Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Sep 21, 2003
This study was conducted to investigate the preliminary environmental and mammalian toxicology of... more This study was conducted to investigate the preliminary environmental and mammalian toxicology of neem oil, temephos and chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion. Culex pipiens, Daphnia magna and Gambusia affinis were used to study environmental impact. A high level of toxicity was observed, with slight differences between organisms. The emulsifiers individually also displayed toxicity towards the tested organisms. Up to 90 days daily oral crude neem oil treatment (5 g/kg body weight) of laboratory mice did not cause any significant changes in weekly body weight gain, nor in serum liver damage indicators, direct bilirubin or total bilirubin. Blood parameters of treated mice up to 90 days were not statistically different from those of control mice. Neem oil could be used as an environmentally friendly alternative to the traditional chemical anopheline larvicides. Utilisation opérationnelle d'huile de margousier comme autre larvicide d'anophèle. Partie B : impact sur l'environnement et potentiel toxicologique RESUME Cette étude a été réalisée pour examiner la toxicologie préliminaire de l'huile de margousier, du téméphos, et du chlorpyrifos-méthyl/fénitrothion pour l'environnement et chez les mammifères. Culex pipiens, Daphnia magna et Gambusia affinis ont été utilisés pour étudier l'impact sur l'environnement. Une toxicité importante a été observée avec de légères différences entre les organismes. Les émulsifiants présentaient aussi individuellement une toxicité pour les organismes testés. Un traitement d'huile de margousier brute administré quotidiennement par voie orale pendant une période maximale de 90 jours (5 g/kg de poids corporel) à des souris de laboratoire n'a entraîné aucun changement important dans la prise de poids hebdomadaire, ni dans les indicateurs sériques d'atteinte hépatique, la bilirubine directe ou la bilirubine totale. Les paramètres sanguins des souris traitées pendant une période maximale de 90 jours n'étaient pas statistiquement différents de ceux des souris témoins. En conclusion, l'utilisation d'huile de margousier, substance plutôt inoffensive pour l'environnement, est une alternative au larvicide d'anophèle.
The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 2001
Reassessment of some environmental conditions of Maawa El-Sayadeen squatter area was carried out ... more Reassessment of some environmental conditions of Maawa El-Sayadeen squatter area was carried out during 2000. Due to unplanned urbanization, environmental sanitation has been ignored for several decades resulting in many health, social and economic problems. Maawa El-Sayadeen was chosen by West District officials for environmental and health upgrading in 1995, which depended mainly upon health education in addition to some engineering constructions. The environmental conditions and health status were reporded before 1995 and after 2000. The reassessment proved that, there was an increase in number of families use tap water inside the house by 29% compared with 1995 assessment. Moreover, number of families using water closets increased by 15%, also wastewater disposal throught public sewers increased by 34%. However, a decrease by 17% in dry areas surrounding the houses was recorded. Solid waste storage improved by 11% although solid waste collection sites decreased by 23%. It is con...
International journal of plant based pharmaceuticals, Jan 19, 2022
The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with... more The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with their nano-emulsions (NEs) against Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. Oil-in-water (O/W) NEs preparation was based on the coarse emulsion followed by high-energy ultra-sonication. The droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, zeta potential, and pH of NEs were investigated. The droplet sizes of the NEs were 95.67 nm for cinnamon oil and 174.59 nm for cinnamaldehyde. The NEs recorded high negative zeta potentials (-30.0 and-21.20 for cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde, respectively). The larvicidal activity results showed that the cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 94.46 and 72.91 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) had higher activities than cinnamon oil (LC50 = 154.08 and 123.13 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) after 24 h of exposure against C. pipiens larvae. These results proved that NE formulation enhanced the activity of tested compounds against larvae. The in vitro effect on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) were demonstrated, and the data proved that the NEs formulations were higher than their pure compounds. Non-formulated cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde caused 17.26% and 30.83% of AChE, respectively, while their NEs caused 46.40% and 60.59% inhibition. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies indicated that the affinity binding of cinnamaldehyde on AChE and GABA-T was higher than ATPase. This work describes bio-products with potential use against C. pipiens larvae as eco-friendly products.
