... Studies of character evolution and func-tion often rely upon correlations between the charact... more ... Studies of character evolution and func-tion often rely upon correlations between the character and some environmental variable(s). This ahistorical approach may, however, give misleading results (eg Clutton-Brock & Harvey, 1984; Felsenstein, 1985) and before such corre ...
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the biodiversity and community structure of Swedish meio... more Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the biodiversity and community structure of Swedish meiofaunal eukaryotes using metabarcoding. To validate the reliability of the metabarcoding approach, we compare the taxonomic resolution obtained using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) 'mini-barcode' and nuclear 18S small ribosomal subunit (18S) V1-V2 region, with traditional morphology-based identification of Xenacoelomorpha and Nematoda. Location: 30 samples were analysed from two ecologically distinct locations along the west coast of Sweden. 18 replicate samples of coarse shell sand were collected along the northeastern side of Hållö island near Smögen, while 12 replicate samples of soft mud were collected in the Gullmarn Fjord near Lysekil.
Denna rapport redovisar resultat från en studie där vi undersökt artförekomst och speciellt förek... more Denna rapport redovisar resultat från en studie där vi undersökt artförekomst och speciellt förekomst av invasiva främmande arter i kustmiljö. Syftet har varit att utvärdera konventionell undersökningsmetodik för att identifiera arter genom taxonomisk artbestämning genetisk identifiering genom DNAmetabarkodning, i hamnmiljöer. Genom att övervaka miljön med nya genetiska metoder får vi möjligheter att upptäcka spår av organismers förekomst, något som annars är svårt med sortering av organismer från vatten-/planktonprov, bottenhugg eller fiskeredskap. Utvecklingen av DNA-tekniker går fort och det ser lovande ut att tillämpa dessa i jakten på invasiva främmande arter och patogener som är skadliga för den biologiska mångfalden, människors och djurs hälsa samt orsakar stora samhällskostnader, alltså organismer som vi anser är invasiva och främmande. Det finns idag inga miljöövervakningsprogram som baseras på DNA. Samtidigt blir det allt svårare att hitta experter, så kallade taxonomer som kan identifiera arter och som oftast är specialiserade på en eller några artgrupper. Dessutom kommer många arter hit som larver eller juveniler som kanske inte alls liknar det vuxna djuret, eller algen, och därmed är svåra att artbestämma. Detta innebär att många arter kan komma hit utan att upptäckas förrän de är etablerade, och då har vi vanligtvis nått en situation då den invasiva främmande arten i fråga etablerat sig i en ny miljö, och därmed inte går att åtgärda. Såväl EU:s förordning om invasiva främmande arter som havsmiljödirektivet ställer krav på nationell övervakning av främmande arter. Och inom havsmiljöförvaltningen finns även behoven för att fullfölja arbetet med främmande arter inom Helcoms och Ospar. För att snabbt kunna utrota eller begränsa nyetableringar av invasiva främmande arter behöver vi utveckla metoder som är effektiva på att tidigt upptäcka nya introduktioner. Övervakning med hjälp av DNA-baserade metoder som metabarkodning är en lämplig väg att gå. Eftersom det är nya metoder för övervakning så bör även nya indikatorer tas fram som lämpar sig för genetiska metoder. Genetiska metoder bör ses som ett komplement till de traditionella – inte minst under en övergångsfas och om så möjligt ersätta traditionella.Global shipping carries over 90 percent of world goods and is expected to play an increasing role in the future in terms of global trade. Shipping affects the environment in various ways, one being the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens with ballast water releases. The significance of ballast water as a vector for foreign and invasive alien species (IAS) eventually led to the adoption of the UN International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments. The Convention entered into force in September 2017, and states that the spread of harmful (invasive) species with ships' ballast water and sediment shall be prevented and ultimately eliminated. It is the responsibility of ships in international traffic to install facilities for the management of ballast water, although it is possible to apply for exemption subject to certain conditions. In order to apply