Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Print), Aug 3, 2021
Nemeske still belongs to the sparsely researched area of Baranya County. Here during plowing huma... more Nemeske still belongs to the sparsely researched area of Baranya County. Here during plowing human bones came to light. Archaeologists of the Janus Pannonius Museum conducted a rescue excavation and an instrumental survey, too. During the excavation three Arp adian period tombs were found. In surway trenches traces of several demolished Roman walls were observed. The most interesting find is a bronze plate depicting an armed rider, a lion and an altar.
We have been looking at the stars longingly for millennia. 2 In the depths of our souls, we have ... more We have been looking at the stars longingly for millennia. 2 In the depths of our souls, we have always felt that where we live, the Garden of Eden called the Earth is just the beginning. An incubator from which we will have to move on sooner or later. Desires toward the stars are probably not mistaken, as evolution goes on and even weaves bigger plans, but not necessarily as we imagine. For a long time we held within us the great dream of the ancient Greeks that man is a measure of all the things. 3 We thought we would be the ones to grow out of this planet. 4 But once this belief is ending, or at least modified. Over time, the chances of today's people staying at the forefront of development without change are diminishing. Evolution with or without us, but it continues. And what may surpass us is not so much in appearance as in the field of reason does it. So, in the end, it is not man but intelligence that will symbolically leave the Earth (ad astra). It is up to us whether or not we will be part of this intelligence? When we reach the space, the earlier universe models become obsolete, and for physical bodies it will be meaningless for a long time to talk about interstellar and especially intergalactic space travel. Adapting to new universum models, the informations on the cosmos will be captured through the study of electromagnetic as well as gravitational waves, 5 and it will be manifestated mostly in virtual models. intelligences arose before they were born (see Asimov's laws 37), both to integrate them into our society (to socialize) and to free us from the responsibility of decisions. 38 And in the future, the subjugation of machines will become less and less natural, and their "human rights" 39 will be fuller in proportion to the increase in their intelligence. 40 Their "liberation" will be just as human as their "slavery" was. So our anthropomorphic view of them really needs to be "treated rather than exterminated". 41 This means that we can only transcend the homo mensura approach by involving them: e.g. cyborg mensura. 42 The disciplines of ethology 43 and human ethology 44 can therefore help to understand not only man but also artificial intelligence. 45 And new disciplines are emerging in this field: social robotics, ethorobotics, and cyberethology. 46 3-Intellect and consciousness. Due to the purpose of artificial intelligence in helping people, it is an important task to collect data and manage information. It was born into the IT age of human culture. It obtains data from the physical world, and information (labeled data) and memes (labeled information) from human culture and the virtual world. Intelligence transforms data into information, and consciousness 47 is the user of intelligence who understands also the memes. Artificial intelligence can only understand memes if it is supplemented with consciousness, and it can set independently goals only in the possession of consciousness. With consciousness, humanity is helping it now, but later maybe it can aquire it? 48 An important factor in the development of artificial intelligence remains a deeper understanding of the nature of human intelligence and consciousness that provides the pattern, 49 as well as algorithmic or different kind imitation of them. 4-Community. Artificial intelligence is partly a community entity. It usually works alone to solve specific problems, but it has an internal community distributed across processors, 50 nodes, and networks, which is organized into a single system by swarm communication. 51 This task-performing / task-solving organization, as a virtual agent, is not yet an independent personality, so it cannot be called a person, capable of creating a community, although its self-identity 52 (identical nature) is already necessarily emerging. At the same time, there is an external community of the artificial intelligence, whose members stand out from the environment and come into active contact with it. In the virtual space, it detects the existence of other, independent programs, is compatible with them, cooperates with them, and exchanges data. There are also examples of communication and interaction between artificial intelligences. Furthermore, inside and outside the virtual space, it is relied upon for the company, support, instructions, and control of man. Thus, the key participants in its environment (ie its community) do not form a group of friends organized on the basis of friends or relatives (Gemeinschaft 53), but a sociotechnical system 54 focusing on performing / solving tasks (Gesellschaft 55). Due to its partial community nature, the research methods of the ethology and sociobiology 56 sciences can also be applied to artificial intelligence. 5-Worlds. The nature of artificial intelligence must be examined separately in three overlapping "worlds": in the physical / real world, human culture, and virtual reality. Human culture 57 emerged from the physical / real world and tries to dominate it. Virtual reality 58 was born in human culture and tries to control it. Artificial intelligence plays a small role in the physical / real world directly, but indirectly through human culture it has an effect on it. There is indeed a demand for it within human culture, so an empty space (niche) has been given for it, and it can be either "invasive" 59 or "dominant" 60 in nature, and can even become an indispensable "key species". 61 However, the primary medium for artificial intelligence is virtual space. It exists and works in this, which is much easier accessible for it than for man. 62 With the help of the virtual world, artificial intelligence will eventually have an increasing
