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James A Putnam

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Retired microcircuit engineer, married 56 years, 78 year old independent researcher. I am not a physicist; however, I offer corrections to theoretical physics based upon direct empirical evidence. There is a large amount of my written work on the Internet. My website is http://newphysicstheory.com.
Address: Castle Rock, Colorado, United States

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Nantes University

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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

University of Southampton

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University of Haifa

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Papers by James A Putnam

Improper Derivation of the Lorentz Transforms

The Improper 'Derivation' of the Lorentz Transforms by Einstein My answer will be long. I will pr... more The Improper 'Derivation' of the Lorentz Transforms by Einstein My answer will be long. I will provide the information for the derivation and meaning of the Lorentz factor. However, I am quite certain that this is not real physics or even real mathematics. So, I will also present an evaluation of Einstein's 'derivation'. Whether you agree with my findings or not, you will have a more insightful view of the 'derivation' of the Lorentz Transforms than a physics textbook will give you. I will speak of the speed of light when I really mean the speed of electromagnetism. Repeating 'electromagnetism' over and over again becomes tedious for the writer and the reader. Poets don't write about electromagnetism. They do write without ending about 'light'. So we will learn from the poets and use the word 'light'.

Fundamental Theoretical Corrections that Solve Gibbs' Paradox.

Clausius first defined thermodynamic entropy. His definition included straight-forward thermodyna... more Clausius first defined thermodynamic entropy. His definition included straight-forward thermodynamic properties of heat and temperature. Heat is energy in transit. As simple as his definition was, its meaning is not explained to this day. Descriptions of entropy mention but deliberately avoid directly addressing Clausius' entropy in favor of directing the readers' attention to Boltzmann's definition and the others that followed in its path. Boltzmann's entropy, easily explained, is not Clausius' entropy. This paper explains Clausius' entropy. The indirect, elusive "A measure of this..." or "A measure of that..." where "this" and "that" are not thermodynamic entropy, is replaced with Thermodynamic Entropy Itself Is...!! Theoretical physics cannot continue to not understand Clausius' Real Thermodynamic Entropy.

Revealing Natural Truth by Correctly Defining the Units of Physics

Temperature, Thermodynamic Entropy, the Hydrogen Atom, Boltzmann's, and Planck's Constants: Their Relationships between them in New Physics.

My use of the term, thermodynamic properties, refers to those for which we may make macroscopic m... more My use of the term, thermodynamic properties, refers to those for which we may make macroscopic measurements. Pressure and temperature are representative of this definition. There is one further general requirement. The measurement of such properties must be done under conditions of equilibrium. Temperature is commonly defined as a property that demonstrates when two or more systems are in thermal equilibrium.

Replacements for Maxwell's Equations are derived as part of a Unified Field Theory.

This paper presents work extracted from a more complete unified theory. It is abbreviated and int... more This paper presents work extracted from a more complete unified theory. It is abbreviated and introduces changes to fundamental properties as if they are curiosities. The results are hoped to demonstrate that the changes must be more than curiosities. The idea presented in previous papers and used here is that: Empirical evidence consists of changes in patterns of changes of velocities of objects; and that: All properties inferred to exist from empirical evidence must be definable in the same terms as that evidence is expressed. The evidence is expressed in measures of distance and time. The special increment of time returns in this paper. The increment has the same magnitude as electric charge. It is the period of time required for light to travel the radius of the hydrogen atom.

