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PATRICK BAILEY

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Geni Rina Sunaryo

Universitatea Ovidius Constanta

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University of Genova

Dr Olumide Olumayegun

The University of Sheffield

Abderrafi Ougouag

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Papers by PATRICK BAILEY

CHAP: a composite nuclear plant simulation program applied to the 3000 MW(t) HTGR

The Composite HTGR Analysis Program (CHAP) is a general systems analysis program which has been d... more The Composite HTGR Analysis Program (CHAP) is a general systems analysis program which has been developed at LASL. The program is being used for simulating large HTGR nuclear power plant operation and accident transients. The general features and analytical methods of the CHAP program are discussed. Features of the large HTGR model and results of model transients are also presented.

Sensitivity Analyses of Pem Fuel Cell Systems

A specialized computer modelling technique has been developed to evaluate fuel cell systems as po... more A specialized computer modelling technique has been developed to evaluate fuel cell systems as possible candidates for various commercial applications. The computer model includes reactants and products chemistry, storage, electrochemical energy conversion efficiency, and the possibility of using seawater as a reactant. The results clearly indicate superior energy capacity for lithium hydride (LiH), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), or calcium hydride (CaH2) fuels with liquid oxygen (LOX) compared to all of the non-metal hydride fueled systems considered, including those using liquid oxygen with aluminum (Al/LOX) and methanol (CH3OH/LOX) systems. A description of the computer model is given and sensitivity results of various studies are reported. In the hydride studies, water is assumed to react directly within a hydride fuel tank to produce the hydrogen gas required for operation of the fuel cell. The hydroxide product formed by this reaction remains in the tank. The tanks have be...

EPS TDS Electric Power Systems Time Dependent Simulation Tools For Verification, Validation, and Prediction

AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2021 Forum, 2021

A review of the Patterson Power Cell

IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203), 1997

An independent summary review is presented of the Patterson Power CellTM, as developed by Clean E... more An independent summary review is presented of the Patterson Power CellTM, as developed by Clean Energy Technologies. Information is drawn from publicly available information, and requested information and data from CETI. It is found that this cell seems to operate as advertized by CETI and that there is a very large amount of supportive documentation available in the public domain

Survey and critical review of recent innovative energy conversion technologies

IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)

... Viktor Schauberger is famous in Germany for his work in the 1930s in 'implosion' sc... more

Review of factors that affect the Earth's ozone depletion

Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1994

Mapping ozone depletion over the Arctic and Antarctic to study the chemically perturbed regions h... more Mapping ozone depletion over the Arctic and Antarctic to study the chemically perturbed regions has used airborne and satellite imaging systems onboard the specialized ER-2 plane (at-19 km) and the modified DC-8-72 aircraft (at-10-12.5 km), the Nimbus-7 TOMS system, the UARS, as well as Dobson ground stations. Measurements are designed to gauge not only the extent of ozone depletion over the Antarctic and Arctic, but other chemical changes in the stratosphere. Their chemical findings have resulted in the Montreal Protocol and the Copenhagen revisions which will ban the production of CFCs by 1996.

DATATRAN: A data base management and executive program for use by the nuclear industry

SIMULATION, 1985

A BSTRACT The DATATRAN data base and executive program is currently under development by the Elec... more A BSTRACT The DATATRAN data base and executive program is currently under development by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) for use and application by the nuclear utility industry. Since 1966, the computer code system has been under develop ment and has been extensively used by the Naval Reactors Pro gram. DATATRAN is being developed for use in a large number of general applications, including: (1) storage of experimental and plant transient data in hierarchical data set form, (2) auto matically linking data sets between computer codes, and (3) act ing as a program executive in executing series of computer codes while maintaining organization of the data between all of the codes. Various potential uses of the DATATRAN system, specific applications, and future research and development plans are reviewed in this paper.

