated with mitochondrial abnormalities and increased... more Congestive heart failure (CHF) would be associated with mitochondrial abnormalities and increased of reactive species of oxygen (ROS). To clarify these issues we studied the structure, function of the mitochondrial enzyme nitro oxide synthase inducible (iNOS) and lipoperoxidation of membranes, one of their products through the peroxide nitrite ion (ONOO-), in the heart muscle of patients with heart failure congestive (ICC) grade III and IV (according to New York Heart Association). We included 25 patients who underwent cardiovas-cular surgery to biopsies of the heart muscle. They were stratified into a group with CHF (n = 18) and control group (n = 7). In di-chas bi-opsies analyzed the enzymatic activity of mitochondrial complex III spectrophotometrically, which was measured in mM.ubiquinona-1.mg prot, while the mitochondrial morphology was analyzed by the Zeiss electron microscope, the areas were quantified with program Axionvision 4.6. Lipoperoxidation of membranes was measured b...
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics... more This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Results: After the interaction between Swan cells and maternal PBMC in the presence of VIP (10-7 ... more Results: After the interaction between Swan cells and maternal PBMC in the presence of VIP (10-7 M) and P4 (10-4 M), nitrites production, MMP9 activity and COX-2 expression decreased (p<0.05 T-test). Since trophoblast cells can display a moderate phagocytic function during the maternal-placental interface generation, we evaluated the effect of P4 using two approaches of anti-inflammatory phagocytosis: efferocytosis and eryptosis. P4 increased the engulfment of FITC-beads (MIF X±SE 55±6 vs P4 112±10) or apoptotic erythrocytes (% X±SE 9,5±1 vs P4 19,8±2) by trophoblast cells, but did not modulate ROS and nitrite production. On the other hand, VIP in the presence of P4 increased TGFbeta but did not modulate IL-6 or IL-1 expression (P<0.05). Therefore, we investigated P4 on VIP receptor expression and observed that it significantly increased the expression of VPAC1 and VPAC2 on trophoblast cells (P<0,05), suggesting that P4 not only increases the phagocytic ability of trophoblast cells but also eases VIP immunosuppressive effects. Discussion: P4 could contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis during the peri-implantation period by decreasing the expression of inflammatory mediators, the clearance of apoptotic bodies and easing VIP immunomodulatory effects through TGFbeta production.
Cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp... more Cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; function was studied in the acute phase of Chagas&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; disease in mice reinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen strain (Tul) and with parasites isolated from an infected patient (SGO-Z12). Genetic characterization of SGO-Z12 isolates demonstrated that it belongs to the zimodeme Z12, one of the prevalent ones in humans in Argentina. Electrocardiography, heart histopathology, parasitemias, and survival in infected and reinfected mice were also analyzed. Reinfected mice reached higher parasitemias, 14% of the infected with SGO-Z12 and 76% of the reinfected groups showed electrocardiographic abnormalities. Similar results were found in mice that were infected and reinfected with Tul. SGO-Z12-Reinfected and Tul-Infected groups exhibited cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; affinity significantly diminished (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001) and its density significantly increased (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001) than in infected and non-infected groups. Histopathologic alterations in hearts from Tul and SGO-Z12-Reinfected mice were detected. Reinfections with T. cruzi, Tulahuen strain or SGO-Z12 isolate provoked cardiac dysfunctions of different degrees, from the acute phase on.
We hypothesize that a sustained infection of Trypanosoma cruzi into placental tissue might be dim... more We hypothesize that a sustained infection of Trypanosoma cruzi into placental tissue might be diminished. Human placental chorionic villi and VERO cells as controls were co-cultured with T. cruzi. Parasites occupied 0.0137% at 3 h, 0.0224% (24 h), and 0.0572% (72 h) of the total chorionic villi area analyzed and some few placental samples were negative to parasite DNA, whereas 52% of VERO cells were infected at 3 h and parasites occupied 0.57%, at 24 h the parasite area was of 2.78% and at 72 h was of 3.32%. There were no live parasites in placenta-T. cruzi culture media at 72 h of co-culture. There were significantly increased dead parasites when T. cruzi was treated with unheated culture media coming from placental explants and fewer dead parasites when pre-heated culture media were employed. Conclusion. Low productive infection by T. cruzi into placental tissue associated with no viable parasites in the culture media partially due to placental thermo labile substances.
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