Papers by Abraham Yeshuratnam
This paper investigates the various views about the presence of Jewish Christians in Kerala, a St... more This paper investigates the various views about the presence of Jewish Christians in Kerala, a State in India.
An analytical study of the presence of Christian Jews in Kerala.
It is a research work to investigate whether Christian Jews were in Kerala from 1st century.
CHRISTIAN JEWS OF KERALA
I was intrigued by the statement in the New World Encyclopedia, “The ... more CHRISTIAN JEWS OF KERALA
I was intrigued by the statement in the New World Encyclopedia, “The apostle (St. Thomas) is said to have begun preaching the gospel to the already existing Jewish settlers on the Malabar Coast and to other local people. According to the Acts of Thomas, the first converts made by Thomas in India were Jewish people.”[1] So this paper is prepared to investigate whether there were Christian Jews in Kerala in the 1stcentury. Throughout the ages historians have been a fascinated with Jewish history. Evolving out of a common religion, the Jewish people developed customs, culture, and an ethical system which identified them as Jews regardless of their individual religious attitudes.
________________________________________
[1] Saint Thomas Christians, New world Encyclopedia, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Saint_Thomas_Christians
[2] I Kings 9:26-28
[3] Logan, William, Malabar Manual, Government Press, Madras, 1951, pp. 245-46
[4] Katz, Nathan, Who are the Jews of India, University of California Press, California, 2000,p.27.
[5] Slapek, Orpa (ed),The Jews of India, University Press of New England, London, 2003, p.79) ( Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.)
[6] Gordon H.Cyrus, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Solomon)
[7] Johann Jahn, Hebrew Commonwealth, G & C Carvill, New York, 1828, p. 613
[8] Ronald J. Berger. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach, Aldine Transaction, 2002, ISBN 0-202-30670-4, p. 154.
[9] Benhur, Abraham, The Jewish background of the India People, http://abrahambenhur.com/jewish_indian.html
[10] ibid
[11] Wilford, John Noble (December 16, 2013). "Neanderthals and the Dead” New York Times, December 17, 2013.
[12] Farrar, F.W, Solomon: His Life And Times, Ansond F. Randolph & Company, New York, 1886,p.122
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_churches.
[14] Thomson Gale, Jewish Diaspora International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences | 2008http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Jewish_diaspora.aspx
[15] Babylonian Exile, Jewish history, The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/event/Babylonian-Exile.
[16] The Christian Observer, Whiting & Watson, 1814, p.173
[17] History of the Jews in India, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[18] The Jewish Literary Annual, 1905
[19] Ancient Jewish History, The Hebrews: A Learning Module , Washington State University,Richard Hooker –( http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Diaspora.html)
[20] Richard Hooker, The Babylonian Exile, The Hebrews: A Learning Module, from Washington State University,
[21] Johnson, Barbara.C, The Cochin Jews of Kerala, MyJewishLearning, http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-cochin-jews-of-kerala/#
[22] Dell Markey, Encyclopedia of Diasporas, Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around Vol.1,Springer, New York, 2005, p.193
[23] Lendering, Jona, Livius, http://www.livius.org/
[24] http://kehillatisrael.net/docs/learning/intertestamental.html.
[25] Bible History Daily, http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites
[26] Paulose, Rachel, http://aapress.com/ethnicity/indian/minnesota-and-the-jews-of-india/
[27] Nathan Katz, Who are the Jews of India, University of California Press, California, p.9
[28] Fernandes Edna,The last jews of kerala, Skyhorse Publishing, New York, 2008, p.4
[29] Nathan Katz, ibid, p.19
[30] Logan, William, Malabar, Government Press, Madras, 1951,p201
[31]Thurston Edgar,Castes and Tribes of Southern India, vol.ii, Government Press, Madras, 1909, p.45
[32] Singh, Nagendra kr. Ed. Global Encyclopedia of the South Indian Ethnography, vol.1, Global Vision Publishing House, New Delhi, 2006,p.720
33. http://www.stthomasnj.org/origin.php
[34] Katz, ibid
[35] Katz, Nathan, op.cited, p.19.
