Introduction: Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a necrotizing infection of the genitalia. Time from to ... more Introduction: Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a necrotizing infection of the genitalia. Time from to surgical intervention is a critical determinant of prognosis. We sought to investigate whether patients from rural locations have worse clinical outcomes given distance from a tertiary center. Methods: The Manitoba Intensive Care Unit (ICU) registry includes patients who have been admitted into ICUs across Manitoba. We identified patients admitted with FG from February 1999 to October 2019. Age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), presence of colostomy and scrotal debridement, length of stay (LOS), and mortality outcomes were obtained. Patients were categorized as being rural or urban. Results: From 1999–2019, a total of 79 patients were admitted with FG. The median age was 60 years [interquartile range [IQR] 48–67). The mortality rate during hospitalization was 16.5%. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of deaths for patients from urban vs. rural dwelli...
Testosterone deficiency has a prevalence of up to 20% among adolescent and young adult (AYA) male... more Testosterone deficiency has a prevalence of up to 20% among adolescent and young adult (AYA) males, defined as men aged 15-39 yr according to the National Cancer Institute [1,2]. Prior decades have shown a decline in serum total testosterone (TT) levels in the male population but it remains unclear whether this phenomenon is real and if this trend has been pervasive in recent decades [3]. Moreover, this time-dependent pattern of TT decline has not yet been investigated in the AYA population. We sought to analyze serum TT levels among AYA males using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) database with the hypothesis that mean TT levels among AYA men in the USA declined between 1999 and 2016. NHANES are cross-sectional surveys conducted by the
Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada, 2017
In recent years, the method of vascular control during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) has c... more In recent years, the method of vascular control during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) has come under scrutiny due to catastrophic consequences of a device failure. This study sought to examine the surgical preferences of Canadian donor surgeons with regards to vascular control and their perception on the safety of these modalities. We also surveyed the experience with device malfunction and their subsequent management during LDN. An online survey was sent out to donor surgeons registered with the Canadian Society of Transplantation. Surveys were anonymous and voluntary. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected responses. Recollection of the sequelae and outcomes from device malfunction were also queried. Twenty-eight of 37 surgeons (76% response rate) responded to the survey. At least one surgeon from every institution in Canada performing LDN responded to the survey. Laparoscopic stapler is the most commonly used device for securing the renal artery (61%) and...
480 Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is divided into several histopathological subtypes, ea... more 480 Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is divided into several histopathological subtypes, each with significantly different clinical features. However, current data regarding the prognostic value of histological subtype is limited and conflicted. We examined the impact of RCC histology on disease prognosis in a large, multi-institutional Canadian analysis. Methods: The Canadian Kidney Cancer Information System (CKCis), a prospective database from 14 Canadian institutions, was utilized for the study. 1284 patients with non-metastatic RCC, who underwent surgical intervention with curative intent, were included in the study. Patients were stratified according to their primary histology and the Chi-squared test was used to determine associations between histopathology and clinical features. The impact of histology of disease-free survival (DFS) was determined with a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, tumor size, tumor grade, and pathological stage. Results: Clear cell ...
Over the past two decades there have been significant advances in the use of magnetic resonance i... more Over the past two decades there have been significant advances in the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the vascular system. New imaging sequences and improvements in magnet design have enabled the creation of higher spatial resolution images. MRI is now a viable alternative imaging modality when compared to both invasive angiography and computed tomographic angiography. The use of blood pool agents has further facilitated the use of MR angiography (MRA); their high molecular weight allows for lower doses of contrast medium administration while their prolonged presence in the blood stream allows for repeated high-quality volumetric imaging of both the arterial and venous circulation. As such, MRA is now no longer constrained by the tight windows for first-pass arterial and venous enhancement, which has resulted in the ability to assess and diagnose a large range of vascular pathologies in both arterial and venous systems. The intent of this review is to highlight MRI findings in common vascular pathologies including peripheral arterial disease (PAD), abnormalities of the abdominal aortic branches, postendovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) endoleak assessment, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES), deep venous thrombosis (DVT), vascular thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), and vascular malformations. In addition, the latest MRI techniques currently used to optimally assess each of these pathologies will be discussed. 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016.