Bevezetés 2016 tavaszán Máté Tamás a Janus Pannonius Múzeum Régészeti Osztálynak 1 és a Baranya M... more Bevezetés 2016 tavaszán Máté Tamás a Janus Pannonius Múzeum Régészeti Osztálynak 1 és a Baranya Megyei Járási Hivatal Építésügyi és Örökségvédelmi Osztálynak 2 jelentette, hogy ismert régészeti lelőhelyen kívül roncsolásmentes műszeres leletfelderítés módszerével öt késő középkori ezüstpénzt talált. A kutatás a fentiekben említett hivatalok szakembereinek jelenlétében folytatódott, ahol egy nap alatt további 30 ezüstpénz került elő. A felszín közeléből (5-15 cm) előkerült pénzek között több összetapadt is volt. Ez a tény,
The intelligent man with consciousness is the pinnacle of the evolution of matter that we know. S... more The intelligent man with consciousness is the pinnacle of the evolution of matter that we know. So far. We know, however, that evolution will not stop. Although with sections and dead ends of varying lengths, it is moving towards the increasing complexity of organizations, so it is probably not the human in today's sense is its end point. The development of artificial intelligences that we are planning, for example, may meet both our intentions and the criteria of evolution, but as a novelty it also holds the possibility of a future without us. The latter, in turn, creates tension between the species-maintainer desires of homo sapiens and the unknown future course of evolution. The Asilomar principles seek to alleviate this tension by limiting the development of artificial intelligences. However, as technological advances lead to an increase in autonomy, this is at most a plan for time-gaining. In addition to the Asilomar program, then, there is a need for a “Second Foundation” that can reconcile the future of man not only with artificial intelligences but also with evolution. If we want to survive, the evolutionary adaptation of homo sapiens could really ease the pressure of technological determinism on us. At the 2017 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Safety Technology in Asilomar, participants signed an agreement.[1] They were of the opinion that the development of artificial intelligences should be controlled. More specifically, to limit the future development of algorithms in a way that suits for homo sapiens. In doing so, they sought to meet the future challenges posed by autonomous technologies.[2] The question is whether the Asilomar goal is a real possibility or just a formulation of desires? In the following, after a brief introduction to the ability or get know and formability of the future, I examine the truthfulness of the Asilomar program.
In Pécs due to the continuous development of the town throughout many centuries, there are only f... more In Pécs due to the continuous development of the town throughout many centuries, there are only few sites where the remains of the Roman town can be excavated and even fewer remains come to light undisturbed. Some archaeological monuments have already been disappeared for good, others are situated under streets and houses unavailable for any archaeological research. In many cases it is not easy to follow what happened to the finds and remains. The mosaic floor that was found in 1841 during the building of a house at 6 Káptalan Street and a Roman burial chamber, observed during canalization in 1927 belong to this category. Some researchers still consider these as they were parts of the same early Christian building. Some authors made mistakes or misinterpreted the sources, because they relied on old, short and inaccurate descriptions of the finds. Either they were not aware of the sources or did not read them carefully. Therefore there are many different opinions in the publications often contradicting each other. Also, the lack of drawings and documentation added to the difficulties of later research, just like the inaccurate observations in some previous publications. In 2011 when we made the illustrations to Pécs Története (History of Pécs town), Volume I, it became evident, that the reconstruction of the mosaics, published in 1984, and the interpretation of the archaeological remains found in 1927 were inaccurate. These Roman remains did not come to light in the same time yet they are connected to each other in so many ways. We have started our research with the examination of both the written sources and the actual archaeological material. Later we have researched the different opinions of earlier publications and only after that were we in the position - with the help of few survived drawings and photos - to re-evaluate the remains and to make an attemp to reconstruct what they might have looked like in Roman times. Our recent research on the finds from 1841 and 1927 started in 2011, when we made a presentation about them for the archaeology PhD students of the University of Pécs for the first time. In accordance with the topic of the semester first we gave an account of our ongoing research regarding the actual size of the mosaics and the location and identification of Burial Chamber X that came to light in 1927. We have also presented the new, amended reconstruction of the mosaics and some of the corrections we have made. We have published our finished research about the building and the mosaics on the 10th of December 2013 at the Morsa Archaelogica Conference in Pécs. We hope that this article helps to answer the questions that emerged or were left unanswered so far about the mosaics and the archaeological remains found in 1927.