Simulation of LEO Missions with NiH or LiIon Batteries Including Dead Bus Recovery Using the Power Tools Suite EPS Simulation Codes

40th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2010

The Power Tools Suite (PTS) has been under development at Lockheed Martin for many years and is b... more The Power Tools Suite (PTS) has been under development at Lockheed Martin for many years and is being used in the simulation of several satellite programs. PTS includes a large library of models for the simulation of Electric Power System (EPS) components. These include various solar array (SA) cells, various battery cells (e.g. Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Hydrogen, Lithium Ion), different types of battery charging units and techniques, different harness, bus bar, and cable losses, and different load requirements (e.g. constant power or constant current). These models include the effects of light intensity (for SA), voltage, current, temperature, DOD (for battery cells), and aging. The simulation codes also include a sizing code and a dynamic simulation code. The sizing code determines the sizes of the battery and the solar array in order to satisfy the mission or sizing requirements. The dynamic code simulates the time-dependent behavior of the EPS over any given mission duration, such as either during a worst case scenario, or from pre-launch to final ascent. The time steps are user defined, and the user provides all of the time-dependent input variables and the required EPS loads as input. This paper discusses the application of the PTS Tools and Codes to a typical Low Earth Orbit (LEO) unmanned spacecraft using either Nickel-Hydrogen (NiH) or Lithium Ion (LiIon) batteries in the EPS. The use of a LiIon battery may require significant changes in the design of the EPS bus to satisfy the mission requirements for a particular LEO mission. Such changes are discussed as far as proprietary restrictions will allow. The impact of a possible new requirement "Dead Bus Recovery" on the EPS design is also addressed. I.

The Adverse Effects of Not Including Capacity Addition During LiIon Taper Charging In EPS Sizing for LEO Missions

In the design of the Electrical Power System, the batteries are used during the eclipse cycle whe... more In the design of the Electrical Power System, the batteries are used during the eclipse cycle where there is no sunlight, to provide energy to a certain depth-of-discharge (DOD), and are charged during the times that the spacecraft is in the sun. For high orbits, such as Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), there is ample time to charge both Nickel Hydrogen (NiH) and Lithium Ion (LiIon) battery cells from the maximum allowed DOD back to a full condition. For Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with high energy use profiles, charging current restrictions may limit the amount of current available for charging per orbit, and full recharging may not occur until after a certain number or many complete orbits. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of allowing or disallowing the including of the capacity addition during the taper charging portion of the recharging cycle for LiIon battery cells. Taper charging is defined to begin when the maximum specified charging voltage is reache...

A Unique Class of Alternative Catalysts for Fuel Cell Applications That Replace the Need for Precious Metals

A method has been found that allows the replacement of precious metals with non-metal alternative... more A method has been found that allows the replacement of precious metals with non-metal alternative materials for use as the required catalysts in various fuel cell applications. The amount of the precious metal currently used for the catalyst per fuel cell is substantial, and is a significant fraction of the nonvariable cost of the entire fuel cell unit. Through the use of a recently developed trade-secret process, a class of non-metal materials can be manufactured into a metal-like polymer that behaves electrically in an identical manner as do the precious metals during normal fuel cell operation. Samples of these alternative catalysts have been manufactured using an inexpensive process developed and protected under trade secret agreements. Actual small-scale fuel cell demonstration tests have been successfully conducted that verify the operational capabilities of these low-cost alternative catalysts in place of platinum and rhodium. The cost savings of using these alternative catal...

The Adverse Effects of Not Including Capacity Addition During LiIon Taper Charging in EPS Sizing for LEO Missions

9th Annual International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2011

In the design of the Electrical Power System, the batteries are used during the eclipse cycle whe... more In the design of the Electrical Power System, the batteries are used during the eclipse cycle where there is no sunlight, to provide energy to a certain depth-of-discharge (DOD), and are charged during the times that the spacecraft is in the sun. For high orbits, such as Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), there is ample time to charge both Nickel Hydrogen (NiH) and Lithium Ion (LiIon) battery cells from the maximum allowed DOD back to a full condition. For Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with high energy use profiles, charging current restrictions may limit the amount of current available for charging per orbit, and full recharging may not occur until after a certain number or many complete orbits. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of allowing or disallowing the including of the capacity addition during the taper charging portion of the recharging cycle for LiIon battery cells. Taper charging is defined to begin when the maximum specified charging voltage is reached, and may continue until the cell is fully charged. Some researchers have suggested that the capacity addition during taper charging might not be allowed in order to offset other capacity losses that may occur, such as during cell rebalancing.