for exemption, listed IAS which are likely to be spread by ship transport must be investigated in current ports. Port surveys are also important for management purposes. In this report, traditional methods are compared with novel approaches of conducting fauna surveys in port areas. To this end, plankton and benthos samples were taken and then manually sorted to identify all specimens to species or higher taxonomic level (genus, family, phylum). At the same time, parallel samples were processed with a genomic approach where DNA was extracted from bulk samples without previous sorting, and species were identified based on DNA metabarcoding. DNA was sequenced using next generation sequencing techniques (Illumina), and the resulting sequences were matched against taxonomic reference sequences from public archives and target species databases. The traditional method found 212 taxa overall, of which 131 taxa (62 percent) could be identified to species level. Four of these are listed as nonindigenous/invasive alien, and two of them are on the target species list of the HELCOM/OSPAR area: Mnemiopsis leydi och Crassostrea gigas. The DNA method recognized 153 taxa, of which 119 taxa (77 percent) could be determined to species level. This approach found five invasive alien species, all on the target species list : Acartia tonsa, Crassostrea gigas, Crepidula fornicata, Amphibalanus improvisus and Caprella mutica. Mnemiopsis leydi had been excluded from the plankton samples before they were put into ethanol and prepared for DNA extractions. Of the EU list of IAS where only one marine species exists, no match was made. More species were identified from the settling plates (75 percent) and the benthic samples (82 percent), using the manual method compared to the DNAbased (56 percent and 64 percent…
The evolutionary history of 19 populations of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) was estimated by four d... more The evolutionary history of 19 populations of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) was estimated by four different approaches. Three of these operate upon a population by population matrix of genetic distances: average linkage clustering, and two versions of the Fitch-Margoliash method. The fourth method was a maximum likelihood estimate based on differences in allele frequencies between populations. The study aims to assess
... 1988; Turbeville et al. 1992; Nygren and Sundberg 2003). ... The parasite obtained from Mnemi... more ... 1988; Turbeville et al. 1992; Nygren and Sundberg 2003). ... The parasite obtained from Mnemiopsis leydi in Sweden forms a clade with Edwardsiella lineata (sequence from GenBank (AF 254378)), and identified E. lineata from east coast USA (collector Adam Reitzel) ...
On 25 August 2022, the Zoologica Scripta ‐ An International Journal of Systematic Zoology and the... more On 25 August 2022, the Zoologica Scripta ‐ An International Journal of Systematic Zoology and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters arranged a symposium entitled ‘The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions’ in the Academy's premises in Oslo, Norway. The symposium aimed at offering a forum for exploring and discussing trends and future developments in the field of systematics. Eleven international experts contributed expertise on various issues related to global challenges, such as biodiversity assessments, databases, cutting‐edge analysis tools, and the consequences of the taxonomic impediment. Here, we compiled a multi‐author proceedings paper of the symposium contributions that are arranged in chapters and presents the content and the key conclusions of the majority of the presentations.
The marine ribbon worms (nemerteans) are predators which capture their prey by everting a probosc... more The marine ribbon worms (nemerteans) are predators which capture their prey by everting a proboscis carrying a mixture of toxins which brings on rapid paralysis [1]. Moreover, ribbon worms have a t ...
On 5 November 2015, The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters (DNVA) and the editors of the Z... more On 5 November 2015, The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters (DNVA) and the editors of the Zoologica Scripta invited to the one‐day symposium ‘Systematics and Biodiversity Research in the Era of Genomics’. Some 80 scientists gathered at the premises of the DNVA in Oslo, Norway, to explore and discuss the current trends and future developments in the field of Animal Systematics.