To determine the oncological impact of pathological upstaging among patients with clinical T1 dis... more To determine the oncological impact of pathological upstaging among patients with clinical T1 disease treated by partial (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN). The Canadian Kidney Cancer Information System comprises a prospectively maintained multi-institutional database for patients with RCC. Non-metastatic, clinical T1 (cT1) RCC cases were evaluated. Upstaging was defined as pathological T3a (pT3a) disease. Multivariate cox regression analysis identified predictors for recurrence (local recurrence/metastatic disease) while logistic regression identified predictors of pathological upstaging. Kaplan-Meir methods estimated survival. Of 1448 eligible cT1 patients, upstaging was observed in 134 (9%). 1058 (73%) were treated by PN. After a median follow-up of 23 months, the 3-year recurrence free survival (RFS) was 76% in upstaged patients compared with 93% in those not upstaged (p<0.001). Controlling for age, gender, year of surgery, histology, tumor size, surgical approach and margin st...
Introduction: Distal ureteroscopy for stone extraction is a common procedure that is generally pe... more Introduction: Distal ureteroscopy for stone extraction is a common procedure that is generally performed with spinal or general anesthesia. We retrospectively reviewed all distal ureteroscopy performed for ureteric stone extraction with conscious sedation at our institution over a 10-year period to determine its efficacy and safety.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all distal ureteroscopy performed for calculus removal from 2004 to 2014. Patient characteristics, analgesic requirement, tolerability, procedure time, stone size and composition, method of stone extraction, success rate, and complications were collected.Results: Between 2004 and 2014, 314 procedures were performed. Mean age was 53.74 years, with 160 males and 154 females. A success rate of 97% and 10 (3.2%) complications were reported. Mean analgesic requirement was 189 μg of fentanyl (range: 50‒400) and 2.79 mg of midazolam (range: 0‒8). A total of 263 patients (83.7%) tolerated the procedure well, ...
Introduction: In 2013, our institution underwent a change to the undergraduate medical curriculum... more Introduction: In 2013, our institution underwent a change to the undergraduate medical curriculum whereby a clinical urology rotation became mandatory. In this paper, we evaluated the perceived utility and value of this change in the core curriculum. Methods: Third year medical students, required to complete a mandatory 1-week clinical urology rotation, were asked to complete a survey before and after their rotation. Fourth year medical students, not required to complete this rotation, were also asked to complete a questionnaire. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact test were used for data analysis. Results: In total, 108 third year students rotated through urology during the study period. Of these, 66 (61%) completed the prerotation survey and 54 (50%) completed the post-rotation survey. In total, there were 110 fourth year students. Of these, 44 (40%) completed the questionnaire. After completing their mandatory rotations, students felt more comfortable managing and investigating common urological problems, such as hematuria and renal colic. Students felt they had a better understanding of how to insert a Foley catheter and felt comfortable independently inserting a Foley catheter. Importantly, students felt they knew when to consult urology and were also more likely to consider a career in urology. Compared to fourth year students, third year students felt urology was an important component to a family medicine practice and felt they had a better understanding of when to consult urology. Conclusion: The introduction of a mandatory urology rotation for undergraduate medical students leads to a perceived improvement in fundamental urological knowledge and skill set of rotating students. This mandatory rotation provides a valuable experience that validates its inclusion.
