It has been suggested that ṛgveda is a spiritual literature, but that any attempt to understand i... more It has been suggested that ṛgveda is a spiritual literature, but that any attempt to understand it in spiritual light must proceed from the literal meaning and signs in its text. In this context, it can be suggested that the implication of a hint dropped by Vaiśvāmitra in the first hymn itself, is not sufficiently appreciated. In the sixth verse of this hymn (i.1:6), the sage seems to identify Agni with Aṅgiras addressing him as agne in the first line and aṅgiraḥ in the second [yad|aṅga dāśuṣe tvam|agne bhadraṁ kariṣyasi tava|id|tad|satyam|aṅgiraḥ]. Given Aṅgiras’s views on higher and inferior knowledge, this identification suggests that Vaisvāmitra could well have intended to put a higher meaning as well into his verses. Once we open up to this possibility, it is possible to read many pointers to higher knowledge in the first hymn. In general, Vaisvāmitra’s hymns are open to several levels of meaning, which may be one reason why, Vedavyāsa preferred to put his hymns at the head of the Ṛgveda Saṃhita. In the first hymn, Vaisvāmitra points to Agni’s role in spiritual development, the importance of Viṣṇu as the goal, the importance of spiritual striving, the meaning of submission, as well as the role of Agni, Śiva and Śakti in spiritual development. None of the above names occur in the text itself, which is why it lends itself to multiple levels of translation. However, Viṣṇu finds reference as vīraḥ, satyaḥ, aḥ, vardhamānaḥ, saḥ, Śiva as bhadraḥ and saḥ, and Śakti simply as sū (mother). Of great help in a spiritual translation of this and other hymns is the finding by Shri Apte, who treats the word 'an' as a noun as well, assigning it the meaning of ‘soul’. Some of its declensions have helped in decoding of the fifth and ninth verse (i.1:5 & i.1:9).
Drawing on empirical research from a qualitative study in the Russian Federation, this paper cont... more Drawing on empirical research from a qualitative study in the Russian Federation, this paper contributes to the limited academic literature on environmental awareness and sustainable development in Russia. Using data from nearly one hundred interviews with firms, NGOs and environmental regulators, we explore current barriers to public environmental awareness and the avenues to sustainable development, in the context of a transition country. We conclude by calling for further research that investigates the possibilities for environmental education and sustainability in contemporary Russian society and the institutional barriers thereto.
Globalisation is likely adversely impact the traditional classes. It also threatens to destroy na... more Globalisation is likely adversely impact the traditional classes. It also threatens to destroy national market, from which stems the bargaining power of the traditional classes.In spite of this, the paper suggests that the response to globalisation in India has necessarily to be discordant. It ...
Globalisation is likely adversely impact the traditional classes. It also threatens to destroy na... more Globalisation is likely adversely impact the traditional classes. It also threatens to destroy national market, from which stems the bargaining power of the traditional classes.In spite of this, the paper suggests that the response to globalisation in India has necessarily to be discordant. It ...
2. Different explanations have been offered to explain this gain-loss asymmetry (e.g., Pearce and... more 2. Different explanations have been offered to explain this gain-loss asymmetry (e.g., Pearce and Turner, p157, Hanley et al. p. 396). 3. Public gain is a benefit that is communally enjoyed, unlike private gain. 4. These are Brookshire et al. and Hovis et al estimates that yield a rate of socialisation of 0.64 and 0.61 respectively.
2. Different explanations have been offered to explain this gain-loss asymmetry (e.g., Pearce and... more 2. Different explanations have been offered to explain this gain-loss asymmetry (e.g., Pearce and Turner, p157, Hanley et al. p. 396). 3. Public gain is a benefit that is communally enjoyed, unlike private gain. 4. These are Brookshire et al. and Hovis et al estimates that yield a rate of socialisation of 0.64 and 0.61 respectively.