Abstract Nine species are reported, seven of which are new to the fauna of the Faroes: Cephalotri... more Abstract Nine species are reported, seven of which are new to the fauna of the Faroes: Cephalotrix rufifrons, Lineus viridis, L. socialis, L. bilineatus, Tetrastemma laminariae, T. candidum, and Oerstedia dorsalis. The remaining two species, previously reported from the Faroes, are Lineus ruber and Emplectonema neesii. The geographical distribution of the species is discussed, and in many cases found to be presumably incorrectly recorded because of incomplete descriptions and difficulties in allocating observed animals to particular species.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Nov 1, 2005
The phylogeny of Aphroditiformia, benthic polychaetes carrying dorsal elytra, is assessed from nu... more The phylogeny of Aphroditiformia, benthic polychaetes carrying dorsal elytra, is assessed from nuclear 18S rDNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and 31 morphological characters. Two non-elytrabearing taxa, Palmyra and Pisione, are included to assess their relationship to the elytrabearers. The data are analysed both separately and combined, with parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In total, 19 terminal taxa are examined, including 12 elytrabearing taxa from all scale-worm groups, Palmyra, Pisione, and five outgroup taxa. The results show that Palmyra and Pisione are nested within Aphroditiformia. Palmyra is sister to Aphrodita, and both Pisione and Pholoe are positioned within Sigalionidae, suggesting that both family names Pisionidae and Pholoidae should be treated as junior synonyms of Sigalionidae.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, May 1, 2008
Amphinomida is an 'isolated' clade within the polychaete group Aciculata and traditionally includ... more Amphinomida is an 'isolated' clade within the polychaete group Aciculata and traditionally includes the families Amphinomidae, Archinomidae and Euphrosinidae. Archinomidae were erected for a single species, the hydrothermal vent polychaete Archinome rosacea. Originally, A. rosacea was assigned to Euphrosinidae although it shares more morphological similarities with Amphinomidae. In this study we assess the position of Archinome, Euphrosinidae and Amphinomidae by using molecular data from nuclear 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA. Parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses are performed on the nucleotide datasets covering in total 19 terminals from Amphinomidae, Euphrosinidae, Archinomidae and outgroups. Our results conclusively show that Euphrosinidae and Amphinomidae are sister taxa and that Archinome is sister to Chloeia within Amphinomidae. Based on these results the family name Archinomidae is treated as a junior synonym of Amphinomidae.
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, Dec 1, 2000
The phylogeny of Nereidiformia is assessed in a parsimony analysis of combined morphological and ... more The phylogeny of Nereidiformia is assessed in a parsimony analysis of combined morphological and DNA data, with special focus on previously questioned relationships between Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae, between Pilargidae and Hesionidae, and the anities of Hesionides and Microphthalmus. A 660 bp segment of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was sequenced for two chrysopetalids, one nereidid, one pilargid, one pisionid, two hesionids, plus the two questionable hesionids Hesionides arenaria and Microphthalmus sp. Phylogenetic resolution was poor for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene data alone, but the combined analysis yielded partially robust topologies, suggesting that nereids are the sister group to chrysopetalids, and that pilargids, Hesionides and Microphthalmus do not belong within the hesionids U. S.
We assess phylogenetic relationships within the polychaete family Hesionidae from morphological d... more We assess phylogenetic relationships within the polychaete family Hesionidae from morphological data combined with nucleotide data from 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses were performed on two data sets; the first was based on a more restricted set of terminals with both morphological and molecular data (17 ingroup terminals), while the second included additional taxa with morphological data only (25 ingroup terminals). The different sets of terminals yielded fully congruent results, as did the parsimony and the Bayesian analyses. Our results indicate high levels of homoplasy in traditionally used morphological characters in the group, and that Hesioninae, Gyptini and Gyptis are nonmonophyletic. Hesionini (mainly Hesione and Leocrates), Psamathini (mainly Hesiospina, Micropodarke, Nereimyra, Psamathe and Syllidia), Ophiodrominae (Gyptini and Ophiodromini) and Ophiodromini (mainly Heteropodarke, Ophiodromus and Podarkeopsis) are monophyletic and agree with previous classifications, and Hesionini is probably the sister to all other hesionids. The placements of the small hesionids capricornia and Lizardia, the hydrothermal vent taxa Hesiodeira and Hesiolyra, and the newly described Hesiobranchia, remain uncertain.