20 were attached to 10 intervention PHCs. Median age was 31.5yrs (IQR 26.8-35.3, range 20-38); 31... more 20 were attached to 10 intervention PHCs. Median age was 31.5yrs (IQR 26.8-35.3, range 20-38); 31 (81.6%) were married. Highest education was primary-level for 12 (31.6%), secondary for 14 (36.8%), tertiary for 7 (18.4%), and none for 5 (13.2%). Englishspeaking proficiency was “none” for 1 (2.6%), “basic” for 21 (55.3%), “moderate or better” for 16 (42.1%). Median time-period since HIV diagnosis was 2.0 years (IQR 1.8-4.3). Mean pre-test and post-test scores were 72.4% and 87.7% respectively. The MM program’s early successes included better MM work attendance, improved documentation, increased timeliness/less missed opportunities for client tracking and increased frequency/quality of MM-client interactions. Going Forward: Even though education and English proficiency were relatively low, MMs were able to absorb and retain training knowledge. Their relatively high baseline PMTCT knowledge was encouraging. With appropriate supervisory support, these lay HIVpositive women c Funding: INSPIRE grant from WHO through the Canadian Government. Abstract #: 02ETC073
Analytical and quantitative cytopathology and histopathology, 2013
Melanosis is defined as an abnormal or excessive deposition of melanin within cells and/or tissue... more Melanosis is defined as an abnormal or excessive deposition of melanin within cells and/or tissues. It typically presents as a cutaneous or buccal mucosal lesion, but rare cases of bladder melanosis have also been documented. Melanosis of the urinary bladder is typically considered a benign condition, but it has also been described in association with malignant melanoma and urothelial carcinoma. We report the cases of 2 patients who presented with melanosis of the urinary bladder. One patient presented with melanosis of the urinary bladder together with urothelial dysplasia. Melanosis was incidentally identified during a cystoscopy for ureteral stones. A second patient presented with hematuria and was found to have a muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma with focal small nested morphology together with melanosis. We also present a literature review of the bladder melanosis and an overview of other bladder melanocytic lesions, which include primary and metastatic melanoma and blue nev...
A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled, 3-week study was conducted in patients with chroni... more A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled, 3-week study was conducted in patients with chronic hand dermatitis (HD) of various etiologies and locations to identify subgroups particularly responsive to twice-daily application of pimecrolimus cream 1% with overnight occlusion. A total of 294 patients were randomized to the study. By the final visit on day 22, there was a trend toward greater clearance in patients who received pimecrolimus than in those treated with vehicle cream. An analysis of treatment success by various stratification factors was performed, and it was found that palmar involvement had notable impact on response (P = .033). Patients in the pimecrolimus group continued to improve throughout the study; however, in the vehicle group, improvement plateaued after 15 days. Pimecrolimus was well tolerated, with a low rate of application-site reactions such as burning. Pimecrolimus cream 1%, when used twice daily with overnight occlusion, may be of benefit in the manage...
HIV is a leading cause of mortality in resource limited settings, and HIV associated medical emer... more HIV is a leading cause of mortality in resource limited settings, and HIV associated medical emergencies are common emergency department presentations in high-prevalence settings. HIV attacks the body's immune system, making infected individuals susceptible to severe infections of multiple organ systems including the respiratory tract, ocular structures, and central nervous system. HIV infected individuals also suffer from unique patterns of cardiac disease, gastrointestinal disturbances, and haematologic and oncologic conditions. Anti-retroviral therapy itself is also associated with numerous side effects, many of which can be life-threatening. Diagnosis and management of HIV infected patients require knowledge of the disease's pathology and the life threatening complications associated with it. Part 2 of this article reviews haematologic/oncologic, ocular, gastrointestinal, and treatment complications.
Introduction: Penile degloving is an important step in orthoplasty. Although its role in correcti... more Introduction: Penile degloving is an important step in orthoplasty. Although its role in correcting mild curvature in distal and midshaft hypospadias has been previously reported, its impact on ventral curvature (VC) correction in proximal defects warrants further investigation. Therefore, we sought to document the effect of degloving and proximal urethral dissection on VC correction in children with proximal hypospadias.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 137 patients who underwent proximal hypospadias repair between 1998 and 2006. VC, defined as mild (<30%), moderate (30%–45%), and severe (>45%), was recorded before penile degloving and afte rerection test. Percent improvement in VC and need for further treatment (beyond degloving and proximal dissection) based on preoperative degree of curvature were assessed. ANOVA test was used to compare improvement among the 3 groups.Results: Mean age at repair was 14 months (range: 6-24). Penile degloving associated wit...
