Papers by Rafaat Technology
Journal of food measurement and characterization, Feb 7, 2024
3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD-Es), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPD-Es),... more 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD-Es), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPD-Es), and glycidyl esters (G-Es) are heat-induced pollutants that formed during the vegetable oil refining process. The current study investigated the effects of heated palm oil containing measured amounts of MCPD-Es and G-Es on rats' lipid profile, liver and kidney functions. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 3-MCPD-Es, 2-MCPD-Es, and G-Es concentrations in heated palm oil were determined at various intervals. Forty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were divided into four groups (I to IV). Group I was fed a regular diet (negative control). Groups II, III and IV were fed a regular diet fortified with 15% (w/w) of unheated palm oil, palm oil heated at 200 °C for 15 min, and palm oil heated at 200 °C for 30 min, respectively, for 8 weeks. The rats were fed an ordinary diet with nutritional pellets and given water ad libitum. The animal groups were sacrificed, blood samples taken, and the tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The results showed that 3-MCPD-Es, 2-MCPD-Es and G-Es in heated palm oil were 5.4, 3.3 and 2.1 mg kg −1 oil, respectively, and formed at the mildest tested conditions (200 °C, 30 min). Palm oil heated at 200 °C for 30 min increased liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase), serum kidney functions (uric acid, urea, and creatinine) and lipid profile (plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol) while decreasing HDL-cholesterol compared to rats fed a regular diet. Histological changes occurred in the liver and kidney of rats. It could be concluded that levels of MCPD-Es and G-Es in heated palm oil may pose a potential risk to the health of consumers and need to be constantly monitored.
Antibiotics
Nano-drug delivery is a promising tactic to enhance the activity and minimize the cytotoxicity of... more Nano-drug delivery is a promising tactic to enhance the activity and minimize the cytotoxicity of antimicrobial drugs. In the current study, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were used as a carrier for the delivery of gentamicin sulfate (GM) and ascorbic acid (AA). The particles were synthesized by ionotropic gelation method and characterized by FT-IR, Zeta potential, and transmission electron microscope imaging. The obtained particles were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. The prepared particles (GM–AA–CSNPs) under the optimal condition of 4:1:1 of chitosan to drug ratio showed encapsulation efficiency and loading capacities of 89% and 22%, respectively. Regarding biological activities, GM–AA–CSNPs showed a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than free gentamicin sulfate and GMCSNPs mixture without presenting cytotoxicity against normal cells (HSF). Moreover, the GM–AA–CSNPs did not exhibit hemolytic activity. These results highlight that t...
Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology, 2020
This study reports the results of the survey study on 3-monochloro1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) levels... more This study reports the results of the survey study on 3-monochloro1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) levels in selected foods, oils and fats collected from supermarkets and restaurants in Egypt. Also; study the effect of feeding of rat on diet contained palm oil rich 3-MCPD on the biochemical parameters of rats. Twenty samples were collected from different supermarkets and restaurants in Egypt to determine 3-MCPD by GC-MS. The oil samples remained after from falafel frying showed the highest contents of 3-MCPD esters, with a mean value of 8.20 μg/kg oil, followed by palm oils and oils mixture. Forty Albino rats divided into five groups including one as a basal diet control. The other groups were fed on a a basal diet and replaced corn oil with crude palm oil heated at 200°C for 30min, heated palm oil at 200°C for 6h and palm oil fried with tortilla chips. Rats fed on either heated palm oil at 200°C for 6h and fried palm oil with tortilla chips showed elevated liver and kidney functions as well as lipid profile except HDLcholesterol and damages in some histological liver and kidney tissue compared with the control basal diet.This would risk forming esters of 3-MCPD fatty acids.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
The study aimed to see the ability of some actinomycetes in removing of some toxic heavy metal io... more The study aimed to see the ability of some actinomycetes in removing of some toxic heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Mn2+) and some aflatoxins (AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, AFB2) from contaminated water samples. Out of 57 isolates of actinomycetes were isolated from different locations of Egypt. The most five isolates removed studied heavy metals, (Cd2+, Mn2+) singly above 65% were selected to remove studied metal ions from binary mixtures. The highest removing percentage was recorded by A26 isolate which was removed 71.4 %, and 70.0 % from Cd2+, and Mn2+ respectively. The 16S rRNA analyses and phylogenetic data of A26 concluded that it was member of Streptomyces genus, A26 was deposited in Gene Bank Data base under accession number MW947066. The results of the dead biomass of Streptomyces albus A26 for Cd2+, and Mn2+ under the optimized conditions pH-8 at 40°C for 3 hours with 0.3% bio sorbent dosage was found (Cd2+79.5 ± 2.37%, Mn+ 2,81.6±2%). All studied heavy metals were removed from aqueous solutio...