The distribution of national income between social classes is a significant question in political... more The distribution of national income between social classes is a significant question in political economy of development. The classical economists see class distribution of income as central to analysis of economic growth. The neoclassicals move away from class analysis, and reduce income distribution to the matter of factor pricing. The neo-classical scheme renders, not only the class distribution of income but even personal distribution of income invisible. Kalecki is the first post-classical economist to reintroduce class distribution of income into macroeconomic analysis. In analysing the distribution of income, Kalecki departs form the conventional assumption of perfect competition, and is the first modern economist to use 1 markup pricing in the analysis of distribution. Specifically, Kalecki shows that markup pricing, along with the material-wage ratio of an industry, determines the distribution of income among social classes in an industry. He further shows that changes in the product mix in the economy also have a bearing on the distribution of income in the economy as a whole. Kalecki's departure from perfect competition models offers fresh insight into understanding the imperfectly competitive world. The Kaleckian method has the added advantage of using 2 readily available data for a proximate explanation of the distribution of income among social classes, specifically the wage share. Western studies have shown a broad stability of the wage share in the national income in the long run (cf. Ranadive 1978, p. 134). It is worth investigating whether this result extends to the organised Indian industry as well. Hence this paper studies the long run trend in the wage share in organised Indian industry (1973-1997). The share of wages in industrial income has a threefold importance. First, it is broadly indicative of the relative importance of the working class in the economic structure in general, and in industry in particular. A trend decline in the wage share would indicate a general weakening of the importance of the working class 3 in the socioeconomic system , and would be worth investigating.
Viṣṇu, inspite of sparsity of explicit mention or dedication in Ṛgveda, has a central place in sp... more Viṣṇu, inspite of sparsity of explicit mention or dedication in Ṛgveda, has a central place in spiritual striving, in its very first hymn. Viṣṇu is a wise spiritual purpose or satyaḥ (one of three possible meanings) in Rg: i.1.5. Nightly spiritual vigils of sages, their soul submitted servilely to the guardian of immortality, director of the attentive, upright and non-violent are indicated in Rgs i.1.7-8. This is Viṣṇu, called Vardhamāna here. He is called dīdiviḥ who could also be Bṛahaspati to allow for possible practices sage followers of Indra. ‘Servile submission’ to Viṣṇu seems to mean here to keep one’s own self, ego, individuality, one’s very soul, as it were, in self control and self-restraint. This is ‘dāsa bhāva’. Thus, spiritual striving (i.e., devotion, meditation, religious contemplation), servile submission to Viṣṇu, a wise purpose for man and god, are all present in the very first hymn of Ṛgveda. Introduction The name ‘Viṣṇu’ occurs only 113 times in the 15,553 verse...
Page 1. Service Led Industrial Growth: An Analysis of the Trend in Manufacturing (1961-1999) Dr. ... more Page 1. Service Led Industrial Growth: An Analysis of the Trend in Manufacturing (1961-1999) Dr. Rahul A. Shastri, Joint Director, National Akademi of Development In spite of considerable literature in support of a deceleration in manufacturing ...
I. Standard System 1.1 Embedded in every economy is a standard system (Sraffa, 1960), that consis... more I. Standard System 1.1 Embedded in every economy is a standard system (Sraffa, 1960), that consists of all basic commodities, and may be constructed by unique multipliers. It is possible to detect the standard system in the Input Output Transactions Table (1993-94) published by the CSO (2000) for India. The relation between the Leontief input output tables and Sraffa's system is explored in Pasinetti (1977). 1.2 One characteristic of a standard system is that since it is in balanced or standard proportions, it assures the maximum rate of growth of itself. Since the resources are in Deleted: ,
After Keynes, it has become usual to emphasise the prevalence of unused capacities across industr... more After Keynes, it has become usual to emphasise the prevalence of unused capacities across industries, sometimes even as result of deliberate microeconomic policy (Koutsoyiannis, p 272, 1975). This is why industrial growth is believed to be, by and large, demand led. External demand for manufactured products is of four types: demand for investment goods, demand for consumer goods, demand for intermediate goods for other sectors, and export demand. This paper represents these four types of demand Gross Capital Formation (GCF), Private and Government Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE, GFCE), Agricultural output, and finally exports. Liberalisation is treated as a regime change since 1991.