Introduction: Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a necrotizing infection of the genitalia. Time from to ... more Introduction: Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a necrotizing infection of the genitalia. Time from to surgical intervention is a critical determinant of prognosis. We sought to investigate whether patients from rural locations have worse clinical outcomes given distance from a tertiary center. Methods: The Manitoba Intensive Care Unit (ICU) registry includes patients who have been admitted into ICUs across Manitoba. We identified patients admitted with FG from February 1999 to October 2019. Age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), presence of colostomy and scrotal debridement, length of stay (LOS), and mortality outcomes were obtained. Patients were categorized as being rural or urban. Results: From 1999–2019, a total of 79 patients were admitted with FG. The median age was 60 years [interquartile range [IQR] 48–67). The mortality rate during hospitalization was 16.5%. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of deaths for patients from urban vs. rural dwelli...
Testosterone deficiency has a prevalence of up to 20% among adolescent and young adult (AYA) male... more Testosterone deficiency has a prevalence of up to 20% among adolescent and young adult (AYA) males, defined as men aged 15-39 yr according to the National Cancer Institute [1,2]. Prior decades have shown a decline in serum total testosterone (TT) levels in the male population but it remains unclear whether this phenomenon is real and if this trend has been pervasive in recent decades [3]. Moreover, this time-dependent pattern of TT decline has not yet been investigated in the AYA population. We sought to analyze serum TT levels among AYA males using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) database with the hypothesis that mean TT levels among AYA men in the USA declined between 1999 and 2016. NHANES are cross-sectional surveys conducted by the
Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada, 2017
In recent years, the method of vascular control during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) has c... more In recent years, the method of vascular control during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) has come under scrutiny due to catastrophic consequences of a device failure. This study sought to examine the surgical preferences of Canadian donor surgeons with regards to vascular control and their perception on the safety of these modalities. We also surveyed the experience with device malfunction and their subsequent management during LDN. An online survey was sent out to donor surgeons registered with the Canadian Society of Transplantation. Surveys were anonymous and voluntary. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected responses. Recollection of the sequelae and outcomes from device malfunction were also queried. Twenty-eight of 37 surgeons (76% response rate) responded to the survey. At least one surgeon from every institution in Canada performing LDN responded to the survey. Laparoscopic stapler is the most commonly used device for securing the renal artery (61%) and...
480 Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is divided into several histopathological subtypes, ea... more 480 Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is divided into several histopathological subtypes, each with significantly different clinical features. However, current data regarding the prognostic value of histological subtype is limited and conflicted. We examined the impact of RCC histology on disease prognosis in a large, multi-institutional Canadian analysis. Methods: The Canadian Kidney Cancer Information System (CKCis), a prospective database from 14 Canadian institutions, was utilized for the study. 1284 patients with non-metastatic RCC, who underwent surgical intervention with curative intent, were included in the study. Patients were stratified according to their primary histology and the Chi-squared test was used to determine associations between histopathology and clinical features. The impact of histology of disease-free survival (DFS) was determined with a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, tumor size, tumor grade, and pathological stage. Results: Clear cell ...
Over the past two decades there have been significant advances in the use of magnetic resonance i... more Over the past two decades there have been significant advances in the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the vascular system. New imaging sequences and improvements in magnet design have enabled the creation of higher spatial resolution images. MRI is now a viable alternative imaging modality when compared to both invasive angiography and computed tomographic angiography. The use of blood pool agents has further facilitated the use of MR angiography (MRA); their high molecular weight allows for lower doses of contrast medium administration while their prolonged presence in the blood stream allows for repeated high-quality volumetric imaging of both the arterial and venous circulation. As such, MRA is now no longer constrained by the tight windows for first-pass arterial and venous enhancement, which has resulted in the ability to assess and diagnose a large range of vascular pathologies in both arterial and venous systems. The intent of this review is to highlight MRI findings in common vascular pathologies including peripheral arterial disease (PAD), abnormalities of the abdominal aortic branches, postendovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) endoleak assessment, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES), deep venous thrombosis (DVT), vascular thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), and vascular malformations. In addition, the latest MRI techniques currently used to optimally assess each of these pathologies will be discussed. 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016.