EPS Sensitivity Studies Using the PTS Simulation Code for Specific Satellite Applications

6th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC), 2008

The Lockheed Martin Power Tools Suite (PTS) code has been developed and updated to provide detail... more The Lockheed Martin Power Tools Suite (PTS) code has been developed and updated to provide detailed simulation of the entire Electric Power System (EPS) for general satellite missions. The code is able to model various EPS architectures, including the standard A2100 and A2100M busses. The code contains a large library of EPS component models to simulate the operation of each EPS component, including non-linear operational models for various solar array cells, batteries, and diodes. The solar array modules include models for cells, strings, string diodes, groups, group diodes, wire harnesses, slip rings, cabling, wings, sunlight variation, and aging effects. The battery modules include models for cells, diodes, one battery, the total battery, charging and discharging efficiency models, battery heaters, battery heating, changing temperature, harness, cabling, and aging effects. The bus modules include models for diodes, cabling, and current distribution to the loads. Various load modules are included to simulate the given constant power or constant current load profiles which vary with time during the mission. A major concern in the operation of such satellite systems is the prediction of the maximum state-of-discharge (SOD) of the batteries during the most challenging mission phases. Missions designed for low Earth orbit, for medium Earth orbit, and for geosynchronous Earth orbit each have an expected limit of the maximum SOD at mission stages and at end-of-life. The effect of each of the mission input parameters on the SOD at such stages is examined for specific satellite missions. The parameters that contribute the most affect to the SOD are identified and discussed. These results are also directly applicable to the Hubble Space Telescope battery depletion problem. The use of these PTS code models enables much more accurate simulations of EPS behavior, battery degradation, and lifetime estimates that are needed in the Aerospace Industry today.

Advanced EPS Component Models for Accurate Satellite EPS Simulation

7th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2009

Detailed models for all EPS components are required for accurate Electric Power System (EPS) simu... more Detailed models for all EPS components are required for accurate Electric Power System (EPS) simulations of satellites in various LEO, MEO, and GEO missions. Older and outdated models had used various power margins to overestimate the size and weight of the satellite EPS for a given mission. Today's models incorporate the use of many sets of test data from various testing facilities to much better and more accurately predict the behavior of each component. This paper summarizes the library of the various component models currently used in such satellite simulations. The components modeled include solar array cells, solar array string and group diodes, solar array harnesses, battery cells, battery recharging efficiencies, battery charge control, battery heaters, bus diodes, cabling, and wiring. The models use various input variables in their simulation, including the effects of bus voltage, current, temperature, and age. These component models are used within the Power Suite Tools code within Lockheed Martin to perform sizing trades and BOL and EOL margin analyses. They can also be used to compare EPS behavior from on-orbit data, and to predict future transient behavior in worst-case scenarios. One major concern in the operation of such satellite systems is the prediction of the maximum state-of-discharge (SOD) of the batteries during the most challenging mission phases. The use of these PTS code models enables much more accurate simulations of EPS behavior, battery degradation, and lifetime estimates that are needed in the Aerospace Industry today.

Power Sizing and Power Performance Simulation Tools for General EPS Mission Analyses

2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2004

Several Electric Power System modeling and simulation tools have been developed at Lockheed Marti... more Several Electric Power System modeling and simulation tools have been developed at Lockheed Martin that are being used in detailed EPS component designs and also in detailed EPS transient performance analyses. A consistent set of very detailed EPS components are used within each of the tools. The components can be chosen by the user to be very simple, such as time-averaged component values, or extremely detailed, such as instantaneous nonlinear models that have been verified against component test data. These tools have been used for a variety of satellite mission studies, and have been successfully used in both EPS component sizing studies and in detailed component and system transient performance calculations. Several EPS systems models are presented for discussion, the EPS component models are summarized in detail, and example results are included. Detailed battery models are also being incorporated and utilized to determine the degrading capacity and expected operational life of the Hubble Space Telescope Mission.