The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with... more The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with their nano-emulsions (NEs) against Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. Oil-in-water (O/W) NEs preparation was based on the coarse emulsion followed by high-energy ultra-sonication. The droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, zeta potential, and pH of NEs were investigated. The droplet sizes of the NEs were 95.67 nm for cinnamon oil and 174.59 nm for cinnamaldehyde. The NEs recorded high negative zeta potentials (-30.0 and-21.20 for cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde, respectively). The larvicidal activity results showed that the cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 94.46 and 72.91 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) had higher activities than cinnamon oil (LC50 = 154.08 and 123.13 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) after 24 h of exposure against C. pipiens larvae. These results proved that NE formulation enhanced the activity of tested compounds against larvae. The in vitro effect on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) were demonstrated, and the data proved that the NEs formulations were higher than their pure compounds. Non-formulated cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde caused 17.26% and 30.83% of AChE, respectively, while their NEs caused 46.40% and 60.59% inhibition. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies indicated that the affinity binding of cinnamaldehyde on AChE and GABA-T was higher than ATPase. This work describes bio-products with potential use against C. pipiens larvae as eco-friendly products.
A Longitudinal entomological survey was carried out in four demographically different provinces a... more A Longitudinal entomological survey was carried out in four demographically different provinces at West of Alexandria governorate, Egypt from May to November 2010. Oiled paper "sticky traps" was employed during the breeding season to determine monthly trends in species composition, density and sex ratio. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded by manual thermo-hygrometer once per month in each province. Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) was the only anthropophagic species found. One hundred and forty three p. papatasi were collected; the highest prevalence was 44.8% in AlHawareya while Marakya was free of sandflies, with male to female sex ratio 1:1.6 and two peaks of abundance in both July and September. Out of the collected sandflies, 51.7% were from interior traps while 48.3% were from exterior traps. The highest number of sandfly was recorded in both July and September while the lowest monthly abundance was in November.
The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 1999
A one-year longitudinal entomological study was carried out at Kafr Fazara village, Sinnuris Dist... more A one-year longitudinal entomological study was carried out at Kafr Fazara village, Sinnuris District, Faiyoum Governorate from January to December 1996. The results revealed that three species of anophelines were found. A. sergenti was the most prevalent species followed by A. multicolor and the least prevalent one was A. pharoensis. The influence of climatic conditions on anopheline abundance was also studied. The mean monthly temperature has a significant effect on larvae abundance, while no significant correlation was found concerning relative humidity or wind speed for both larvae and adult anophelines. The transmission season of P. falciparum in Faiyoum Governorate extended to more than eight months a year which could explain the persistence of malaria up there. The bionomics of the recorded vectors were discussed.
The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 1999
Egypt represents the only focus in the Mediterranean region where Plasmodium falciparum transmiss... more Egypt represents the only focus in the Mediterranean region where Plasmodium falciparum transmission still occurs. A longitudinal parasitological study has been implemented (September 1995 to December 1996) in Faiyoum, Egypt. A total of 9065 blood slides for malaria parasites were taken from all people in the study area as mass blood examination (MBE); those attending the malaria unit as passive case detection (PCD) as well as from neighborhood of the detected cases (NOD). They were stained by Giemsa stain and examined under standard conditions for positivity, parasite species and parasite density. Our results show that MBE detected 61.5% of malaria cases while 23.1% and 15.4% of the confirmed cases were detected through PCD and NOD respectively. The overall parasite rate was 5.7/1000 examined population. P. falciparum was the most predominant species (96.1%), followed by P. vivax (3.9%). The epidemiological factors causing the persistence of malaria transmission in the study area a...
The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 1993
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different washing solutions on the remova... more This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different washing solutions on the removal of Actellic residue from fresh and processed vegetables, namely; spinach and eggplant. Also, to identify the effect of Actellic residue on the health status of mice when fed these contaminated vegetables. The amount of insecticide residue detected using GLC indicated that, tap water, sodium hydroxide solution and potassium permanganate solution gave high percent removal. However, processing did not remove more than 45% except for grilling of eggplant which removed 88.17%. Meanwhile, changes in some hepatic biological parameters were well recognized in the groups of mice fed contaminated- unwashed either processed or unprocessed vegetables.