To determine the oncological impact of pathological upstaging among patients with clinical T1 dis... more To determine the oncological impact of pathological upstaging among patients with clinical T1 disease treated by partial (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN). The Canadian Kidney Cancer Information System comprises a prospectively maintained multi-institutional database for patients with RCC. Non-metastatic, clinical T1 (cT1) RCC cases were evaluated. Upstaging was defined as pathological T3a (pT3a) disease. Multivariate cox regression analysis identified predictors for recurrence (local recurrence/metastatic disease) while logistic regression identified predictors of pathological upstaging. Kaplan-Meir methods estimated survival. Of 1448 eligible cT1 patients, upstaging was observed in 134 (9%). 1058 (73%) were treated by PN. After a median follow-up of 23 months, the 3-year recurrence free survival (RFS) was 76% in upstaged patients compared with 93% in those not upstaged (p<0.001). Controlling for age, gender, year of surgery, histology, tumor size, surgical approach and margin st...
Introduction: Distal ureteroscopy for stone extraction is a common procedure that is generally pe... more Introduction: Distal ureteroscopy for stone extraction is a common procedure that is generally performed with spinal or general anesthesia. We retrospectively reviewed all distal ureteroscopy performed for ureteric stone extraction with conscious sedation at our institution over a 10-year period to determine its efficacy and safety.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all distal ureteroscopy performed for calculus removal from 2004 to 2014. Patient characteristics, analgesic requirement, tolerability, procedure time, stone size and composition, method of stone extraction, success rate, and complications were collected.Results: Between 2004 and 2014, 314 procedures were performed. Mean age was 53.74 years, with 160 males and 154 females. A success rate of 97% and 10 (3.2%) complications were reported. Mean analgesic requirement was 189 μg of fentanyl (range: 50‒400) and 2.79 mg of midazolam (range: 0‒8). A total of 263 patients (83.7%) tolerated the procedure well, ...
Introduction: In 2013, our institution underwent a change to the undergraduate medical curriculum... more Introduction: In 2013, our institution underwent a change to the undergraduate medical curriculum whereby a clinical urology rotation became mandatory. In this paper, we evaluated the perceived utility and value of this change in the core curriculum. Methods: Third year medical students, required to complete a mandatory 1-week clinical urology rotation, were asked to complete a survey before and after their rotation. Fourth year medical students, not required to complete this rotation, were also asked to complete a questionnaire. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact test were used for data analysis. Results: In total, 108 third year students rotated through urology during the study period. Of these, 66 (61%) completed the prerotation survey and 54 (50%) completed the post-rotation survey. In total, there were 110 fourth year students. Of these, 44 (40%) completed the questionnaire. After completing their mandatory rotations, students felt more comfortable managing and investigating common urological problems, such as hematuria and renal colic. Students felt they had a better understanding of how to insert a Foley catheter and felt comfortable independently inserting a Foley catheter. Importantly, students felt they knew when to consult urology and were also more likely to consider a career in urology. Compared to fourth year students, third year students felt urology was an important component to a family medicine practice and felt they had a better understanding of when to consult urology. Conclusion: The introduction of a mandatory urology rotation for undergraduate medical students leads to a perceived improvement in fundamental urological knowledge and skill set of rotating students. This mandatory rotation provides a valuable experience that validates its inclusion.