... Studies of character evolution and func-tion often rely upon correlations between the charact... more ... Studies of character evolution and func-tion often rely upon correlations between the character and some environmental variable(s). This ahistorical approach may, however, give misleading results (eg Clutton-Brock & Harvey, 1984; Felsenstein, 1985) and before such corre ...
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the biodiversity and community structure of Swedish meio... more Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the biodiversity and community structure of Swedish meiofaunal eukaryotes using metabarcoding. To validate the reliability of the metabarcoding approach, we compare the taxonomic resolution obtained using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) 'mini-barcode' and nuclear 18S small ribosomal subunit (18S) V1-V2 region, with traditional morphology-based identification of Xenacoelomorpha and Nematoda. Location: 30 samples were analysed from two ecologically distinct locations along the west coast of Sweden. 18 replicate samples of coarse shell sand were collected along the northeastern side of Hållö island near Smögen, while 12 replicate samples of soft mud were collected in the Gullmarn Fjord near Lysekil.
Denna rapport redovisar resultat från en studie där vi undersökt artförekomst och speciellt förek... more Denna rapport redovisar resultat från en studie där vi undersökt artförekomst och speciellt förekomst av invasiva främmande arter i kustmiljö. Syftet har varit att utvärdera konventionell undersökningsmetodik för att identifiera arter genom taxonomisk artbestämning genetisk identifiering genom DNAmetabarkodning, i hamnmiljöer. Genom att övervaka miljön med nya genetiska metoder får vi möjligheter att upptäcka spår av organismers förekomst, något som annars är svårt med sortering av organismer från vatten-/planktonprov, bottenhugg eller fiskeredskap. Utvecklingen av DNA-tekniker går fort och det ser lovande ut att tillämpa dessa i jakten på invasiva främmande arter och patogener som är skadliga för den biologiska mångfalden, människors och djurs hälsa samt orsakar stora samhällskostnader, alltså organismer som vi anser är invasiva och främmande. Det finns idag inga miljöövervakningsprogram som baseras på DNA. Samtidigt blir det allt svårare att hitta experter, så kallade taxonomer som kan identifiera arter och som oftast är specialiserade på en eller några artgrupper. Dessutom kommer många arter hit som larver eller juveniler som kanske inte alls liknar det vuxna djuret, eller algen, och därmed är svåra att artbestämma. Detta innebär att många arter kan komma hit utan att upptäckas förrän de är etablerade, och då har vi vanligtvis nått en situation då den invasiva främmande arten i fråga etablerat sig i en ny miljö, och därmed inte går att åtgärda. Såväl EU:s förordning om invasiva främmande arter som havsmiljödirektivet ställer krav på nationell övervakning av främmande arter. Och inom havsmiljöförvaltningen finns även behoven för att fullfölja arbetet med främmande arter inom Helcoms och Ospar. För att snabbt kunna utrota eller begränsa nyetableringar av invasiva främmande arter behöver vi utveckla metoder som är effektiva på att tidigt upptäcka nya introduktioner. Övervakning med hjälp av DNA-baserade metoder som metabarkodning är en lämplig väg att gå. Eftersom det är nya metoder för övervakning så bör även nya indikatorer tas fram som lämpar sig för genetiska metoder. Genetiska metoder bör ses som ett komplement till de traditionella – inte minst under en övergångsfas och om så möjligt ersätta traditionella.Global shipping carries over 90 percent of world goods and is expected to play an increasing role in the future in terms of global trade. Shipping affects the environment in various ways, one being the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens with ballast water releases. The significance of ballast water as a vector for foreign and invasive alien species (IAS) eventually led to the adoption of the UN International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments. The Convention entered into force in September 2017, and states that the spread of harmful (invasive) species with ships' ballast water and sediment shall be prevented and ultimately eliminated. It is the responsibility of ships in international traffic to install facilities for the management of ballast water, although it is possible to apply for exemption subject to certain conditions. In order to apply