[36] Thompson C, William, Council For Responsible Genetics, http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/GeneWatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=57
[37] http://kottayamad.org/history-of-the-archdiocese/
[38] Glenn,E. Hinson, . The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity up to 1300, Mercer University Press, 1995,p.80
[39] Neill, Stephen, A History of Christianity in India, Cambridge university press, London,1984, P.46
[40] Alyssa Prinsker , View image of Only one Paradesi synagogue remains in Cochin (Credit: Credit: Alyssa Pinsker)
[41] Barbara C, Johnson, The Cochin Jews of Kerala, http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-cochin-jews-of-kerala/2/#
[42] Ideals Institute for Jewish ideas and ideals. https://www.jewishideas.org/articles/diasporic-reunions-sephardiashkenazi-tensions-histo
[43] Weiner, Rebecca, Judaism:Sephardim, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html
[44] Margariti, Roxani Edeni, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade, University of North Carolina Press, 2007, p.2
This paper is prepared with the purpose of investigating whether at any period of time in Assyria... more This paper is prepared with the purpose of investigating whether at any period of time in Assyrian history there was migration of Assyrians to Kerala. This research is necessitated because there has been a steady stream of articles recent times claiming Assyrian migration to Kerala. There are also some intellectually bankrupt claims that there were Assyrian settlers in Kerala when St. Thomas visited the country. Writers who belong to a particular communal school of thought attempt to develop distorted factual beliefs to bolster their communal superiority in a caste-ridden society by using the internet and research journals. Communal and partisan writers are guilty of misleading even foreign authors with distortions, exaggerations, subjectivity, inaccuracy and fabrications to create a sense of legitimacy to their grotesque lies. This paper attempts to catalogue the views of revisionist writers who have used deceptive techniques such as manipulated and wrongly translated sources, false evidences, bogus ethnology, imaginary stories and spurious sources in order to make their
This paper is prepared with the purpose of investigating whether at any period of time in Assyria... more This paper is prepared with the purpose of investigating whether at any period of time in Assyrian history there was migration of Assyrians to Kerala. This research is necessitated because there has been a steady stream of articles recent times claiming Assyrian migration to Kerala. There are also some intellectually bankrupt claims that there were Assyrian settlers in Kerala when St. Thomas visited the country. Writers who belong to a particular communal school of thought attempt to develop distorted factual beliefs to bolster their communal superiority in a caste-ridden society by using the internet and research journals. Communal and partisan writers are guilty of misleading even foreign authors with distortions, exaggerations, subjectivity, inaccuracy and fabrications to create a sense of legitimacy to their grotesque lies. This paper attempts to catalogue the views of revisionist writers who have used deceptive techniques such as manipulated and wrongly translated sources, false evidences, bogus ethnology, imaginary stories and spurious sources in order to make their
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Papers by Abraham Yeshuratnam
I was intrigued by the statement in the New World Encyclopedia, “The apostle (St. Thomas) is said to have begun preaching the gospel to the already existing Jewish settlers on the Malabar Coast and to other local people. According to the Acts of Thomas, the first converts made by Thomas in India were Jewish people.”[1] So this paper is prepared to investigate whether there were Christian Jews in Kerala in the 1stcentury. Throughout the ages historians have been a fascinated with Jewish history. Evolving out of a common religion, the Jewish people developed customs, culture, and an ethical system which identified them as Jews regardless of their individual religious attitudes.
________________________________________
[1] Saint Thomas Christians, New world Encyclopedia, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Saint_Thomas_Christians
[2] I Kings 9:26-28
[3] Logan, William, Malabar Manual, Government Press, Madras, 1951, pp. 245-46
[4] Katz, Nathan, Who are the Jews of India, University of California Press, California, 2000,p.27.
[5] Slapek, Orpa (ed),The Jews of India, University Press of New England, London, 2003, p.79) ( Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.)