The Roman cemetery of Sopianae 2 (present day Pécs in Southern Hungary) is one of the few extant ... more The Roman cemetery of Sopianae 2 (present day Pécs in Southern Hungary) is one of the few extant Late Antique burial sites in Europe. 3 Its intricate layout and the exquisite decoration of its burial chambers have intrigued scholars ever since its discovery in the late eighteenth century. Because of its fresco paintings-representing Christograms, the Virgin Mary, and the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul-nineteenth-and twentieth-century scholarship identified the cemetery as 'Christian.' 4 Ongoing archaeological excavation and revisionist scholarship, however, triggered the reassessment of the site. Recent archaeological research estimates only a handful of the burial chambers Christian. 5 On the basis of research conducted on five hundred two Roman inhumation graves excavated in five groups in the northern cemetery of Sopianae and in the cemetery on Czindery Street, 6 this paper presents novel interpretations of the Roman cemetery along with new archaeological finds, focusing on the thorny problem of how to 1 The authors would like to express their gratitude to Marianne Sághy for her critical remarks and helpful suggestions during the successive stages of edition of this paper. 2 Sopianae developed from several small Celtic settlements into a Roman town by the second century. At the beginning of the third century, it became an autonomous Roman municipium in Pannonia Province. At the end of the fourth century, when Pannonia was divided into four smaller provinces, Sopianae became the administrative capital of Valeria Province in the Northeastern part of Pannonia. 3 Ferenc Fülep, Sopianae. The History of Pécs during the Roman Era, and the Problem of the Continuity of the Late Roman Population. Translated by Mrs. István Telegdy. (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó,1984); idem, "A pécsi későrómai ókeresztény mausoleum feltárásáról." [On the Excavation of the Late Roman Early Christian Mausoleum of Pécs.]
SummarySeveral major migrations and population turnover events during the later Stone Age (after ... more SummarySeveral major migrations and population turnover events during the later Stone Age (after c. 11,000 cal. BP) are believed to have shaped the contemporary population genetic diversity in Eurasia. While the genetic impacts of these migrations have been investigated on regional scales, a detailed understanding of their spatiotemporal dynamics both within and between major geographic regions across Northern Eurasia remains largely elusive. Here, we present the largest shotgun-sequenced genomic dataset from the Stone Age to date, representing 317 primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from across Eurasia, with associated radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and pollen records. Using recent advances, we imputed >1,600 ancient genomes to obtain accurate diploid genotypes, enabling previously unachievable fine-grained population structure inferences. We show that 1) Eurasian Mesolitic hunter-gatherers were more genetically diverse than previously known, and deeply diver...
In Pécs due to the continuous development of the town throughout many centuries, there are only f... more In Pécs due to the continuous development of the town throughout many centuries, there are only few sites where the remains of the Roman town can be excavated and even fewer remains come to light undisturbed. Some archaeological monuments have already been disappeared for good, others are situated under streets and houses unavailable for any archaeological research. In many cases it is not easy to follow what happened to the finds and remains. The mosaic floor that was found in 1841 during the building of a house at 6 Káptalan Street and a Roman burial chamber, observed during canalization in 1927 belong to this category. Some researchers still consider these as they were parts of the same early Christian building. Some authors made mistakes or misinterpreted the sources, because they relied on old, short and inaccurate descriptions of the finds. Either they were not aware of the sources or did not read them carefully. Therefore there are many different opinions in the publications ...
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Nemeske still belongs to the sparsely researched area of Baranya County. Here during plowing huma... more Nemeske still belongs to the sparsely researched area of Baranya County. Here during plowing human bones came to light. Archaeologists of the Janus Pannonius Museum conducted a rescue excavation and an instrumental survey, too. During the excavation three Árpádian period tombs were found. In surway trenches traces of several demolished Roman walls were observed. The most interesting find is a bronze plate depicting an armed rider, a lion and an altar.
To date we have known more than 30 buildings from the cemetery. Of these buildings the most impor... more To date we have known more than 30 buildings from the cemetery. Of these buildings the most important ones are presented in this paper. The main questions are dealt with: When? Who? What kind of Christians? What kind of rituals did the Christians keep in the cemetery?