Deriving the Physical Origin of the Universal Gravitational Constant

A New Derivation of Energy

How can Mindless Mathematical Laws give rise to Aims and Intentions

FQXi.org 2017 Essay Contest. The Universe has evolved to the level of providing for human free-wi... more FQXi.org 2017 Essay Contest. The Universe has evolved to the level of providing for human free-will. That is a display of great purpose and dedication toward a long term goal. The Universe rose up parts of itself to form our beings. Our parts know the means by which the Universe operates. They have to know what it is that they are destined to do. It does not matter whether one resents the word 'know' and prefers the word 'forced'. That choice is a matter of philosophical preference and does not pertain meaningfully to the Universe. We know what the Universe can do. Those parts of the Universe now working as individual beings are the means by which the Universe comprehends itself. Yet while the answers are part of our being, we do not know them without seeking to know them by our own efforts. We need to engage with the Universe in order to learn its nature. We see that the Universe is orderly and all parts of it are meaningful. There does not exist any lack of purpose anywhere. This can be known by recognizing that any lack of purpose or meaning, if such a thing could exist, in any amount, anywhere in the Universe would destroy order. If such a circumstance had ever existed, then the Universe would not now exist. It could not have evolved passed the time when meaninglessness was made part of it. The fruits of a process are fully determined by the properties of the process. If the process is interpreted as being mechanical and inanimate, then the interpretations of its fruits cannot themselves be more than inanimate. If the process involves greater properties than inanimate and mechanical ones, hopefully including properties of life and intelligence, then its fruits can be composed from a wider range of properties. Among these properties would be the universal fundamentals of life and intelligence. Current fundamental or foundational science cannot yet direct us to the means by which intelligence is accomplished. Foundational science, in particular the discipline of theoretical physics, treats received information as having a nature that is inanimate and mechanical. In other words, representative of dumbness. The empirical evidence of patterns in the acceleration of objects is our source of physics knowledge about the operation of the Universe. Narrowness of understanding results from the choice to impose a mechanical interpretation by which to screen the empirical evidence of physics. Properties of intelligence are deliberately excluded. The physics fundamental view of the properties of the Universe is that they are dumb. Dumbness is mechanically compatible with orderliness. There is limited merit in a dumb mechanical interpretation. The merit is that mechanical problems can be solved; and, mechanical knowledge can be put to useful implementation. The mechanical investigation makes extensive use of mathematics. Objects in motion, predominantly follow predictable patterns that can be modeled mathematically in equation forms. The Universe gave birth to intelligent life so it is not confined to the severely limited mechanical understanding provided by physics. The science of physics removed purpose, meaning, and goals from its view of the nature of the Universe. The dumbness of the mechanical interpretation became a guiding principle for the study of the Universe. Physics began its search for knowledge by requiring that only

The Physical Meaning of the Fine Structure Constant

Gravitational Potential Energy and Relativity's Energy Expression

Empirical Evidence can Reveal Natural Truths If Theoretical Physics' Indefinable Properties are Replaced with Defined Properties

Physics is a mechanical interpretation of the nature of the universe. It relies upon empirical ev... more Physics is a mechanical interpretation of the nature of the universe. It relies upon empirical evidence in the form of patterns of changes of velocities of objects. Those patterns consist always and only of effects. We cannot learn what cause is from that evidence, only what cause does. Cause remains physics most pervasive unknown. There are though also pseudo unknowns. Pseudo unknowns are the answers to those questions that go unanswered because physicists don't know yet how to proceed forward or have misled themselves to miss the answers due to guesses that have become part of physics equations. Without theorists' guesses, there would be obvious blank spaces in incomplete physics equations. Whenever blank spaces show themselves in physics equations they are fertile ground from which the trick side of theoretical physics sprouts. Unknowns do not stop theorists. Theorists will move forward in the face of the unknown. They use their educated imaginations to invent substitute answers that fill in blanks in physics equations. This essay reports on the damage that this practice often results in. It puts forward a remedy for removing theorists' tricks and for how to reveal empirical truths.

Energy and Momentum - Their Empirical Meanings from Force, Length, and Time.

Proposing A Principle of Conservation of Acceleration: Distance and Time, the properties of empirical evidence, are returned to their Natural Indefinable States.

Introducing the practice of defining all units for all physics properties in combinations of the ... more Introducing the practice of defining all units for all physics properties in combinations of the units of their empirical evidence. It is proposed that all properties that are inferred to exist from empirical evidence should be defined using the same terms in which that evidence is expressed. That evidence consists of patterns in changes of velocities of objects. That evidence is expressed in terms of length and time represented by their units of meters and seconds. When changes of velocities are measured with respect to time, they are called acceleration. The units of acceleration are meters/second/second . The equation f=ma contains acceleration as its empirical evidence. The properties of force and mass are herein defined in terms of the two measured properties of acceleration. Those properties are distance and time. The units of mass are no longer the artificially indefinable units of kilograms. Its new units are a combination of the units of its empirical evidence. Meters and seconds are the units of the empirical evidence. They are the only two naturally indefinable units. This is the case because there are no units existing before them by which they may be defined. Units for higher level properties of mechanics are definable using those of mass, distance and time. Therefore their units are now formed solely in combinations of meters and seconds. The empirical origin and meaning of mass are presented. Important properties and constants of thermodynamics are explained using mechanics. The physical meaning of Clausius’ thermodynamic entropy is derived. A unification of the two expressions of the fine structure constant is presented. The cause of acceleration due to gravity is explained. A principle of Conservation of Acceleration is proposed.