We conducted a study to determine the laboratory and field efficacy of neem oil towards anophelin... more We conducted a study to determine the laboratory and field efficacy of neem oil towards anopheline larvae. No difference in LC50 was observed between laboratory and field strains for temephos, chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion and neem oil. No difference in susceptibility was found after 3 months of application every 2 weeks. Water treated with a single application of traditional larvicides was free of larvae after 4 weeks; neem oil-treated water, however, was free after 2 weeks but not at 4 weeks. Application of chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion and neem oil every 2 weeks for 7 rounds resulted in dramatic reduction in larval density with no statistically significant differences. An adult survey after larviciding also showed no significant difference. The efficacy of crude neem oil appears to be below that of conventional larvicides
Leishmaniasis is the collective name for a number of diseases caused by protozoan flagellates of ... more Leishmaniasis is the collective name for a number of diseases caused by protozoan flagellates of the genus Leishmania, which is transmitted by Phlebotomine sandfly, the disease has diverse clinical manifestations and found in many areas of the world, particularly in Africa, Latin America, South and Central Asia, the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East. This study was done to assess primary health care physicians' knowledge (PHP) and attitude about leishmaniasis and to assess awareness of local inhabitants about the disease and its vector in four areas in west Alexandria, Egypt. It is a cross sectional survey that was conducted in four PHC units in west Alexandria. All physicians currently working in these units during the study period were invited to participate in the study; only 20 PHP completed the questionnaire. 60 local inhabitants were selected randomly from the four areas of the study, 15 from each area; Data was collected through two different specially designed ques...
Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 2021
Background The growing threat of vector-borne diseases and environmental pollution with conventio... more Background The growing threat of vector-borne diseases and environmental pollution with conventional pesticides has led to the search for nanotechnology applications to prepare alternative products. Methods In the current study, four pyrethroid insecticides include alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin were incorporated into stable nanoemulsions. The optimization of nanoemulsions is designed based on the active ingredient, solvent, surfactant, sonication time, sonication cycle, and sonication energy by factorial analysis. The nanoscale emulsions’ droplet size and morphology were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The toxicity of nanoemulsions against Culex pipiens larvae was evaluated and compared with the technical and commercial formulations. The in vitro assay of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), carboxylesterase (CaE), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also investigated. Furt...
human health and the environment. The study aimed to explore the effects of exposure to pesticide... more human health and the environment. The study aimed to explore the effects of exposure to pesticides on the liver functions and acetycholinesterase levels in serum (AChES) and red blood cells (AChER) of 100 male participating in agricultural work ranging in age between 20 and 60 year with mean age 37.11±9.3. One hundred males matched for age and socio economic status were recruited as a control group to compare levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilriubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, AChES and AChER. The results indicate that AST, ALT and ALP were significantly (P<0.05) increased in pesticide-exposed workers compared with control. There was also a highly significantly (P<0.01) decrease in AChER among male agriculture workers compared with controls. At 10 - 50 times of pesticides applications there was a significantly (P<0.05) decrease in AChER and increase in AST, ALT and ALP activity among exposed group. However, there ...
