Southeast Asia is no stranger to large movements of people, as it was home to transnational labou... more Southeast Asia is no stranger to large movements of people, as it was home to transnational labour migration mainly due to empire-wide sourcing of labour during the late nineteenth century and then the emigration of Chinese and Indian migrants up until the mid-twentieth century (Kaur, 2007, 2008). International migrant stock for Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) 1 was recorded at 23.6 million in 2020, 13.44% higher than in 2015, and accounts for 8.4% of the 281 million total migrant stock (UN DESA, 2020). During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, overseas deployment sharply dropped in several ASEAN member-states, notably for the Philippines (−78%), Thailand (−64%) and Indonesia (−59%) (ABDI, 2022). Various studies have pointed out that the uneven economic development and wage differentials across the region, aside from generally porous borders,
Southeast Asia is no stranger to large movements of people, as it was home to transnational labou... more Southeast Asia is no stranger to large movements of people, as it was home to transnational labour migration mainly due to empire-wide sourcing of labour during the late nineteenth century and then the emigration of Chinese and Indian migrants up until the mid-twentieth century (Kaur, 2007, 2008). International migrant stock for Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) 1 was recorded at 23.6 million in 2020, 13.44% higher than in 2015, and accounts for 8.4% of the 281 million total migrant stock (UN DESA, 2020). During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, overseas deployment sharply dropped in several ASEAN member-states, notably for the Philippines (−78%), Thailand (−64%) and Indonesia (−59%) (ABDI, 2022). Various studies have pointed out that the uneven economic development and wage differentials across the region, aside from generally porous borders,
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