Human Innate Knowledge

We know a lot of knowledge, but yearn for more. We know that there remains much potential for lea... more We know a lot of knowledge, but yearn for more. We know that there remains much potential for learning. Who will advance human understanding into the future? Who taught us before? Do we teach each other? We talk and write and, because others appear to learn from us, we think that we are teaching them. It is believed that learning comes from the outside world. However, the teacher and student are exchanging only photons. Photons are the particle nature of electromagnetism. Along with the arrival of the teacher's photons, are innumerable numbers from other sources in other places and times. What we effectively receive from others are signs. The photons form signals for which we must find meanings. That rush of wildly mixed bits of data doesn't teach us. Who then is the teacher?

The Need to Return Physics Equations Back to their Empirical Forms

The need to remove theory from physics equations and return them to their empirical forms. The me... more The need to remove theory from physics equations and return them to their empirical forms. The means for accomplishing this is to employ the use of only empirical units. Empirical units are units that are defined using only those terms in which the empirical evidence from which the existence of properties is inferred is itself expressed. The terms of expression for empirical evidence is its units. All physics empirical evidence is in the form of patterns in changes of velocities of objects. The units for expressing changes of velocities consist of combinations of meters and seconds only. Meters and seconds are the only naturally indefinable units. There are no others. All other units must be defined units.Defined units are units that are defined in terms of pre-existing units only. Replacing artificial 'indefinable' units with defined units begins the process of returning physics equations back to their empirical forms. It is also the practice of removing theory from physics equations.

Correcting three definitional errors of Theoretical Physics, second was Temperature, third was Electric Charge, beginning with the first: Mass in f=ma.

Revealing the natural physical meaning of Clausius' Thermodynamic Entropy. The evasive, "A measure of this." or "A measure of that." is replaced with "Thermodynamic Entropy Itself Is...!!

Before the beginning of physics theory there was f=ma. Newton's equation modeled patterns in chan... more Before the beginning of physics theory there was f=ma. Newton's equation modeled patterns in changes of velocities of objects. The letter a represents the empirical evidence which consists of acceleration. Acceleration is change of velocity with respect to time. The units of acceleration are meters per second squared. They are the units of the properties of distance and time. Distance and time are the two properties of empirical evidence. They are naturally indefinable. Indefinable properties are properties that are not definable in terms of pre-existing properties. Distance and time are the first properties of physics. There are no properties before them.

What is Possible for Theoretical Physics?

Theoretical physics is the practice of inventing imagined substitutes for cause. No one knows wha... more Theoretical physics is the practice of inventing imagined substitutes for cause. No one knows what cause, usually referred to as 'force', is. The equations of physics mimic the patterns of changes of velocities of objects, that represents physics' empirical roots. However, theoretical physics intervened to inject its invented properties into physics equations. This act introduced fundamental disunity into the physics equations. That disunity cannot be eradicated by introducing additional invented properties. Fundamental unity can be achieved only by eradicating 'theory' from physics equations beginning with defining mass in f=ma.

A Rejection of Time-Dilation and Acceptance of Length-Contraction

[A very condensed presentation of ideas, the most important is the explanation for thermodynamics... more [A very condensed presentation of ideas, the most important is the explanation for thermodynamics' 2/3 fraction. This paper will be expanded to include supporting work.] Physics' empirical evidence consists of patterns of changes of velocities of objects. Neither time nor space have been shown to experience changes of velocities or to even have velocities. There are no specimens of either one contained anywhere available for experimentation. Objects can change their velocities, their shapes, their sizes, and their rates of activity. When their rates of activity change it is due to change in the potency of the cause of their activity. There is no empirical evidence for time acting as a cause. The universe functions as a unit proving that it has only one cause for all effects. That cause is presented here as the variation of the speed (and direction) of light. Time, shown as having its own unique physical existence, has never been part of physics equations. In other words, time (t) in physics equations has always represented cyclic activity of objects that are undergoing changes of their velocities. While all changes of velocities take place during the passage of time, none can be represented mathematically in terms of changes of distance with respect to changes in the property of time. Objects that undergo patterns of changes of velocities do not include time as one of those objects. The (t) in physics equations is represented by its unit the 'second'. The second is not a unit of time. It is a unit of the behavior of the cesium 133 atom. The second is more commonly a unit of the behavior of a clock. There is no unit that is a direct measure of the behavior of time. If there were, there would not be a need for explaining the second in terms of the behavior of objects. There is a new strong reason, revealed by the implementation of empirical units and fundamental unity, to reject the existence of Time-Dilation. The magnitude of electric charge is identified in empirical units as being a universally constant measure of time. It is incompatible with the idea of time-dilation.