The future is essentially unpredictable. This is truer today than twenty years back. And that is ... more The future is essentially unpredictable. This is truer today than twenty years back. And that is due to the rapid acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution. Twenty years back, the class rooms moved from mechanical calculators to electronic ones. In 1980s, the PCs entered the scene, pushing back the electronic calculators. Ever since then, we are having a revolution every year. Tapes were replaced by hard disks and floppies. Floppies by CD ROM's, and now CD ROM's by tape drives. Computer technology is getting outdated by the year. Each year brings with it new learning, new technology, new promises. However this rapid acceleration has now begun to reveal the faint outlines of the distant future. At least three major revolutions seem inevitable: the bio-tech revolution, the info-tech revolution and the energy revolution.
It has been suggested that ṛgveda is a spiritual literature, but that any attempt to understand i... more It has been suggested that ṛgveda is a spiritual literature, but that any attempt to understand it in spiritual light must proceed from the literal meaning and signs in its text. In this context, it can be suggested that the implication of a hint dropped by Vaiśvāmitra in the first hymn itself, is not sufficiently appreciated. In the sixth verse of this hymn (i.1:6), the sage seems to identify Agni with Aṅgiras addressing him as agne in the first line and aṅgiraḥ in the second [yad|aṅga dāśuṣe tvam|agne bhadraṁ kariṣyasi tava|id|tad|satyam|aṅgiraḥ]. Given Aṅgiras’s views on higher and inferior knowledge, this identification suggests that Vaisvāmitra could well have intended to put a higher meaning as well into his verses. Once we open up to this possibility, it is possible to read many pointers to higher knowledge in the first hymn. In general, Vaisvāmitra’s hymns are open to several levels of meaning, which may be one reason why, Vedavyāsa preferred to put his hymns at the head of the Ṛgveda Saṃhita. In the first hymn, Vaisvāmitra points to Agni’s role in spiritual development, the importance of Viṣṇu as the goal, the importance of spiritual striving, the meaning of submission, as well as the role of Agni, Śiva and Śakti in spiritual development. None of the above names occur in the text itself, which is why it lends itself to multiple levels of translation. However, Viṣṇu finds reference as vīraḥ, satyaḥ, aḥ, vardhamānaḥ, saḥ, Śiva as bhadraḥ and saḥ, and Śakti simply as sū (mother). Of great help in a spiritual translation of this and other hymns is the finding by Shri Apte, who treats the word 'an' as a noun as well, assigning it the meaning of ‘soul’. Some of its declensions have helped in decoding of the fifth and ninth verse (i.1:5 & i.1:9).
Drawing on empirical research from a qualitative study in the Russian Federation, this paper cont... more Drawing on empirical research from a qualitative study in the Russian Federation, this paper contributes to the limited academic literature on environmental awareness and sustainable development in Russia. Using data from nearly one hundred interviews with firms, NGOs and environmental regulators, we explore current barriers to public environmental awareness and the avenues to sustainable development, in the context of a transition country. We conclude by calling for further research that investigates the possibilities for environmental education and sustainability in contemporary Russian society and the institutional barriers thereto.
Globalisation is likely adversely impact the traditional classes. It also threatens to destroy na... more Globalisation is likely adversely impact the traditional classes. It also threatens to destroy national market, from which stems the bargaining power of the traditional classes.In spite of this, the paper suggests that the response to globalisation in India has necessarily to be discordant. It ...
Globalisation is likely adversely impact the traditional classes. It also threatens to destroy na... more Globalisation is likely adversely impact the traditional classes. It also threatens to destroy national market, from which stems the bargaining power of the traditional classes.In spite of this, the paper suggests that the response to globalisation in India has necessarily to be discordant. It ...
2. Different explanations have been offered to explain this gain-loss asymmetry (e.g., Pearce and... more 2. Different explanations have been offered to explain this gain-loss asymmetry (e.g., Pearce and Turner, p157, Hanley et al. p. 396). 3. Public gain is a benefit that is communally enjoyed, unlike private gain. 4. These are Brookshire et al. and Hovis et al estimates that yield a rate of socialisation of 0.64 and 0.61 respectively.