Background: Natural products derived from plants and secondary metabolites from microorganisms ar... more Background: Natural products derived from plants and secondary metabolites from microorganisms are promising in the discovery of synthetic analogs with improved efficacy, potency, and safety. Our study attempts to examine the effect of a new formula as a mosquito larvicide. Methods: Isolation and characterization of prodigiosin and essential oil from Thuja orientalis and purification of PDG. The dose response bioassay, the synergistic effect, and the mode of action are investigated for each preparation. Results: The treatment of the 3rd larva stage of Cx. pipiens reveals that the LC50 of PDG and T. orientalis leaves’ E.O are 39.5 ± 0.341 ppm and 102.9 ± 0.46 ppm, respectively, after 24 h. The combination of LC10 of PDG with LC25 and LC50 of the E.O. shows a synergistic effect resulting in 33.3% and 100% death, respectively. Individual and combination treatment show a reduction in the activity of acetylcholine esterase, total protein, and AChE specific gravity as compared to the untr...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Sep 21, 2003
This study was conducted to investigate the preliminary environmental and mammalian toxicology of... more This study was conducted to investigate the preliminary environmental and mammalian toxicology of neem oil, temephos and chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion. Culex pipiens, Daphnia magna and Gambusia affinis were used to study environmental impact. A high level of toxicity was observed, with slight differences between organisms. The emulsifiers individually also displayed toxicity towards the tested organisms. Up to 90 days daily oral crude neem oil treatment (5 g/kg body weight) of laboratory mice did not cause any significant changes in weekly body weight gain, nor in serum liver damage indicators, direct bilirubin or total bilirubin. Blood parameters of treated mice up to 90 days were not statistically different from those of control mice. Neem oil could be used as an environmentally friendly alternative to the traditional chemical anopheline larvicides. Utilisation opérationnelle d'huile de margousier comme autre larvicide d'anophèle. Partie B : impact sur l'environnement et potentiel toxicologique RESUME Cette étude a été réalisée pour examiner la toxicologie préliminaire de l'huile de margousier, du téméphos, et du chlorpyrifos-méthyl/fénitrothion pour l'environnement et chez les mammifères. Culex pipiens, Daphnia magna et Gambusia affinis ont été utilisés pour étudier l'impact sur l'environnement. Une toxicité importante a été observée avec de légères différences entre les organismes. Les émulsifiants présentaient aussi individuellement une toxicité pour les organismes testés. Un traitement d'huile de margousier brute administré quotidiennement par voie orale pendant une période maximale de 90 jours (5 g/kg de poids corporel) à des souris de laboratoire n'a entraîné aucun changement important dans la prise de poids hebdomadaire, ni dans les indicateurs sériques d'atteinte hépatique, la bilirubine directe ou la bilirubine totale. Les paramètres sanguins des souris traitées pendant une période maximale de 90 jours n'étaient pas statistiquement différents de ceux des souris témoins. En conclusion, l'utilisation d'huile de margousier, substance plutôt inoffensive pour l'environnement, est une alternative au larvicide d'anophèle.
The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 2001
Reassessment of some environmental conditions of Maawa El-Sayadeen squatter area was carried out ... more Reassessment of some environmental conditions of Maawa El-Sayadeen squatter area was carried out during 2000. Due to unplanned urbanization, environmental sanitation has been ignored for several decades resulting in many health, social and economic problems. Maawa El-Sayadeen was chosen by West District officials for environmental and health upgrading in 1995, which depended mainly upon health education in addition to some engineering constructions. The environmental conditions and health status were reporded before 1995 and after 2000. The reassessment proved that, there was an increase in number of families use tap water inside the house by 29% compared with 1995 assessment. Moreover, number of families using water closets increased by 15%, also wastewater disposal throught public sewers increased by 34%. However, a decrease by 17% in dry areas surrounding the houses was recorded. Solid waste storage improved by 11% although solid waste collection sites decreased by 23%. It is con...
International journal of plant based pharmaceuticals, Jan 19, 2022
The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with... more The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with their nano-emulsions (NEs) against Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. Oil-in-water (O/W) NEs preparation was based on the coarse emulsion followed by high-energy ultra-sonication. The droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, zeta potential, and pH of NEs were investigated. The droplet sizes of the NEs were 95.67 nm for cinnamon oil and 174.59 nm for cinnamaldehyde. The NEs recorded high negative zeta potentials (-30.0 and-21.20 for cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde, respectively). The larvicidal activity results showed that the cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 94.46 and 72.91 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) had higher activities than cinnamon oil (LC50 = 154.08 and 123.13 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) after 24 h of exposure against C. pipiens larvae. These results proved that NE formulation enhanced the activity of tested compounds against larvae. The in vitro effect on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) were demonstrated, and the data proved that the NEs formulations were higher than their pure compounds. Non-formulated cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde caused 17.26% and 30.83% of AChE, respectively, while their NEs caused 46.40% and 60.59% inhibition. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies indicated that the affinity binding of cinnamaldehyde on AChE and GABA-T was higher than ATPase. This work describes bio-products with potential use against C. pipiens larvae as eco-friendly products.