Redefining the Equivalence Principle

What is the meaning of gamma? In relativity theory there appears the mathematical expression: ¡ I... more What is the meaning of gamma? In relativity theory there appears the mathematical expression: ¡ It originated from the Lorentz transforms. The question I will answer here is: What is the physical meaning of gamma? It appears in time dilation: ¢ And in length contraction: ¢ Time dilation and length contraction combine in general relativity to describe space-time. While the speed of light is defined as a constant, gamma is a variable. It varies due to relative velocity, and the result is that we observe relativity effects. Is it gamma that represents the physical cause of relativity effects? Is gamma a property of the universe? Or, is it the speed of light that plays the real role of causing effects?

Improper Derivation of the Lorentz Transforms

The Improper 'Derivation' of the Lorentz Transforms by Einstein My answer will be long. I will pr... more The Improper 'Derivation' of the Lorentz Transforms by Einstein My answer will be long. I will provide the information for the derivation and meaning of the Lorentz factor. However, I am quite certain that this is not real physics or even real mathematics. So, I will also present an evaluation of Einstein's 'derivation'. Whether you agree with my findings or not, you will have a more insightful view of the 'derivation' of the Lorentz Transforms than a physics textbook will give you. I will speak of the speed of light when I really mean the speed of electromagnetism. Repeating 'electromagnetism' over and over again becomes tedious for the writer and the reader. Poets don't write about electromagnetism. They do write without ending about 'light'. So we will learn from the poets and use the word 'light'.

Fundamental Theoretical Corrections that Solve Gibbs' Paradox.

Clausius first defined thermodynamic entropy. His definition included straight-forward thermodyna... more Clausius first defined thermodynamic entropy. His definition included straight-forward thermodynamic properties of heat and temperature. Heat is energy in transit. As simple as his definition was, its meaning is not explained to this day. Descriptions of entropy mention but deliberately avoid directly addressing Clausius' entropy in favor of directing the readers' attention to Boltzmann's definition and the others that followed in its path. Boltzmann's entropy, easily explained, is not Clausius' entropy. This paper explains Clausius' entropy. The indirect, elusive "A measure of this..." or "A measure of that..." where "this" and "that" are not thermodynamic entropy, is replaced with Thermodynamic Entropy Itself Is...!! Theoretical physics cannot continue to not understand Clausius' Real Thermodynamic Entropy.

Revealing Natural Truth by Correctly Defining the Units of Physics

Temperature, Thermodynamic Entropy, the Hydrogen Atom, Boltzmann's, and Planck's Constants: Their Relationships between them in New Physics.

My use of the term, thermodynamic properties, refers to those for which we may make macroscopic m... more My use of the term, thermodynamic properties, refers to those for which we may make macroscopic measurements. Pressure and temperature are representative of this definition. There is one further general requirement. The measurement of such properties must be done under conditions of equilibrium. Temperature is commonly defined as a property that demonstrates when two or more systems are in thermal equilibrium.

Replacements for Maxwell's Equations are derived as part of a Unified Field Theory.

This paper presents work extracted from a more complete unified theory. It is abbreviated and int... more This paper presents work extracted from a more complete unified theory. It is abbreviated and introduces changes to fundamental properties as if they are curiosities. The results are hoped to demonstrate that the changes must be more than curiosities. The idea presented in previous papers and used here is that: Empirical evidence consists of changes in patterns of changes of velocities of objects; and that: All properties inferred to exist from empirical evidence must be definable in the same terms as that evidence is expressed. The evidence is expressed in measures of distance and time. The special increment of time returns in this paper. The increment has the same magnitude as electric charge. It is the period of time required for light to travel the radius of the hydrogen atom.