for exemption, listed IAS which are likely to be spread by ship transport must be investigated in current ports. Port surveys are also important for management purposes. In this report, traditional methods are compared with novel approaches of conducting fauna surveys in port areas. To this end, plankton and benthos samples were taken and then manually sorted to identify all specimens to species or higher taxonomic level (genus, family, phylum). At the same time, parallel samples were processed with a genomic approach where DNA was extracted from bulk samples without previous sorting, and species were identified based on DNA metabarcoding. DNA was sequenced using next generation sequencing techniques (Illumina), and the resulting sequences were matched against taxonomic reference sequences from public archives and target species databases. The traditional method found 212 taxa overall, of which 131 taxa (62 percent) could be identified to species level. Four of these are listed as nonindigenous/invasive alien, and two of them are on the target species list of the HELCOM/OSPAR area: Mnemiopsis leydi och Crassostrea gigas. The DNA method recognized 153 taxa, of which 119 taxa (77 percent) could be determined to species level. This approach found five invasive alien species, all on the target species list : Acartia tonsa, Crassostrea gigas, Crepidula fornicata, Amphibalanus improvisus and Caprella mutica. Mnemiopsis leydi had been excluded from the plankton samples before they were put into ethanol and prepared for DNA extractions. Of the EU list of IAS where only one marine species exists, no match was made. More species were identified from the settling plates (75 percent) and the benthic samples (82 percent), using the manual method compared to the DNAbased (56 percent and 64 percent…
The evolutionary history of 19 populations of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) was estimated by four d... more The evolutionary history of 19 populations of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) was estimated by four different approaches. Three of these operate upon a population by population matrix of genetic distances: average linkage clustering, and two versions of the Fitch-Margoliash method. The fourth method was a maximum likelihood estimate based on differences in allele frequencies between populations. The study aims to assess
... 1988; Turbeville et al. 1992; Nygren and Sundberg 2003). ... The parasite obtained from Mnemi... more ... 1988; Turbeville et al. 1992; Nygren and Sundberg 2003). ... The parasite obtained from Mnemiopsis leydi in Sweden forms a clade with Edwardsiella lineata (sequence from GenBank (AF 254378)), and identified E. lineata from east coast USA (collector Adam Reitzel) ...
On 25 August 2022, the Zoologica Scripta ‐ An International Journal of Systematic Zoology and the... more On 25 August 2022, the Zoologica Scripta ‐ An International Journal of Systematic Zoology and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters arranged a symposium entitled ‘The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions’ in the Academy's premises in Oslo, Norway. The symposium aimed at offering a forum for exploring and discussing trends and future developments in the field of systematics. Eleven international experts contributed expertise on various issues related to global challenges, such as biodiversity assessments, databases, cutting‐edge analysis tools, and the consequences of the taxonomic impediment. Here, we compiled a multi‐author proceedings paper of the symposium contributions that are arranged in chapters and presents the content and the key conclusions of the majority of the presentations.
The marine ribbon worms (nemerteans) are predators which capture their prey by everting a probosc... more The marine ribbon worms (nemerteans) are predators which capture their prey by everting a proboscis carrying a mixture of toxins which brings on rapid paralysis [1]. Moreover, ribbon worms have a t ...
On 5 November 2015, The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters (DNVA) and the editors of the Z... more On 5 November 2015, The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters (DNVA) and the editors of the Zoologica Scripta invited to the one‐day symposium ‘Systematics and Biodiversity Research in the Era of Genomics’. Some 80 scientists gathered at the premises of the DNVA in Oslo, Norway, to explore and discuss the current trends and future developments in the field of Animal Systematics.