[6] Gordon H.Cyrus, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Solomon)
[7] Johann Jahn, Hebrew Commonwealth, G & C Carvill, New York, 1828, p. 613
[8] Ronald J. Berger. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach, Aldine Transaction, 2002, ISBN 0-202-30670-4, p. 154.
[9] Benhur, Abraham, The Jewish background of the India People, http://abrahambenhur.com/jewish_indian.html
[10] ibid
[11] Wilford, John Noble (December 16, 2013). "Neanderthals and the Dead” New York Times, December 17, 2013.
[12] Farrar, F.W, Solomon: His Life And Times, Ansond F. Randolph & Company, New York, 1886,p.122
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_churches.
[14] Thomson Gale, Jewish Diaspora International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences | 2008http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Jewish_diaspora.aspx
[15] Babylonian Exile, Jewish history, The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/event/Babylonian-Exile.
[16] The Christian Observer, Whiting & Watson, 1814, p.173
[17] History of the Jews in India, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[18] The Jewish Literary Annual, 1905
[19] Ancient Jewish History, The Hebrews: A Learning Module , Washington State University,Richard Hooker –( http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Diaspora.html)
[20] Richard Hooker, The Babylonian Exile, The Hebrews: A Learning Module, from Washington State University,
[21] Johnson, Barbara.C, The Cochin Jews of Kerala, MyJewishLearning, http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-cochin-jews-of-kerala/#
[22] Dell Markey, Encyclopedia of Diasporas, Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around Vol.1,Springer, New York, 2005, p.193
[23] Lendering, Jona, Livius, http://www.livius.org/
[24] http://kehillatisrael.net/docs/learning/intertestamental.html.
[25] Bible History Daily, http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites
[26] Paulose, Rachel, http://aapress.com/ethnicity/indian/minnesota-and-the-jews-of-india/
[27] Nathan Katz, Who are the Jews of India, University of California Press, California, p.9
[28] Fernandes Edna,The last jews of kerala, Skyhorse Publishing, New York, 2008, p.4
[29] Nathan Katz, ibid, p.19
[30] Logan, William, Malabar, Government Press, Madras, 1951,p201
[31]Thurston Edgar,Castes and Tribes of Southern India, vol.ii, Government Press, Madras, 1909, p.45
[32] Singh, Nagendra kr. Ed. Global Encyclopedia of the South Indian Ethnography, vol.1, Global Vision Publishing House, New Delhi, 2006,p.720
33. http://www.stthomasnj.org/origin.php
[34] Katz, ibid
[35] Katz, Nathan, op.cited, p.19.
[36] Thompson C, William, Council For Responsible Genetics, http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/GeneWatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=57
[37] http://kottayamad.org/history-of-the-archdiocese/
[38] Glenn,E. Hinson, . The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity up to 1300, Mercer University Press, 1995,p.80
[39] Neill, Stephen, A History of Christianity in India, Cambridge university press, London,1984, P.46
[40] Alyssa Prinsker , View image of Only one Paradesi synagogue remains in Cochin (Credit: Credit: Alyssa Pinsker)
[41] Barbara C, Johnson, The Cochin Jews of Kerala, http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-cochin-jews-of-kerala/2/#
[42] Ideals Institute for Jewish ideas and ideals. https://www.jewishideas.org/articles/diasporic-reunions-sephardiashkenazi-tensions-histo
[43] Weiner, Rebecca, Judaism:Sephardim, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html
[44] Margariti, Roxani Edeni, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade, University of North Carolina Press, 2007, p.2
I was intrigued by the statement in the New World Encyclopedia, “The apostle (St. Thomas) is said to have begun preaching the gospel to the already existing Jewish settlers on the Malabar Coast and to other local people. According to the Acts of Thomas, the first converts made by Thomas in India were Jewish people.”[1] So this paper is prepared to investigate whether there were Christian Jews in Kerala in the 1stcentury. Throughout the ages historians have been a fascinated with Jewish history. Evolving out of a common religion, the Jewish people developed customs, culture, and an ethical system which identified them as Jews regardless of their individual religious attitudes.