Variational derivation of modal--nodal finite difference equations in spatial reactor physics

A class of consistent coarse mesh modal-nodal approximation methods is presented for the solution... more A class of consistent coarse mesh modal-nodal approximation methods is presented for the solution of the spatial neutron flux in multigroup diffusion theory. The methods are consistent in that they are systematically derived as an extension of the finite element method by utilizing general modal-nodal variational techniques.

Power sizing and power performance simulation tools for general EPS analyses

Energy Conversion Engineering Intersociety Conference, 1997

Several electric power system (EPS) modeling and simulation tools have been developed at Lockheed... more Several electric power system (EPS) modeling and simulation tools have been developed at Lockheed Martin that are being used in detailed EPS component designs and also in detailed EPS transient performance analyses. A consistent set of very detailed EPS components are used within each of the tools. The components can be chosen by the user to be very simple, such

Other Voices: A Summary of Research Not Present

A review is presented from researchers that are not present at this conference of the theory and ... more A review is presented from researchers that are not present at this conference of the theory and experimental evidence relating to Zero-Point Energy and Free-Energy Devices. It is found that there is increasing momentum and a growing network of researchers taking place in these fields, despite widely evident efforts to suppress this information. Nevertheless, sound theoretical foundations for understanding so-called "Zero-Point Energy" and "Free-Energy" devices have been documented and are available. There are several reports by various authors of experiments that indicate a much higher than normal operation efficiency, and even over-unity operation. Unfortunately, these results have to date not been replicated by other researchers. Since energy is conserved, pure perpetual motion cannot exist. However, several examples are known to exist where energy efficiency can appear to be "Over-Unity," and the motion can appear to us to be "Perpetual." ...

Advanced battery models from test data for specific satellite EPS applications

Proc. of 4th International Energy …, 2006

Detailed battery models are required for accurate Electric Power System (EPS) simulations of sate... more Detailed battery models are required for accurate Electric Power System (EPS) simulations of satellites in various LEO, MEO, and GEO missions. Older and outdated models had used various power margins to overestimate the size and weight of the satellite EPS for a given mission. Today's models incorporate the use of databases of battery test data from various testing facilities to much better and more accurately predict past, current, and future mission battery behavior. This paper describes various battery types, cell types, a database of data that have been collected and analyzed, and overviews the detailed models that have been developed for applications from that data. The battery models include Nickel Hydrogen, Lithium Ion, and Nickel Cadmium battery cells. Independent variables for these models include capacity, number of cells, charging and discharging, charge and discharge rates, temperature, and battery cell age. Model options also include cell dropouts vs. time, and variable sensitivity analyses. These models have been benchmarked to their corresponding data, and have been implemented into various simulation studies for various missions, such as for the Hubble Space Telescope battery depletion problem. The use of these models provides much more accurate simulations of EPS behavior, battery degradation, and lifetime estimates that are needed in the Aerospace Industry today.

A VIEW OF MASONIC SACRED GEOMETRY

Ad Lucem 2009, pages 11-29, published by the High Council, Masonic Societas Rosicruciana In Civitatibus Foederatis (S.R.I.C.F.)., 2009

This paper describes my discovery of many True Masonic Symbols, using only Sacred Geometry, and u... more This paper describes my discovery of many True Masonic Symbols, using only Sacred Geometry, and using only the Golden Ratio as the building block for these geometrical constructions. By using only the Golden Ratio, a compass, and a straight edge (and not a ruler), the following Masonic Craft Lodge Symbols are derived in this paper: The Square and Compass corresponding to each of the separate Three Masonic Degrees, The All-Seeing Eye, and the Letter G. In addition, by an extension of these geometries, the following symbols of York Rite Masonry are also derived: The Royal Arch, The Keystone, The True (Past Master’s) Square and Compass, and the Cross of the Knights Templar.