Abstract Nine species are reported, seven of which are new to the fauna of the Faroes: Cephalotri... more Abstract Nine species are reported, seven of which are new to the fauna of the Faroes: Cephalotrix rufifrons, Lineus viridis, L. socialis, L. bilineatus, Tetrastemma laminariae, T. candidum, and Oerstedia dorsalis. The remaining two species, previously reported from the Faroes, are Lineus ruber and Emplectonema neesii. The geographical distribution of the species is discussed, and in many cases found to be presumably incorrectly recorded because of incomplete descriptions and difficulties in allocating observed animals to particular species.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Nov 1, 2005
The phylogeny of Aphroditiformia, benthic polychaetes carrying dorsal elytra, is assessed from nu... more The phylogeny of Aphroditiformia, benthic polychaetes carrying dorsal elytra, is assessed from nuclear 18S rDNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and 31 morphological characters. Two non-elytrabearing taxa, Palmyra and Pisione, are included to assess their relationship to the elytrabearers. The data are analysed both separately and combined, with parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In total, 19 terminal taxa are examined, including 12 elytrabearing taxa from all scale-worm groups, Palmyra, Pisione, and five outgroup taxa. The results show that Palmyra and Pisione are nested within Aphroditiformia. Palmyra is sister to Aphrodita, and both Pisione and Pholoe are positioned within Sigalionidae, suggesting that both family names Pisionidae and Pholoidae should be treated as junior synonyms of Sigalionidae.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, May 1, 2008
Amphinomida is an 'isolated' clade within the polychaete group Aciculata and traditionally includ... more Amphinomida is an 'isolated' clade within the polychaete group Aciculata and traditionally includes the families Amphinomidae, Archinomidae and Euphrosinidae. Archinomidae were erected for a single species, the hydrothermal vent polychaete Archinome rosacea. Originally, A. rosacea was assigned to Euphrosinidae although it shares more morphological similarities with Amphinomidae. In this study we assess the position of Archinome, Euphrosinidae and Amphinomidae by using molecular data from nuclear 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA. Parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses are performed on the nucleotide datasets covering in total 19 terminals from Amphinomidae, Euphrosinidae, Archinomidae and outgroups. Our results conclusively show that Euphrosinidae and Amphinomidae are sister taxa and that Archinome is sister to Chloeia within Amphinomidae. Based on these results the family name Archinomidae is treated as a junior synonym of Amphinomidae.
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, Dec 1, 2000
The phylogeny of Nereidiformia is assessed in a parsimony analysis of combined morphological and ... more The phylogeny of Nereidiformia is assessed in a parsimony analysis of combined morphological and DNA data, with special focus on previously questioned relationships between Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae, between Pilargidae and Hesionidae, and the anities of Hesionides and Microphthalmus. A 660 bp segment of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was sequenced for two chrysopetalids, one nereidid, one pilargid, one pisionid, two hesionids, plus the two questionable hesionids Hesionides arenaria and Microphthalmus sp. Phylogenetic resolution was poor for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene data alone, but the combined analysis yielded partially robust topologies, suggesting that nereids are the sister group to chrysopetalids, and that pilargids, Hesionides and Microphthalmus do not belong within the hesionids U. S.
We assess phylogenetic relationships within the polychaete family Hesionidae from morphological d... more We assess phylogenetic relationships within the polychaete family Hesionidae from morphological data combined with nucleotide data from 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses were performed on two data sets; the first was based on a more restricted set of terminals with both morphological and molecular data (17 ingroup terminals), while the second included additional taxa with morphological data only (25 ingroup terminals). The different sets of terminals yielded fully congruent results, as did the parsimony and the Bayesian analyses. Our results indicate high levels of homoplasy in traditionally used morphological characters in the group, and that Hesioninae, Gyptini and Gyptis are nonmonophyletic. Hesionini (mainly Hesione and Leocrates), Psamathini (mainly Hesiospina, Micropodarke, Nereimyra, Psamathe and Syllidia), Ophiodrominae (Gyptini and Ophiodromini) and Ophiodromini (mainly Heteropodarke, Ophiodromus and Podarkeopsis) are monophyletic and agree with previous classifications, and Hesionini is probably the sister to all other hesionids. The placements of the small hesionids capricornia and Lizardia, the hydrothermal vent taxa Hesiodeira and Hesiolyra, and the newly described Hesiobranchia, remain uncertain.
Uploads
Papers by Per Sundberg