Research Journal of Applied Biotechnology, 2018
What is oil pulling? This is the practice of swirling oil around your mouth and then spitting it ... more What is oil pulling? This is the practice of swirling oil around your mouth and then spitting it out. It usually involves coconut oil, sunflower oil or sesame seed oil. Rinsing should be continued for perhaps five to 20 minutes, so that the edible oil is pulled through the teeth and mouth.
Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 2009
This work was conduct to detect of recombinant DNA of genetically modified (GM) in soybean like c... more This work was conduct to detect of recombinant DNA of genetically modified (GM) in soybean like cheese and heat-treated GM soybean milk. Genomic DNA was extracted from soybean like cheese and heat-treated GM soybeans milk by using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method and vivants DNA extraction kit. Primer pair P35s-f2 /petu-r1 amplify the junction region between CaMV35S promoter and part of CP4EPSPS and GMOScreen kit that amplify CaMV35S promoter and or NOS terminator were selected to detect the recombinant of DNA in Roundup Ready soybean. They gave PCR products of band sizes, 172 and 123 bp. PCR products were detected when DNA solution extracted from soybean like cheese and heattreated GM soybean milk by the vivants DNA extraction kit. PCR products of the expected 172, and 123 bp were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis at the end of storage period 60 days. However, PCR products were not detected in DNA extracted from soybean like cheese and heat-treated GM soybean milk by the CTAB method. These results indicate that judicious selection of DNA extraction methods and target sequences are important to detect DNA from soybean like cheese and recombinant DNA can be detected in soybean like cheese
Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 2008
Like-labneh products were prepared with buffaloes' milk contained 14 % total solids, barley flour... more Like-labneh products were prepared with buffaloes' milk contained 14 % total solids, barley flour 10 % and butter milk 6 %. The mixture was inculated using five strains to give five treatments. Treatment Ι contained 3.0% yoghurt culture, treatment ΙΙ contained 1.5%Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, treatment ΙΙΙ contained 3.0 % ABT culturs, treatment ΙV contained 1.5 % from treatment ΙΙ strains plus 0.5 % glucon delta lacton and treatment V contained 1.5 % ABT plus o.5 % glucon delta lacton. The chemically, microbiologically and organoleptically were determined in like-labneh products at different storage periods zero time, 4, 8, 18 and 30 days at 5˚C in refregerator. The results showed that the total solids, ash, soluble protein and acidity were increased wereas, total protein and pH values were decreased in all treatments like-labneh products. Moreover, the acetaldehyde concentration in like-labneh from all treatments had increased gradually during storage period to reach a maximum after 18 days and its followed by a decreased at the end of storage period. Whereas, the diacetyl concentration had increased till the end of storage period. The organic acids, citric, pyrovic and lactic acids were decreased in like-labneh products after 8 days. Whilist acetic and formic acids were decreased after 4 days in all treatments during storage. The results from microbiological properties in like-labneh products for all treatments showed that the total counts of bacteria and bifidobacterium lactis had decreased after 18 days and 4 days , respectivley, and also, Streptococcus thermophillus was decreased and increased after 8 days. Whereas, Lactobacillus acidophilus had gradually dereased meanwhile, yeast and moulds were oppisatly trends. The sensory evaluation of like-labneh products for all treatments during storage period gave not changes and the best flavour, taste and texture. It might be concluded that the like-labneh product from incubated barley flour and ABT followed by bifidobacteria and lactobacillus acidophilus gave the best sensory evaluation.