20 were attached to 10 intervention PHCs. Median age was 31.5yrs (IQR 26.8-35.3, range 20-38); 31... more 20 were attached to 10 intervention PHCs. Median age was 31.5yrs (IQR 26.8-35.3, range 20-38); 31 (81.6%) were married. Highest education was primary-level for 12 (31.6%), secondary for 14 (36.8%), tertiary for 7 (18.4%), and none for 5 (13.2%). Englishspeaking proficiency was “none” for 1 (2.6%), “basic” for 21 (55.3%), “moderate or better” for 16 (42.1%). Median time-period since HIV diagnosis was 2.0 years (IQR 1.8-4.3). Mean pre-test and post-test scores were 72.4% and 87.7% respectively. The MM program’s early successes included better MM work attendance, improved documentation, increased timeliness/less missed opportunities for client tracking and increased frequency/quality of MM-client interactions. Going Forward: Even though education and English proficiency were relatively low, MMs were able to absorb and retain training knowledge. Their relatively high baseline PMTCT knowledge was encouraging. With appropriate supervisory support, these lay HIVpositive women c Funding: INSPIRE grant from WHO through the Canadian Government. Abstract #: 02ETC073
Analytical and quantitative cytopathology and histopathology, 2013
Melanosis is defined as an abnormal or excessive deposition of melanin within cells and/or tissue... more Melanosis is defined as an abnormal or excessive deposition of melanin within cells and/or tissues. It typically presents as a cutaneous or buccal mucosal lesion, but rare cases of bladder melanosis have also been documented. Melanosis of the urinary bladder is typically considered a benign condition, but it has also been described in association with malignant melanoma and urothelial carcinoma. We report the cases of 2 patients who presented with melanosis of the urinary bladder. One patient presented with melanosis of the urinary bladder together with urothelial dysplasia. Melanosis was incidentally identified during a cystoscopy for ureteral stones. A second patient presented with hematuria and was found to have a muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma with focal small nested morphology together with melanosis. We also present a literature review of the bladder melanosis and an overview of other bladder melanocytic lesions, which include primary and metastatic melanoma and blue nev...
A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled, 3-week study was conducted in patients with chroni... more A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled, 3-week study was conducted in patients with chronic hand dermatitis (HD) of various etiologies and locations to identify subgroups particularly responsive to twice-daily application of pimecrolimus cream 1% with overnight occlusion. A total of 294 patients were randomized to the study. By the final visit on day 22, there was a trend toward greater clearance in patients who received pimecrolimus than in those treated with vehicle cream. An analysis of treatment success by various stratification factors was performed, and it was found that palmar involvement had notable impact on response (P = .033). Patients in the pimecrolimus group continued to improve throughout the study; however, in the vehicle group, improvement plateaued after 15 days. Pimecrolimus was well tolerated, with a low rate of application-site reactions such as burning. Pimecrolimus cream 1%, when used twice daily with overnight occlusion, may be of benefit in the manage...
HIV is a leading cause of mortality in resource limited settings, and HIV associated medical emer... more HIV is a leading cause of mortality in resource limited settings, and HIV associated medical emergencies are common emergency department presentations in high-prevalence settings. HIV attacks the body's immune system, making infected individuals susceptible to severe infections of multiple organ systems including the respiratory tract, ocular structures, and central nervous system. HIV infected individuals also suffer from unique patterns of cardiac disease, gastrointestinal disturbances, and haematologic and oncologic conditions. Anti-retroviral therapy itself is also associated with numerous side effects, many of which can be life-threatening. Diagnosis and management of HIV infected patients require knowledge of the disease's pathology and the life threatening complications associated with it. Part 2 of this article reviews haematologic/oncologic, ocular, gastrointestinal, and treatment complications.
Introduction: Penile degloving is an important step in orthoplasty. Although its role in correcti... more Introduction: Penile degloving is an important step in orthoplasty. Although its role in correcting mild curvature in distal and midshaft hypospadias has been previously reported, its impact on ventral curvature (VC) correction in proximal defects warrants further investigation. Therefore, we sought to document the effect of degloving and proximal urethral dissection on VC correction in children with proximal hypospadias.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 137 patients who underwent proximal hypospadias repair between 1998 and 2006. VC, defined as mild (<30%), moderate (30%–45%), and severe (>45%), was recorded before penile degloving and afte rerection test. Percent improvement in VC and need for further treatment (beyond degloving and proximal dissection) based on preoperative degree of curvature were assessed. ANOVA test was used to compare improvement among the 3 groups.Results: Mean age at repair was 14 months (range: 6-24). Penile degloving associated wit...
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