We have been looking at the stars longingly for millennia. 2 In the depths of our souls, we have ... more We have been looking at the stars longingly for millennia. 2 In the depths of our souls, we have always felt that where we live, the Garden of Eden called the Earth is just the beginning. An incubator from which we will have to move on sooner or later. Desires toward the stars are probably not mistaken, as evolution goes on and even weaves bigger plans, but not necessarily as we imagine. For a long time we held within us the great dream of the ancient Greeks that man is a measure of all the things. 3 We thought we would be the ones to grow out of this planet. 4 But once this belief is ending, or at least modified. Over time, the chances of today's people staying at the forefront of development without change are diminishing. Evolution with or without us, but it continues. And what may surpass us is not so much in appearance as in the field of reason does it. So, in the end, it is not man but intelligence that will symbolically leave the Earth (ad astra). It is up to us whether or not we will be part of this intelligence? When we reach the space, the earlier universe models become obsolete, and for physical bodies it will be meaningless for a long time to talk about interstellar and especially intergalactic space travel. Adapting to new universum models, the informations on the cosmos will be captured through the study of electromagnetic as well as gravitational waves, 5 and it will be manifestated mostly in virtual models. intelligences arose before they were born (see Asimov's laws 37), both to integrate them into our society (to socialize) and to free us from the responsibility of decisions. 38 And in the future, the subjugation of machines will become less and less natural, and their "human rights" 39 will be fuller in proportion to the increase in their intelligence. 40 Their "liberation" will be just as human as their "slavery" was. So our anthropomorphic view of them really needs to be "treated rather than exterminated". 41 This means that we can only transcend the homo mensura approach by involving them: e.g. cyborg mensura. 42 The disciplines of ethology 43 and human ethology 44 can therefore help to understand not only man but also artificial intelligence. 45 And new disciplines are emerging in this field: social robotics, ethorobotics, and cyberethology. 46 3-Intellect and consciousness. Due to the purpose of artificial intelligence in helping people, it is an important task to collect data and manage information. It was born into the IT age of human culture. It obtains data from the physical world, and information (labeled data) and memes (labeled information) from human culture and the virtual world. Intelligence transforms data into information, and consciousness 47 is the user of intelligence who understands also the memes. Artificial intelligence can only understand memes if it is supplemented with consciousness, and it can set independently goals only in the possession of consciousness. With consciousness, humanity is helping it now, but later maybe it can aquire it? 48 An important factor in the development of artificial intelligence remains a deeper understanding of the nature of human intelligence and consciousness that provides the pattern, 49 as well as algorithmic or different kind imitation of them. 4-Community. Artificial intelligence is partly a community entity. It usually works alone to solve specific problems, but it has an internal community distributed across processors, 50 nodes, and networks, which is organized into a single system by swarm communication. 51 This task-performing / task-solving organization, as a virtual agent, is not yet an independent personality, so it cannot be called a person, capable of creating a community, although its self-identity 52 (identical nature) is already necessarily emerging. At the same time, there is an external community of the artificial intelligence, whose members stand out from the environment and come into active contact with it. In the virtual space, it detects the existence of other, independent programs, is compatible with them, cooperates with them, and exchanges data. There are also examples of communication and interaction between artificial intelligences. Furthermore, inside and outside the virtual space, it is relied upon for the company, support, instructions, and control of man. Thus, the key participants in its environment (ie its community) do not form a group of friends organized on the basis of friends or relatives (Gemeinschaft 53), but a sociotechnical system 54 focusing on performing / solving tasks (Gesellschaft 55). Due to its partial community nature, the research methods of the ethology and sociobiology 56 sciences can also be applied to artificial intelligence. 5-Worlds. The nature of artificial intelligence must be examined separately in three overlapping "worlds": in the physical / real world, human culture, and virtual reality. Human culture 57 emerged from the physical / real world and tries to dominate it. Virtual reality 58 was born in human culture and tries to control it. Artificial intelligence plays a small role in the physical / real world directly, but indirectly through human culture it has an effect on it. There is indeed a demand for it within human culture, so an empty space (niche) has been given for it, and it can be either "invasive" 59 or "dominant" 60 in nature, and can even become an indispensable "key species". 61 However, the primary medium for artificial intelligence is virtual space. It exists and works in this, which is much easier accessible for it than for man. 62 With the help of the virtual world, artificial intelligence will eventually have an increasing
Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Print), Aug 3, 2021
Nemeske still belongs to the sparsely researched area of Baranya County. Here during plowing huma... more Nemeske still belongs to the sparsely researched area of Baranya County. Here during plowing human bones came to light. Archaeologists of the Janus Pannonius Museum conducted a rescue excavation and an instrumental survey, too. During the excavation three Arp adian period tombs were found. In surway trenches traces of several demolished Roman walls were observed. The most interesting find is a bronze plate depicting an armed rider, a lion and an altar.