Molecules
Carnosic acid (CA) is a natural phenolic compound with several biomedical actions. This work was ... more Carnosic acid (CA) is a natural phenolic compound with several biomedical actions. This work was performed to study the use of CA-loaded polymeric nanoparticles to improve the antitumor activity of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and colon cancer cells (Caco-2). CA was encapsulated in bovine serum albumin (BSA), chitosan (CH), and cellulose (CL) nanoparticles. The CA-loaded BSA nanoparticles (CA-BSA-NPs) revealed the most promising formula as it showed good loading capacity and the best release rate profile as the drug reached 80% after 10 h. The physicochemical characterization of the CA-BSA-NPs and empty carrier (BSA-NPs) was performed by the particle size distribution analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential. The antitumor activity of the CA-BSA-NPs was evaluated by measuring cell viability, apoptosis rate, and gene expression of GCLC, COX-2, and BCL-2 in MCF-7 and Caco-2. The cytotoxicity assay (MTT) showed elevated antitumor activity of CA-BSA-NPs agains...
Solenostemma argel is a desert medicinal plant indigenous to African countries. The goal of this ... more Solenostemma argel is a desert medicinal plant indigenous to African countries. The goal of this work was to investigate the pharmacological properties of phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in the Solenostemma argel. Aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of Solenostemma argel were tested for antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, cell viability and cytotoxic effects, and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic and flavonoid contents (HPLC), and volatile constituents (GC-MS) were also characterized. The antioxidant activity of Solenostemma argel extract increased from (34.47%) at a concentration of 10 µg/mL to (98.47%) at a concentration of 1280 µg/mL. The most sensitive organism was S. aureus with the highest inhibition zone and lowest MIC, with acetone extract. Whereas C. tropicalis was the most resistant, with the lowest inhibition zone. MTT assay indicated that the methanolic extract of Solenostemma argel had significant cytotoxic effects on the A549, Caco-2, and MDAMB-231 ...
Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 2009
This work was conducted to compare between six methods for the extraction of DNA from raw maize a... more This work was conducted to compare between six methods for the extraction of DNA from raw maize and its derived products. On the other hand, the method (s) that given the highest levels of DNA yields and quality will be chosen to screen and detect the genetic modification in the samples that collected from the Egyptian food market. The methods were evaluated for the extraction of DNA from maize kernels (no treatment), maize flour (mechanical treatment), maize snacks, canned maize (sweet corn), frozen maize (sweet corn), maize starch, maize extruded, popcorn, corn flacks, (mechanical, thermal and treatment). Maize snacks, corn flacks, bread with corn flour and maize starch. The quality and quantity of DNA extracted from standards, containing known percentages of GMO material and from different food products. GMO Screen 35S/Nos test kit for qualitative detection of GMO varieties in food, feed and seed was used to screen the genetic modification in the samples. The positive samples for 35S promoter and or NOS terminator were identified by standard methods that adopted by EU. All methods extracted a good DNA quality from raw materials for most of the raw materials. High pure DNA extraction kit recovered the highest levels of DNA. DNA yields for maize-derived foods generally decreased with the extent that the product had been processed. The High pure DNA extraction kits (Roch) was generally the best method for the extraction of DNA from most of the maize-derived foods. The results from screening indicated that 17 samples from investigated samples were positive for the presence of 35S promoter. 34% from the samples positive for the genetically modified maize line Bt 176.
Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2010
The genus Celastrus consists of about 100 species of shrubs, distributed over tropical Asia, Chin... more The genus Celastrus consists of about 100 species of shrubs, distributed over tropical Asia, China, Japan, Australia, and North America. Four species are confined to India, of which Celastrus paniculatus Willd. belongs to the family Celastraceae. Celastrus paniculatus, a plant known for centuries as the ''Elixir of life'', is a large woody, climbing shrub, height up to 10-18 m, and is common all over the hilly parts of India. The fruits are yellow when matured, and the seeds are reddish brown, covered with a scarlet aril >1, 2@. The plant exhibits therapeutic values and is used as a treatment for cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, insomnia, rheumatism, gout, and dyspepsia >1-3@. According to Ayurveda, C. paniculatus may be employed as a stimulant, nerve tonic, rejuvenant, sedative, and diuretic >4@. The petroleum ether extract of seeds yields a dark brown oil known as Celastrus oil or Malkanguni oil. Early reports on the seed oil using paper chromatography stated that the oil contains mainly palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids >5@. The oil acts as a powerful stimulant used in the treatment of scabies, body and rheumatic pains, wound eczema, and beriberi >6@. Celastrus paniculatus seed oil has been reported to exert pharmacological