The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with... more The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with their nano-emulsions (NEs) against Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. Oil-in-water (O/W) NEs preparation was based on the coarse emulsion followed by high-energy ultra-sonication. The droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, zeta potential, and pH of NEs were investigated. The droplet sizes of the NEs were 95.67 nm for cinnamon oil and 174.59 nm for cinnamaldehyde. The NEs recorded high negative zeta potentials (-30.0 and-21.20 for cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde, respectively). The larvicidal activity results showed that the cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 94.46 and 72.91 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) had higher activities than cinnamon oil (LC50 = 154.08 and 123.13 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) after 24 h of exposure against C. pipiens larvae. These results proved that NE formulation enhanced the activity of tested compounds against larvae. The in vitro effect on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) were demonstrated, and the data proved that the NEs formulations were higher than their pure compounds. Non-formulated cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde caused 17.26% and 30.83% of AChE, respectively, while their NEs caused 46.40% and 60.59% inhibition. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies indicated that the affinity binding of cinnamaldehyde on AChE and GABA-T was higher than ATPase. This work describes bio-products with potential use against C. pipiens larvae as eco-friendly products.
A Longitudinal entomological survey was carried out in four demographically different provinces a... more A Longitudinal entomological survey was carried out in four demographically different provinces at West of Alexandria governorate, Egypt from May to November 2010. Oiled paper "sticky traps" was employed during the breeding season to determine monthly trends in species composition, density and sex ratio. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded by manual thermo-hygrometer once per month in each province. Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) was the only anthropophagic species found. One hundred and forty three p. papatasi were collected; the highest prevalence was 44.8% in AlHawareya while Marakya was free of sandflies, with male to female sex ratio 1:1.6 and two peaks of abundance in both July and September. Out of the collected sandflies, 51.7% were from interior traps while 48.3% were from exterior traps. The highest number of sandfly was recorded in both July and September while the lowest monthly abundance was in November.
The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 1999
A one-year longitudinal entomological study was carried out at Kafr Fazara village, Sinnuris Dist... more A one-year longitudinal entomological study was carried out at Kafr Fazara village, Sinnuris District, Faiyoum Governorate from January to December 1996. The results revealed that three species of anophelines were found. A. sergenti was the most prevalent species followed by A. multicolor and the least prevalent one was A. pharoensis. The influence of climatic conditions on anopheline abundance was also studied. The mean monthly temperature has a significant effect on larvae abundance, while no significant correlation was found concerning relative humidity or wind speed for both larvae and adult anophelines. The transmission season of P. falciparum in Faiyoum Governorate extended to more than eight months a year which could explain the persistence of malaria up there. The bionomics of the recorded vectors were discussed.
The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 1999
Egypt represents the only focus in the Mediterranean region where Plasmodium falciparum transmiss... more Egypt represents the only focus in the Mediterranean region where Plasmodium falciparum transmission still occurs. A longitudinal parasitological study has been implemented (September 1995 to December 1996) in Faiyoum, Egypt. A total of 9065 blood slides for malaria parasites were taken from all people in the study area as mass blood examination (MBE); those attending the malaria unit as passive case detection (PCD) as well as from neighborhood of the detected cases (NOD). They were stained by Giemsa stain and examined under standard conditions for positivity, parasite species and parasite density. Our results show that MBE detected 61.5% of malaria cases while 23.1% and 15.4% of the confirmed cases were detected through PCD and NOD respectively. The overall parasite rate was 5.7/1000 examined population. P. falciparum was the most predominant species (96.1%), followed by P. vivax (3.9%). The epidemiological factors causing the persistence of malaria transmission in the study area a...
The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 1993
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different washing solutions on the remova... more This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different washing solutions on the removal of Actellic residue from fresh and processed vegetables, namely; spinach and eggplant. Also, to identify the effect of Actellic residue on the health status of mice when fed these contaminated vegetables. The amount of insecticide residue detected using GLC indicated that, tap water, sodium hydroxide solution and potassium permanganate solution gave high percent removal. However, processing did not remove more than 45% except for grilling of eggplant which removed 88.17%. Meanwhile, changes in some hepatic biological parameters were well recognized in the groups of mice fed contaminated- unwashed either processed or unprocessed vegetables.