CHAP: a composite nuclear plant simulation program applied to the 3000 MW(t) HTGR

The Composite HTGR Analysis Program (CHAP) is a general systems analysis program which has been d... more The Composite HTGR Analysis Program (CHAP) is a general systems analysis program which has been developed at LASL. The program is being used for simulating large HTGR nuclear power plant operation and accident transients. The general features and analytical methods of the CHAP program are discussed. Features of the large HTGR model and results of model transients are also presented.

Sensitivity Analyses of Pem Fuel Cell Systems

A specialized computer modelling technique has been developed to evaluate fuel cell systems as po... more A specialized computer modelling technique has been developed to evaluate fuel cell systems as possible candidates for various commercial applications. The computer model includes reactants and products chemistry, storage, electrochemical energy conversion efficiency, and the possibility of using seawater as a reactant. The results clearly indicate superior energy capacity for lithium hydride (LiH), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), or calcium hydride (CaH2) fuels with liquid oxygen (LOX) compared to all of the non-metal hydride fueled systems considered, including those using liquid oxygen with aluminum (Al/LOX) and methanol (CH3OH/LOX) systems. A description of the computer model is given and sensitivity results of various studies are reported. In the hydride studies, water is assumed to react directly within a hydride fuel tank to produce the hydrogen gas required for operation of the fuel cell. The hydroxide product formed by this reaction remains in the tank. The tanks have be...

EPS TDS Electric Power Systems Time Dependent Simulation Tools For Verification, Validation, and Prediction

AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2021 Forum, 2021

A review of the Patterson Power Cell

IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203), 1997

An independent summary review is presented of the Patterson Power CellTM, as developed by Clean E... more An independent summary review is presented of the Patterson Power CellTM, as developed by Clean Energy Technologies. Information is drawn from publicly available information, and requested information and data from CETI. It is found that this cell seems to operate as advertized by CETI and that there is a very large amount of supportive documentation available in the public domain

Survey and critical review of recent innovative energy conversion technologies

IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203)

... Viktor Schauberger is famous in Germany for his work in the 1930s in 'implosion' sc... more

Review of factors that affect the Earth's ozone depletion

Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1994

Mapping ozone depletion over the Arctic and Antarctic to study the chemically perturbed regions h... more Mapping ozone depletion over the Arctic and Antarctic to study the chemically perturbed regions has used airborne and satellite imaging systems onboard the specialized ER-2 plane (at-19 km) and the modified DC-8-72 aircraft (at-10-12.5 km), the Nimbus-7 TOMS system, the UARS, as well as Dobson ground stations. Measurements are designed to gauge not only the extent of ozone depletion over the Antarctic and Arctic, but other chemical changes in the stratosphere. Their chemical findings have resulted in the Montreal Protocol and the Copenhagen revisions which will ban the production of CFCs by 1996.

DATATRAN: A data base management and executive program for use by the nuclear industry

SIMULATION, 1985

A BSTRACT The DATATRAN data base and executive program is currently under development by the Elec... more A BSTRACT The DATATRAN data base and executive program is currently under development by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) for use and application by the nuclear utility industry. Since 1966, the computer code system has been under develop ment and has been extensively used by the Naval Reactors Pro gram. DATATRAN is being developed for use in a large number of general applications, including: (1) storage of experimental and plant transient data in hierarchical data set form, (2) auto matically linking data sets between computer codes, and (3) act ing as a program executive in executing series of computer codes while maintaining organization of the data between all of the codes. Various potential uses of the DATATRAN system, specific applications, and future research and development plans are reviewed in this paper.