________________________________________
[1] Saint Thomas Christians, New world Encyclopedia, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Saint_Thomas_Christians
[2] I Kings 9:26-28
[3] Logan, William, Malabar Manual, Government Press, Madras, 1951, pp. 245-46
[4] Katz, Nathan, Who are the Jews of India, University of California Press, California, 2000,p.27.
[5] Slapek, Orpa (ed),The Jews of India, University Press of New England, London, 2003, p.79) ( Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.)
[6] Gordon H.Cyrus, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Solomon)
[7] Johann Jahn, Hebrew Commonwealth, G & C Carvill, New York, 1828, p. 613
[8] Ronald J. Berger. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach, Aldine Transaction, 2002, ISBN 0-202-30670-4, p. 154.
[9] Benhur, Abraham, The Jewish background of the India People, http://abrahambenhur.com/jewish_indian.html
[10] ibid
[11] Wilford, John Noble (December 16, 2013). "Neanderthals and the Dead” New York Times, December 17, 2013.
[12] Farrar, F.W, Solomon: His Life And Times, Ansond F. Randolph & Company, New York, 1886,p.122
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_churches.
[14] Thomson Gale, Jewish Diaspora International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences | 2008http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Jewish_diaspora.aspx
[15] Babylonian Exile, Jewish history, The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/event/Babylonian-Exile.
[16] The Christian Observer, Whiting & Watson, 1814, p.173
[17] History of the Jews in India, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[18] The Jewish Literary Annual, 1905
[19] Ancient Jewish History, The Hebrews: A Learning Module , Washington State University,Richard Hooker –( http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Diaspora.html)
[20] Richard Hooker, The Babylonian Exile, The Hebrews: A Learning Module, from Washington State University,
[21] Johnson, Barbara.C, The Cochin Jews of Kerala, MyJewishLearning, http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-cochin-jews-of-kerala/#
[22] Dell Markey, Encyclopedia of Diasporas, Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around Vol.1,Springer, New York, 2005, p.193
[23] Lendering, Jona, Livius, http://www.livius.org/
[24] http://kehillatisrael.net/docs/learning/intertestamental.html.
[25] Bible History Daily, http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites
[26] Paulose, Rachel, http://aapress.com/ethnicity/indian/minnesota-and-the-jews-of-india/
[27] Nathan Katz, Who are the Jews of India, University of California Press, California, p.9
[28] Fernandes Edna,The last jews of kerala, Skyhorse Publishing, New York, 2008, p.4
[29] Nathan Katz, ibid, p.19
[30] Logan, William, Malabar, Government Press, Madras, 1951,p201
[31]Thurston Edgar,Castes and Tribes of Southern India, vol.ii, Government Press, Madras, 1909, p.45
[32] Singh, Nagendra kr. Ed. Global Encyclopedia of the South Indian Ethnography, vol.1, Global Vision Publishing House, New Delhi, 2006,p.720
33. http://www.stthomasnj.org/origin.php
[34] Katz, ibid
[35] Katz, Nathan, op.cited, p.19.
[36] Thompson C, William, Council For Responsible Genetics, http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/GeneWatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=57
[37] http://kottayamad.org/history-of-the-archdiocese/
[38] Glenn,E. Hinson, . The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity up to 1300, Mercer University Press, 1995,p.80
[39] Neill, Stephen, A History of Christianity in India, Cambridge university press, London,1984, P.46
[40] Alyssa Prinsker , View image of Only one Paradesi synagogue remains in Cochin (Credit: Credit: Alyssa Pinsker)
[41] Barbara C, Johnson, The Cochin Jews of Kerala, http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-cochin-jews-of-kerala/2/#
[42] Ideals Institute for Jewish ideas and ideals. https://www.jewishideas.org/articles/diasporic-reunions-sephardiashkenazi-tensions-histo
[43] Weiner, Rebecca, Judaism:Sephardim, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html
[44] Margariti, Roxani Edeni, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade, University of North Carolina Press, 2007, p.2