2. Different explanations have been offered to explain this gain-loss asymmetry (e.g., Pearce and... more 2. Different explanations have been offered to explain this gain-loss asymmetry (e.g., Pearce and Turner, p157, Hanley et al. p. 396). 3. Public gain is a benefit that is communally enjoyed, unlike private gain. 4. These are Brookshire et al. and Hovis et al estimates that yield a rate of socialisation of 0.64 and 0.61 respectively.
The distribution of national income between social classes is a significant question in political... more The distribution of national income between social classes is a significant question in political economy of development. The classical economists see class distribution of income as central to analysis of economic growth. The neoclassicals move away from class analysis, and reduce income distribution to the matter of factor pricing. The neo-classical scheme renders, not only the class distribution of income but even personal distribution of income invisible. Kalecki is the first post-classical economist to reintroduce class distribution of income into macroeconomic analysis. In analysing the distribution of income, Kalecki departs form the conventional assumption of perfect competition, and is the first modern economist to use 1 markup pricing in the analysis of distribution. Specifically, Kalecki shows that markup pricing, along with the material-wage ratio of an industry, determines the distribution of income among social classes in an industry. He further shows that changes in the product mix in the economy also have a bearing on the distribution of income in the economy as a whole. Kalecki's departure from perfect competition models offers fresh insight into understanding the imperfectly competitive world. The Kaleckian method has the added advantage of using 2 readily available data for a proximate explanation of the distribution of income among social classes, specifically the wage share. Western studies have shown a broad stability of the wage share in the national income in the long run (cf. Ranadive 1978, p. 134). It is worth investigating whether this result extends to the organised Indian industry as well. Hence this paper studies the long run trend in the wage share in organised Indian industry (1973-1997). The share of wages in industrial income has a threefold importance. First, it is broadly indicative of the relative importance of the working class in the economic structure in general, and in industry in particular. A trend decline in the wage share would indicate a general weakening of the importance of the working class 3 in the socioeconomic system , and would be worth investigating.
Viṣṇu, inspite of sparsity of explicit mention or dedication in Ṛgveda, has a central place in sp... more Viṣṇu, inspite of sparsity of explicit mention or dedication in Ṛgveda, has a central place in spiritual striving, in its very first hymn. Viṣṇu is a wise spiritual purpose or satyaḥ (one of three possible meanings) in Rg: i.1.5. Nightly spiritual vigils of sages, their soul submitted servilely to the guardian of immortality, director of the attentive, upright and non-violent are indicated in Rgs i.1.7-8. This is Viṣṇu, called Vardhamāna here. He is called dīdiviḥ who could also be Bṛahaspati to allow for possible practices sage followers of Indra. ‘Servile submission’ to Viṣṇu seems to mean here to keep one’s own self, ego, individuality, one’s very soul, as it were, in self control and self-restraint. This is ‘dāsa bhāva’. Thus, spiritual striving (i.e., devotion, meditation, religious contemplation), servile submission to Viṣṇu, a wise purpose for man and god, are all present in the very first hymn of Ṛgveda. Introduction The name ‘Viṣṇu’ occurs only 113 times in the 15,553 verse...
Page 1. Service Led Industrial Growth: An Analysis of the Trend in Manufacturing (1961-1999) Dr. ... more Page 1. Service Led Industrial Growth: An Analysis of the Trend in Manufacturing (1961-1999) Dr. Rahul A. Shastri, Joint Director, National Akademi of Development In spite of considerable literature in support of a deceleration in manufacturing ...
I. Standard System 1.1 Embedded in every economy is a standard system (Sraffa, 1960), that consis... more I. Standard System 1.1 Embedded in every economy is a standard system (Sraffa, 1960), that consists of all basic commodities, and may be constructed by unique multipliers. It is possible to detect the standard system in the Input Output Transactions Table (1993-94) published by the CSO (2000) for India. The relation between the Leontief input output tables and Sraffa's system is explored in Pasinetti (1977). 1.2 One characteristic of a standard system is that since it is in balanced or standard proportions, it assures the maximum rate of growth of itself. Since the resources are in Deleted: ,
After Keynes, it has become usual to emphasise the prevalence of unused capacities across industr... more After Keynes, it has become usual to emphasise the prevalence of unused capacities across industries, sometimes even as result of deliberate microeconomic policy (Koutsoyiannis, p 272, 1975). This is why industrial growth is believed to be, by and large, demand led. External demand for manufactured products is of four types: demand for investment goods, demand for consumer goods, demand for intermediate goods for other sectors, and export demand. This paper represents these four types of demand Gross Capital Formation (GCF), Private and Government Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE, GFCE), Agricultural output, and finally exports. Liberalisation is treated as a regime change since 1991.