Simulation of LEO Missions with NiH or LiIon Batteries Including Dead Bus Recovery Using the Power Tools Suite EPS Simulation Codes

40th International Conference on Environmental Systems, 2010

The Power Tools Suite (PTS) has been under development at Lockheed Martin for many years and is b... more The Power Tools Suite (PTS) has been under development at Lockheed Martin for many years and is being used in the simulation of several satellite programs. PTS includes a large library of models for the simulation of Electric Power System (EPS) components. These include various solar array (SA) cells, various battery cells (e.g. Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Hydrogen, Lithium Ion), different types of battery charging units and techniques, different harness, bus bar, and cable losses, and different load requirements (e.g. constant power or constant current). These models include the effects of light intensity (for SA), voltage, current, temperature, DOD (for battery cells), and aging. The simulation codes also include a sizing code and a dynamic simulation code. The sizing code determines the sizes of the battery and the solar array in order to satisfy the mission or sizing requirements. The dynamic code simulates the time-dependent behavior of the EPS over any given mission duration, such as either during a worst case scenario, or from pre-launch to final ascent. The time steps are user defined, and the user provides all of the time-dependent input variables and the required EPS loads as input. This paper discusses the application of the PTS Tools and Codes to a typical Low Earth Orbit (LEO) unmanned spacecraft using either Nickel-Hydrogen (NiH) or Lithium Ion (LiIon) batteries in the EPS. The use of a LiIon battery may require significant changes in the design of the EPS bus to satisfy the mission requirements for a particular LEO mission. Such changes are discussed as far as proprietary restrictions will allow. The impact of a possible new requirement "Dead Bus Recovery" on the EPS design is also addressed. I.

The Adverse Effects of Not Including Capacity Addition During LiIon Taper Charging In EPS Sizing for LEO Missions

In the design of the Electrical Power System, the batteries are used during the eclipse cycle whe... more In the design of the Electrical Power System, the batteries are used during the eclipse cycle where there is no sunlight, to provide energy to a certain depth-of-discharge (DOD), and are charged during the times that the spacecraft is in the sun. For high orbits, such as Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), there is ample time to charge both Nickel Hydrogen (NiH) and Lithium Ion (LiIon) battery cells from the maximum allowed DOD back to a full condition. For Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with high energy use profiles, charging current restrictions may limit the amount of current available for charging per orbit, and full recharging may not occur until after a certain number or many complete orbits. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of allowing or disallowing the including of the capacity addition during the taper charging portion of the recharging cycle for LiIon battery cells. Taper charging is defined to begin when the maximum specified charging voltage is reache...

A Unique Class of Alternative Catalysts for Fuel Cell Applications That Replace the Need for Precious Metals

A method has been found that allows the replacement of precious metals with non-metal alternative... more A method has been found that allows the replacement of precious metals with non-metal alternative materials for use as the required catalysts in various fuel cell applications. The amount of the precious metal currently used for the catalyst per fuel cell is substantial, and is a significant fraction of the nonvariable cost of the entire fuel cell unit. Through the use of a recently developed trade-secret process, a class of non-metal materials can be manufactured into a metal-like polymer that behaves electrically in an identical manner as do the precious metals during normal fuel cell operation. Samples of these alternative catalysts have been manufactured using an inexpensive process developed and protected under trade secret agreements. Actual small-scale fuel cell demonstration tests have been successfully conducted that verify the operational capabilities of these low-cost alternative catalysts in place of platinum and rhodium. The cost savings of using these alternative catal...

The Adverse Effects of Not Including Capacity Addition During LiIon Taper Charging in EPS Sizing for LEO Missions

9th Annual International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2011

In the design of the Electrical Power System, the batteries are used during the eclipse cycle whe... more In the design of the Electrical Power System, the batteries are used during the eclipse cycle where there is no sunlight, to provide energy to a certain depth-of-discharge (DOD), and are charged during the times that the spacecraft is in the sun. For high orbits, such as Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO), there is ample time to charge both Nickel Hydrogen (NiH) and Lithium Ion (LiIon) battery cells from the maximum allowed DOD back to a full condition. For Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with high energy use profiles, charging current restrictions may limit the amount of current available for charging per orbit, and full recharging may not occur until after a certain number or many complete orbits. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of allowing or disallowing the including of the capacity addition during the taper charging portion of the recharging cycle for LiIon battery cells. Taper charging is defined to begin when the maximum specified charging voltage is reached, and may continue until the cell is fully charged. Some researchers have suggested that the capacity addition during taper charging might not be allowed in order to offset other capacity losses that may occur, such as during cell rebalancing.