Deriving the Physical Origin of the Universal Gravitational Constant

A New Derivation of Energy

How can Mindless Mathematical Laws give rise to Aims and Intentions

FQXi.org 2017 Essay Contest. The Universe has evolved to the level of providing for human free-wi... more FQXi.org 2017 Essay Contest. The Universe has evolved to the level of providing for human free-will. That is a display of great purpose and dedication toward a long term goal. The Universe rose up parts of itself to form our beings. Our parts know the means by which the Universe operates. They have to know what it is that they are destined to do. It does not matter whether one resents the word 'know' and prefers the word 'forced'. That choice is a matter of philosophical preference and does not pertain meaningfully to the Universe. We know what the Universe can do. Those parts of the Universe now working as individual beings are the means by which the Universe comprehends itself. Yet while the answers are part of our being, we do not know them without seeking to know them by our own efforts. We need to engage with the Universe in order to learn its nature. We see that the Universe is orderly and all parts of it are meaningful. There does not exist any lack of purpose anywhere. This can be known by recognizing that any lack of purpose or meaning, if such a thing could exist, in any amount, anywhere in the Universe would destroy order. If such a circumstance had ever existed, then the Universe would not now exist. It could not have evolved passed the time when meaninglessness was made part of it. The fruits of a process are fully determined by the properties of the process. If the process is interpreted as being mechanical and inanimate, then the interpretations of its fruits cannot themselves be more than inanimate. If the process involves greater properties than inanimate and mechanical ones, hopefully including properties of life and intelligence, then its fruits can be composed from a wider range of properties. Among these properties would be the universal fundamentals of life and intelligence. Current fundamental or foundational science cannot yet direct us to the means by which intelligence is accomplished. Foundational science, in particular the discipline of theoretical physics, treats received information as having a nature that is inanimate and mechanical. In other words, representative of dumbness. The empirical evidence of patterns in the acceleration of objects is our source of physics knowledge about the operation of the Universe. Narrowness of understanding results from the choice to impose a mechanical interpretation by which to screen the empirical evidence of physics. Properties of intelligence are deliberately excluded. The physics fundamental view of the properties of the Universe is that they are dumb. Dumbness is mechanically compatible with orderliness. There is limited merit in a dumb mechanical interpretation. The merit is that mechanical problems can be solved; and, mechanical knowledge can be put to useful implementation. The mechanical investigation makes extensive use of mathematics. Objects in motion, predominantly follow predictable patterns that can be modeled mathematically in equation forms. The Universe gave birth to intelligent life so it is not confined to the severely limited mechanical understanding provided by physics. The science of physics removed purpose, meaning, and goals from its view of the nature of the Universe. The dumbness of the mechanical interpretation became a guiding principle for the study of the Universe. Physics began its search for knowledge by requiring that only

The Physical Meaning of the Fine Structure Constant

Gravitational Potential Energy and Relativity's Energy Expression

Empirical Evidence can Reveal Natural Truths If Theoretical Physics' Indefinable Properties are Replaced with Defined Properties

Physics is a mechanical interpretation of the nature of the universe. It relies upon empirical ev... more Physics is a mechanical interpretation of the nature of the universe. It relies upon empirical evidence in the form of patterns of changes of velocities of objects. Those patterns consist always and only of effects. We cannot learn what cause is from that evidence, only what cause does. Cause remains physics most pervasive unknown. There are though also pseudo unknowns. Pseudo unknowns are the answers to those questions that go unanswered because physicists don't know yet how to proceed forward or have misled themselves to miss the answers due to guesses that have become part of physics equations. Without theorists' guesses, there would be obvious blank spaces in incomplete physics equations. Whenever blank spaces show themselves in physics equations they are fertile ground from which the trick side of theoretical physics sprouts. Unknowns do not stop theorists. Theorists will move forward in the face of the unknown. They use their educated imaginations to invent substitute answers that fill in blanks in physics equations. This essay reports on the damage that this practice often results in. It puts forward a remedy for removing theorists' tricks and for how to reveal empirical truths.

Energy and Momentum - Their Empirical Meanings from Force, Length, and Time.

Proposing A Principle of Conservation of Acceleration: Distance and Time, the properties of empirical evidence, are returned to their Natural Indefinable States.