The future is essentially unpredictable. This is truer today than twenty years back. And that is ... more The future is essentially unpredictable. This is truer today than twenty years back. And that is due to the rapid acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution. Twenty years back, the class rooms moved from mechanical calculators to electronic ones. In 1980s, the PCs entered the scene, pushing back the electronic calculators. Ever since then, we are having a revolution every year. Tapes were replaced by hard disks and floppies. Floppies by CD ROM's, and now CD ROM's by tape drives. Computer technology is getting outdated by the year. Each year brings with it new learning, new technology, new promises. However this rapid acceleration has now begun to reveal the faint outlines of the distant future. At least three major revolutions seem inevitable: the bio-tech revolution, the info-tech revolution and the energy revolution.
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Drafts by Rahul Shastri
In the sixth verse of this hymn (i.1:6), the sage seems to identify Agni with Aṅgiras addressing him as agne in the first line and aṅgiraḥ in the second [yad|aṅga dāśuṣe tvam|agne bhadraṁ kariṣyasi tava|id|tad|satyam|aṅgiraḥ].
Given Aṅgiras’s views on higher and inferior knowledge, this identification suggests that Vaisvāmitra could well have intended to put a higher meaning as well into his verses. Once we open up to this possibility, it is possible to read many pointers to higher knowledge in the first hymn.
In general, Vaisvāmitra’s hymns are open to several levels of meaning, which may be one reason why, Vedavyāsa preferred to put his hymns at the head of the Ṛgveda Saṃhita. In the first hymn, Vaisvāmitra points to Agni’s role in spiritual development, the importance of Viṣṇu as the goal, the importance of spiritual striving, the meaning of submission, as well as the role of Agni, Śiva and Śakti in spiritual development.
None of the above names occur in the text itself, which is why it lends itself to multiple levels of translation. However, Viṣṇu finds reference as vīraḥ, satyaḥ, aḥ, vardhamānaḥ, saḥ, Śiva as bhadraḥ and saḥ, and Śakti simply as sū (mother).
Of great help in a spiritual translation of this and other hymns is the finding by Shri Apte, who treats the word 'an' as a noun as well, assigning it the meaning of ‘soul’. Some of its declensions have helped in decoding of the fifth and ninth verse (i.1:5 & i.1:9).
Papers by Rahul Shastri
In the sixth verse of this hymn (i.1:6), the sage seems to identify Agni with Aṅgiras addressing him as agne in the first line and aṅgiraḥ in the second [yad|aṅga dāśuṣe tvam|agne bhadraṁ kariṣyasi tava|id|tad|satyam|aṅgiraḥ].
Given Aṅgiras’s views on higher and inferior knowledge, this identification suggests that Vaisvāmitra could well have intended to put a higher meaning as well into his verses. Once we open up to this possibility, it is possible to read many pointers to higher knowledge in the first hymn.
In general, Vaisvāmitra’s hymns are open to several levels of meaning, which may be one reason why, Vedavyāsa preferred to put his hymns at the head of the Ṛgveda Saṃhita. In the first hymn, Vaisvāmitra points to Agni’s role in spiritual development, the importance of Viṣṇu as the goal, the importance of spiritual striving, the meaning of submission, as well as the role of Agni, Śiva and Śakti in spiritual development.
None of the above names occur in the text itself, which is why it lends itself to multiple levels of translation. However, Viṣṇu finds reference as vīraḥ, satyaḥ, aḥ, vardhamānaḥ, saḥ, Śiva as bhadraḥ and saḥ, and Śakti simply as sū (mother).
Of great help in a spiritual translation of this and other hymns is the finding by Shri Apte, who treats the word 'an' as a noun as well, assigning it the meaning of ‘soul’. Some of its declensions have helped in decoding of the fifth and ninth verse (i.1:5 & i.1:9).