EPS Sensitivity Studies Using the PTS Simulation Code for Specific Satellite Applications

6th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC), 2008

The Lockheed Martin Power Tools Suite (PTS) code has been developed and updated to provide detail... more The Lockheed Martin Power Tools Suite (PTS) code has been developed and updated to provide detailed simulation of the entire Electric Power System (EPS) for general satellite missions. The code is able to model various EPS architectures, including the standard A2100 and A2100M busses. The code contains a large library of EPS component models to simulate the operation of each EPS component, including non-linear operational models for various solar array cells, batteries, and diodes. The solar array modules include models for cells, strings, string diodes, groups, group diodes, wire harnesses, slip rings, cabling, wings, sunlight variation, and aging effects. The battery modules include models for cells, diodes, one battery, the total battery, charging and discharging efficiency models, battery heaters, battery heating, changing temperature, harness, cabling, and aging effects. The bus modules include models for diodes, cabling, and current distribution to the loads. Various load modules are included to simulate the given constant power or constant current load profiles which vary with time during the mission. A major concern in the operation of such satellite systems is the prediction of the maximum state-of-discharge (SOD) of the batteries during the most challenging mission phases. Missions designed for low Earth orbit, for medium Earth orbit, and for geosynchronous Earth orbit each have an expected limit of the maximum SOD at mission stages and at end-of-life. The effect of each of the mission input parameters on the SOD at such stages is examined for specific satellite missions. The parameters that contribute the most affect to the SOD are identified and discussed. These results are also directly applicable to the Hubble Space Telescope battery depletion problem. The use of these PTS code models enables much more accurate simulations of EPS behavior, battery degradation, and lifetime estimates that are needed in the Aerospace Industry today.

Advanced EPS Component Models for Accurate Satellite EPS Simulation

7th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2009

Detailed models for all EPS components are required for accurate Electric Power System (EPS) simu... more Detailed models for all EPS components are required for accurate Electric Power System (EPS) simulations of satellites in various LEO, MEO, and GEO missions. Older and outdated models had used various power margins to overestimate the size and weight of the satellite EPS for a given mission. Today's models incorporate the use of many sets of test data from various testing facilities to much better and more accurately predict the behavior of each component. This paper summarizes the library of the various component models currently used in such satellite simulations. The components modeled include solar array cells, solar array string and group diodes, solar array harnesses, battery cells, battery recharging efficiencies, battery charge control, battery heaters, bus diodes, cabling, and wiring. The models use various input variables in their simulation, including the effects of bus voltage, current, temperature, and age. These component models are used within the Power Suite Tools code within Lockheed Martin to perform sizing trades and BOL and EOL margin analyses. They can also be used to compare EPS behavior from on-orbit data, and to predict future transient behavior in worst-case scenarios. One major concern in the operation of such satellite systems is the prediction of the maximum state-of-discharge (SOD) of the batteries during the most challenging mission phases. The use of these PTS code models enables much more accurate simulations of EPS behavior, battery degradation, and lifetime estimates that are needed in the Aerospace Industry today.

Power Sizing and Power Performance Simulation Tools for General EPS Mission Analyses

2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2004

Several Electric Power System modeling and simulation tools have been developed at Lockheed Marti... more Several Electric Power System modeling and simulation tools have been developed at Lockheed Martin that are being used in detailed EPS component designs and also in detailed EPS transient performance analyses. A consistent set of very detailed EPS components are used within each of the tools. The components can be chosen by the user to be very simple, such as time-averaged component values, or extremely detailed, such as instantaneous nonlinear models that have been verified against component test data. These tools have been used for a variety of satellite mission studies, and have been successfully used in both EPS component sizing studies and in detailed component and system transient performance calculations. Several EPS systems models are presented for discussion, the EPS component models are summarized in detail, and example results are included. Detailed battery models are also being incorporated and utilized to determine the degrading capacity and expected operational life of the Hubble Space Telescope Mission.