Introducing the practice of defining all units for all physics properties in combinations of the ... more Introducing the practice of defining all units for all physics properties in combinations of the units of their empirical evidence. It is proposed that all properties that are inferred to exist from empirical evidence should be defined using the same terms in which that evidence is expressed. That evidence consists of patterns in changes of velocities of objects. That evidence is expressed in terms of length and time represented by their units of meters and seconds. When changes of velocities are measured with respect to time, they are called acceleration. The units of acceleration are meters/second/second . The equation f=ma contains acceleration as its empirical evidence. The properties of force and mass are herein defined in terms of the two measured properties of acceleration. Those properties are distance and time. The units of mass are no longer the artificially indefinable units of kilograms. Its new units are a combination of the units of its empirical evidence. Meters and seconds are the units of the empirical evidence. They are the only two naturally indefinable units. This is the case because there are no units existing before them by which they may be defined. Units for higher level properties of mechanics are definable using those of mass, distance and time. Therefore their units are now formed solely in combinations of meters and seconds. The empirical origin and meaning of mass are presented. Important properties and constants of thermodynamics are explained using mechanics. The physical meaning of Clausius’ thermodynamic entropy is derived. A unification of the two expressions of the fine structure constant is presented. The cause of acceleration due to gravity is explained. A principle of Conservation of Acceleration is proposed.

Human Innate Knowledge

We know a lot of knowledge, but yearn for more. We know that there remains much potential for lea... more We know a lot of knowledge, but yearn for more. We know that there remains much potential for learning. Who will advance human understanding into the future? Who taught us before? Do we teach each other? We talk and write and, because others appear to learn from us, we think that we are teaching them. It is believed that learning comes from the outside world. However, the teacher and student are exchanging only photons. Photons are the particle nature of electromagnetism. Along with the arrival of the teacher's photons, are innumerable numbers from other sources in other places and times. What we effectively receive from others are signs. The photons form signals for which we must find meanings. That rush of wildly mixed bits of data doesn't teach us. Who then is the teacher?

The Need to Return Physics Equations Back to their Empirical Forms

The need to remove theory from physics equations and return them to their empirical forms. The me... more The need to remove theory from physics equations and return them to their empirical forms. The means for accomplishing this is to employ the use of only empirical units. Empirical units are units that are defined using only those terms in which the empirical evidence from which the existence of properties is inferred is itself expressed. The terms of expression for empirical evidence is its units. All physics empirical evidence is in the form of patterns in changes of velocities of objects. The units for expressing changes of velocities consist of combinations of meters and seconds only. Meters and seconds are the only naturally indefinable units. There are no others. All other units must be defined units.Defined units are units that are defined in terms of pre-existing units only. Replacing artificial 'indefinable' units with defined units begins the process of returning physics equations back to their empirical forms. It is also the practice of removing theory from physics equations.

Correcting three definitional errors of Theoretical Physics, second was Temperature, third was Electric Charge, beginning with the first: Mass in f=ma.

Revealing the natural physical meaning of Clausius' Thermodynamic Entropy. The evasive, "A measure of this." or "A measure of that." is replaced with "Thermodynamic Entropy Itself Is...!!

Before the beginning of physics theory there was f=ma. Newton's equation modeled patterns in chan... more Before the beginning of physics theory there was f=ma. Newton's equation modeled patterns in changes of velocities of objects. The letter a represents the empirical evidence which consists of acceleration. Acceleration is change of velocity with respect to time. The units of acceleration are meters per second squared. They are the units of the properties of distance and time. Distance and time are the two properties of empirical evidence. They are naturally indefinable. Indefinable properties are properties that are not definable in terms of pre-existing properties. Distance and time are the first properties of physics. There are no properties before them.

What is Possible for Theoretical Physics?

Theoretical physics is the practice of inventing imagined substitutes for cause. No one knows wha... more Theoretical physics is the practice of inventing imagined substitutes for cause. No one knows what cause, usually referred to as 'force', is. The equations of physics mimic the patterns of changes of velocities of objects, that represents physics' empirical roots. However, theoretical physics intervened to inject its invented properties into physics equations. This act introduced fundamental disunity into the physics equations. That disunity cannot be eradicated by introducing additional invented properties. Fundamental unity can be achieved only by eradicating 'theory' from physics equations beginning with defining mass in f=ma.