actions such as analgesic >7@, antimalarial >8@ and antispermatogenic >9@. Recently, C. paniculatus oil exhibited anxiolytic activity, and the oil was found to be safe >10@. Studies on C. paniculatus seed oil for its major and minor constituents are lacking. In this work, lipid classes, fatty acids, and fat-soluble bioactive components of C. paniculatus seed oil have been analyzed. In the present investigation C. paniculatus seeds were found to contain about 46% crude oil. The proportion of lipid classes and subclasses presented in C. paniculatus seed oil as well as R f values of these subclasses are shown in Table 1. Among the TL present in the seeds, the level of NL was the highest (ca. 99% of TL), followed by GL (0.55% of TL) and PL (0.34% of TL). Subclasses of NL in the crude oil contain triacylglycerol (TAG), free fatty acids (FFA), diacylglycerol (DAG), esterified sterols (STE), and monoacylglycerol (MAG) in decreasing order. Significant amounts of TAG were found (ca. 97.1% of total NL), followed by FFA (ca. 1.08% of total NL), while DAG and STE were recovered in lower quantities. SG, ESG, and CER were the prevalent components of the total GL. Phosphorimetry of the TLC fractions (Table 1
Molecules, 2021
Euphorbia cuneata Vahl. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of pai... more Euphorbia cuneata Vahl. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation, although the biological basis for these effects has not been thoroughly investigated. The goal of this study was to investigate the pharmacological properties and characterization of phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in the aerial parts of E. cuneata. E. cuneata aerial parts were tested for antioxidant activity (DPPH), antibacterial activity, cell viability and cytotoxic effects, and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic and flavonoid contents (HPLC), and volatile constituents (GC-MS) were also characterized. The methanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity, while the ether extract had the lowest. The antioxidant activity of E. cuneata extract increased from (21.11%) at a concentration of 10 µg/mL to (95.53%) at a concentration of 1280 µg/mL. S. aureus was the most sensitive organism with the highest zone of inhibition and lowest MIC, with acetone extra...
Background Paradoxically, patients with advanced stomach cancer who are Helicobacter pylori-posit... more Background Paradoxically, patients with advanced stomach cancer who are Helicobacter pylori-positive (HP+) have a higher survival rate than those who are HP-. This finding suggests that HP infection has beneficial effects for cancer treatment. Present study examines whether HP+ individuals have a lower likelihood of death from cancer than those who are HP-. Methods and findings Prospective cohort data (n = 4,982 subjects enrolled in the DAIKO study between 2008-2010) was used to assess whether anti-HP antibody status as a surrogate for past-present HP infection was associated with cancer incidence. The median age in the primary registry was 53 years-old (range 34-69 years-old). Over the 8-year observation period there were 234 (4.7%) cancer cases in the cohort and 88 (1.8%) all-cause deaths. Urine anti-HP antibody data was available for all but one participant (n = 4,981; 99.97%). The number of HP+ and HP- individuals was 1,826 (37%) and 3,156 (63%), respectively. Anti-HP antibody d...
This work aimed to detect the genetically modified potatoes in Egyptian market. DNA based method ... more This work aimed to detect the genetically modified potatoes in Egyptian market. DNA based method was used to detect genetically modified potatoes in the collected genotypes. Three primer pairs were selected to detect the genetic modification. The results indicated that 38 % of the investigated genotypes were positive for genetic modification in ac2 gene. Furthermore, 46% (12 Genotypes) were positive for the presence of genetically modified potato that contained CaMV promoter and cry V gene. In addition to 81% from the samples under investigation were positive for the presence of 35S promoter sequence in potatoes samples. From the obtained results we recommend the Egyptian government to establish strong regulations and certified laboratories to monitor GM crops or foods in the Egyptian market.
Egyptian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 2018
International Journal of Food Properties, 2013
ABSTRACT
International Journal of Food Properties, 2013
ABSTRACT
Chromatographia, 2009
A combination of column chromatography (CC), gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (... more A combination of column chromatography (CC), gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques were performed to analyze lipid classes, fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives of Derris indica crude seed oil. Hexane extract of Derris indica oilseeds was found to be 56%. Level of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic followed by a-linolenic, palmitic and oleic were the major fatty acids in the crude seed oil. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipid fractions. The oil was characterized by a relatively high amount of phytosterols, wherein the sterol markers were b-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. c-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol while the rest being a-tocopherol. In consideration of potential utilization, detailed knowledge on the composition of Derris indica oil is of major importance.
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