Variational derivation of modal--nodal finite difference equations in spatial reactor physics

A class of consistent coarse mesh modal-nodal approximation methods is presented for the solution... more A class of consistent coarse mesh modal-nodal approximation methods is presented for the solution of the spatial neutron flux in multigroup diffusion theory. The methods are consistent in that they are systematically derived as an extension of the finite element method by utilizing general modal-nodal variational techniques.

Power sizing and power performance simulation tools for general EPS analyses

Energy Conversion Engineering Intersociety Conference, 1997

Several electric power system (EPS) modeling and simulation tools have been developed at Lockheed... more Several electric power system (EPS) modeling and simulation tools have been developed at Lockheed Martin that are being used in detailed EPS component designs and also in detailed EPS transient performance analyses. A consistent set of very detailed EPS components are used within each of the tools. The components can be chosen by the user to be very simple, such

Other Voices: A Summary of Research Not Present

A review is presented from researchers that are not present at this conference of the theory and ... more A review is presented from researchers that are not present at this conference of the theory and experimental evidence relating to Zero-Point Energy and Free-Energy Devices. It is found that there is increasing momentum and a growing network of researchers taking place in these fields, despite widely evident efforts to suppress this information. Nevertheless, sound theoretical foundations for understanding so-called "Zero-Point Energy" and "Free-Energy" devices have been documented and are available. There are several reports by various authors of experiments that indicate a much higher than normal operation efficiency, and even over-unity operation. Unfortunately, these results have to date not been replicated by other researchers. Since energy is conserved, pure perpetual motion cannot exist. However, several examples are known to exist where energy efficiency can appear to be "Over-Unity," and the motion can appear to us to be "Perpetual." ...

Advanced battery models from test data for specific satellite EPS applications

Proc. of 4th International Energy …, 2006

Detailed battery models are required for accurate Electric Power System (EPS) simulations of sate... more Detailed battery models are required for accurate Electric Power System (EPS) simulations of satellites in various LEO, MEO, and GEO missions. Older and outdated models had used various power margins to overestimate the size and weight of the satellite EPS for a given mission. Today's models incorporate the use of databases of battery test data from various testing facilities to much better and more accurately predict past, current, and future mission battery behavior. This paper describes various battery types, cell types, a database of data that have been collected and analyzed, and overviews the detailed models that have been developed for applications from that data. The battery models include Nickel Hydrogen, Lithium Ion, and Nickel Cadmium battery cells. Independent variables for these models include capacity, number of cells, charging and discharging, charge and discharge rates, temperature, and battery cell age. Model options also include cell dropouts vs. time, and variable sensitivity analyses. These models have been benchmarked to their corresponding data, and have been implemented into various simulation studies for various missions, such as for the Hubble Space Telescope battery depletion problem. The use of these models provides much more accurate simulations of EPS behavior, battery degradation, and lifetime estimates that are needed in the Aerospace Industry today.

A VIEW OF MASONIC SACRED GEOMETRY

Ad Lucem 2009, pages 11-29, published by the High Council, Masonic Societas Rosicruciana In Civitatibus Foederatis (S.R.I.C.F.)., 2009

This paper describes my discovery of many True Masonic Symbols, using only Sacred Geometry, and u... more This paper describes my discovery of many True Masonic Symbols, using only Sacred Geometry, and using only the Golden Ratio as the building block for these geometrical constructions. By using only the Golden Ratio, a compass, and a straight edge (and not a ruler), the following Masonic Craft Lodge Symbols are derived in this paper: The Square and Compass corresponding to each of the separate Three Masonic Degrees, The All-Seeing Eye, and the Letter G. In addition, by an extension of these geometries, the following symbols of York Rite Masonry are also derived: The Royal Arch, The Keystone, The True (Past Master’s) Square and Compass, and the Cross of the Knights Templar.