A Rejection of Time-Dilation and Acceptance of Length-Contraction

[A very condensed presentation of ideas, the most important is the explanation for thermodynamics... more [A very condensed presentation of ideas, the most important is the explanation for thermodynamics' 2/3 fraction. This paper will be expanded to include supporting work.] Physics' empirical evidence consists of patterns of changes of velocities of objects. Neither time nor space have been shown to experience changes of velocities or to even have velocities. There are no specimens of either one contained anywhere available for experimentation. Objects can change their velocities, their shapes, their sizes, and their rates of activity. When their rates of activity change it is due to change in the potency of the cause of their activity. There is no empirical evidence for time acting as a cause. The universe functions as a unit proving that it has only one cause for all effects. That cause is presented here as the variation of the speed (and direction) of light. Time, shown as having its own unique physical existence, has never been part of physics equations. In other words, time (t) in physics equations has always represented cyclic activity of objects that are undergoing changes of their velocities. While all changes of velocities take place during the passage of time, none can be represented mathematically in terms of changes of distance with respect to changes in the property of time. Objects that undergo patterns of changes of velocities do not include time as one of those objects. The (t) in physics equations is represented by its unit the 'second'. The second is not a unit of time. It is a unit of the behavior of the cesium 133 atom. The second is more commonly a unit of the behavior of a clock. There is no unit that is a direct measure of the behavior of time. If there were, there would not be a need for explaining the second in terms of the behavior of objects. There is a new strong reason, revealed by the implementation of empirical units and fundamental unity, to reject the existence of Time-Dilation. The magnitude of electric charge is identified in empirical units as being a universally constant measure of time. It is incompatible with the idea of time-dilation.

Redefining the Equivalence Principle

What is the meaning of gamma? In relativity theory there appears the mathematical expression: ¡ I... more What is the meaning of gamma? In relativity theory there appears the mathematical expression: ¡ It originated from the Lorentz transforms. The question I will answer here is: What is the physical meaning of gamma? It appears in time dilation: ¢ And in length contraction: ¢ Time dilation and length contraction combine in general relativity to describe space-time. While the speed of light is defined as a constant, gamma is a variable. It varies due to relative velocity, and the result is that we observe relativity effects. Is it gamma that represents the physical cause of relativity effects? Is gamma a property of the universe? Or, is it the speed of light that plays the real role of causing effects?

How can Mindless Mathematical Laws give rise to Aims and Intentions

FQXi.org 2017 Essay Contest. The Universe has evolved to the level of providing for human free-wi... more FQXi.org 2017 Essay Contest. The Universe has evolved to the level of providing for human free-will. That is a display of great purpose and dedication toward a long term goal. The Universe rose up parts of itself to form our beings. Our parts know the means by which the Universe operates. They have to know what it is that they are destined to do. It does not matter whether one resents the word 'know' and prefers the word 'forced'. That choice is a matter of philosophical preference and does not pertain meaningfully to the Universe. We know what the Universe can do. Those parts of the Universe now working as individual beings are the means by which the Universe comprehends itself. Yet while the answers are part of our being, we do not know them without seeking to know them by our own efforts. We need to engage with the Universe in order to learn its nature. We see that the Universe is orderly and all parts of it are meaningful. There does not exist any lack of purpose anywhere. This can be known by recognizing that any lack of purpose or meaning, if such a thing could exist, in any amount, anywhere in the Universe would destroy order. If such a circumstance had ever existed, then the Universe would not now exist. It could not have evolved passed the time when meaninglessness was made part of it. The fruits of a process are fully determined by the properties of the process. If the process is interpreted as being mechanical and inanimate, then the interpretations of its fruits cannot themselves be more than inanimate. If the process involves greater properties than inanimate and mechanical ones, hopefully including properties of life and intelligence, then its fruits can be composed from a wider range of properties. Among these properties would be the universal fundamentals of life and intelligence. Current fundamental or foundational science cannot yet direct us to the means by which intelligence is accomplished. Foundational science, in particular the discipline of theoretical physics, treats received information as having a nature that is inanimate and mechanical. In other words, representative of dumbness. The empirical evidence of patterns in the acceleration of objects is our source of physics knowledge about the operation of the Universe. Narrowness of understanding results from the choice to impose a mechanical interpretation by which to screen the empirical evidence of physics. Properties of intelligence are deliberately excluded. The physics fundamental view of the properties of the Universe is that they are dumb. Dumbness is mechanically compatible with orderliness. There is limited merit in a dumb mechanical interpretation. The merit is that mechanical problems can be solved; and, mechanical knowledge can be put to useful implementation. The mechanical investigation makes extensive use of mathematics. Objects in motion, predominantly follow predictable patterns that can be modeled mathematically in equation forms. The Universe gave birth to intelligent life so it is not confined to the severely limited mechanical understanding provided by physics. The science of physics removed purpose, meaning, and goals from its view of the nature of the Universe. The dumbness of the mechanical interpretation became a guiding principle for the study of the Universe. Physics began its search for knowledge by requiring that only