We conducted a study to determine the laboratory and field efficacy of neem oil towards anophelin... more We conducted a study to determine the laboratory and field efficacy of neem oil towards anopheline larvae. No difference in LC50 was observed between laboratory and field strains for temephos, chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion and neem oil. No difference in susceptibility was found after 3 months of application every 2 weeks. Water treated with a single application of traditional larvicides was free of larvae after 4 weeks; neem oil-treated water, however, was free after 2 weeks but not at 4 weeks. Application of chlorpyriphos-methyl/fenitrothion and neem oil every 2 weeks for 7 rounds resulted in dramatic reduction in larval density with no statistically significant differences. An adult survey after larviciding also showed no significant difference. The efficacy of crude neem oil appears to be below that of conventional larvicides
Leishmaniasis is the collective name for a number of diseases caused by protozoan flagellates of ... more Leishmaniasis is the collective name for a number of diseases caused by protozoan flagellates of the genus Leishmania, which is transmitted by Phlebotomine sandfly, the disease has diverse clinical manifestations and found in many areas of the world, particularly in Africa, Latin America, South and Central Asia, the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East. This study was done to assess primary health care physicians' knowledge (PHP) and attitude about leishmaniasis and to assess awareness of local inhabitants about the disease and its vector in four areas in west Alexandria, Egypt. It is a cross sectional survey that was conducted in four PHC units in west Alexandria. All physicians currently working in these units during the study period were invited to participate in the study; only 20 PHP completed the questionnaire. 60 local inhabitants were selected randomly from the four areas of the study, 15 from each area; Data was collected through two different specially designed ques...
Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 2021
Background The growing threat of vector-borne diseases and environmental pollution with conventio... more Background The growing threat of vector-borne diseases and environmental pollution with conventional pesticides has led to the search for nanotechnology applications to prepare alternative products. Methods In the current study, four pyrethroid insecticides include alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin were incorporated into stable nanoemulsions. The optimization of nanoemulsions is designed based on the active ingredient, solvent, surfactant, sonication time, sonication cycle, and sonication energy by factorial analysis. The nanoscale emulsions’ droplet size and morphology were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The toxicity of nanoemulsions against Culex pipiens larvae was evaluated and compared with the technical and commercial formulations. The in vitro assay of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), carboxylesterase (CaE), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also investigated. Furt...
human health and the environment. The study aimed to explore the effects of exposure to pesticide... more human health and the environment. The study aimed to explore the effects of exposure to pesticides on the liver functions and acetycholinesterase levels in serum (AChES) and red blood cells (AChER) of 100 male participating in agricultural work ranging in age between 20 and 60 year with mean age 37.11±9.3. One hundred males matched for age and socio economic status were recruited as a control group to compare levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilriubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, AChES and AChER. The results indicate that AST, ALT and ALP were significantly (P<0.05) increased in pesticide-exposed workers compared with control. There was also a highly significantly (P<0.01) decrease in AChER among male agriculture workers compared with controls. At 10 - 50 times of pesticides applications there was a significantly (P<0.05) decrease in AChER and increase in AST, ALT and ALP activity among exposed group. However, there ...
Background: Natural products derived from plants and secondary metabolites from microorganisms ar... more Background: Natural products derived from plants and secondary metabolites from microorganisms are promising in the discovery of synthetic analogs with improved efficacy, potency, and safety. Our study attempts to examine the effect of a new formula as a mosquito larvicide. Methods: Isolation and characterization of prodigiosin and essential oil from Thuja orientalis and purification of PDG. The dose response bioassay, the synergistic effect, and the mode of action are investigated for each preparation. Results: The treatment of the 3rd larva stage of Cx. pipiens reveals that the LC50 of PDG and T. orientalis leaves’ E.O are 39.5 ± 0.341 ppm and 102.9 ± 0.46 ppm, respectively, after 24 h. The combination of LC10 of PDG with LC25 and LC50 of the E.O. shows a synergistic effect resulting in 33.3% and 100% death, respectively. Individual and combination treatment show a reduction in the activity of acetylcholine esterase, total protein, and AChE specific gravity as compared to the untr...
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
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