We have been looking at the stars longingly for millennia. 2 In the depths of our souls, we have ... more We have been looking at the stars longingly for millennia. 2 In the depths of our souls, we have always felt that where we live, the Garden of Eden called the Earth is just the beginning. An incubator from which we will have to move on sooner or later. Desires toward the stars are probably not mistaken, as evolution goes on and even weaves bigger plans, but not necessarily as we imagine. For a long time we held within us the great dream of the ancient Greeks that man is a measure of all the things. 3 We thought we would be the ones to grow out of this planet. 4 But once this belief is ending, or at least modified. Over time, the chances of today's people staying at the forefront of development without change are diminishing. Evolution with or without us, but it continues. And what may surpass us is not so much in appearance as in the field of reason does it. So, in the end, it is not man but intelligence that will symbolically leave the Earth (ad astra). It is up to us whether or not we will be part of this intelligence? When we reach the space, the earlier universe models become obsolete, and for physical bodies it will be meaningless for a long time to talk about interstellar and especially intergalactic space travel. Adapting to new universum models, the informations on the cosmos will be captured through the study of electromagnetic as well as gravitational waves, 5 and it will be manifestated mostly in virtual models. intelligences arose before they were born (see Asimov's laws 37), both to integrate them into our society (to socialize) and to free us from the responsibility of decisions. 38 And in the future, the subjugation of machines will become less and less natural, and their "human rights" 39 will be fuller in proportion to the increase in their intelligence. 40 Their "liberation" will be just as human as their "slavery" was. So our anthropomorphic view of them really needs to be "treated rather than exterminated". 41 This means that we can only transcend the homo mensura approach by involving them: e.g. cyborg mensura. 42 The disciplines of ethology 43 and human ethology 44 can therefore help to understand not only man but also artificial intelligence. 45 And new disciplines are emerging in this field: social robotics, ethorobotics, and cyberethology. 46 3-Intellect and consciousness. Due to the purpose of artificial intelligence in helping people, it is an important task to collect data and manage information. It was born into the IT age of human culture. It obtains data from the physical world, and information (labeled data) and memes (labeled information) from human culture and the virtual world. Intelligence transforms data into information, and consciousness 47 is the user of intelligence who understands also the memes. Artificial intelligence can only understand memes if it is supplemented with consciousness, and it can set independently goals only in the possession of consciousness. With consciousness, humanity is helping it now, but later maybe it can aquire it? 48 An important factor in the development of artificial intelligence remains a deeper understanding of the nature of human intelligence and consciousness that provides the pattern, 49 as well as algorithmic or different kind imitation of them. 4-Community. Artificial intelligence is partly a community entity. It usually works alone to solve specific problems, but it has an internal community distributed across processors, 50 nodes, and networks, which is organized into a single system by swarm communication. 51 This task-performing / task-solving organization, as a virtual agent, is not yet an independent personality, so it cannot be called a person, capable of creating a community, although its self-identity 52 (identical nature) is already necessarily emerging. At the same time, there is an external community of the artificial intelligence, whose members stand out from the environment and come into active contact with it. In the virtual space, it detects the existence of other, independent programs, is compatible with them, cooperates with them, and exchanges data. There are also examples of communication and interaction between artificial intelligences. Furthermore, inside and outside the virtual space, it is relied upon for the company, support, instructions, and control of man. Thus, the key participants in its environment (ie its community) do not form a group of friends organized on the basis of friends or relatives (Gemeinschaft 53), but a sociotechnical system 54 focusing on performing / solving tasks (Gesellschaft 55). Due to its partial community nature, the research methods of the ethology and sociobiology 56 sciences can also be applied to artificial intelligence. 5-Worlds. The nature of artificial intelligence must be examined separately in three overlapping "worlds": in the physical / real world, human culture, and virtual reality. Human culture 57 emerged from the physical / real world and tries to dominate it. Virtual reality 58 was born in human culture and tries to control it. Artificial intelligence plays a small role in the physical / real world directly, but indirectly through human culture it has an effect on it. There is indeed a demand for it within human culture, so an empty space (niche) has been given for it, and it can be either "invasive" 59 or "dominant" 60 in nature, and can even become an indispensable "key species". 61 However, the primary medium for artificial intelligence is virtual space. It exists and works in this, which is much easier accessible for it than for man. 62 With the help of the virtual world, artificial intelligence will eventually have an increasing
Bevezetés 2016 tavaszán Máté Tamás a Janus Pannonius Múzeum Régészeti Osztálynak 1 és a Baranya M... more Bevezetés 2016 tavaszán Máté Tamás a Janus Pannonius Múzeum Régészeti Osztálynak 1 és a Baranya Megyei Járási Hivatal Építésügyi és Örökségvédelmi Osztálynak 2 jelentette, hogy ismert régészeti lelőhelyen kívül roncsolásmentes műszeres leletfelderítés módszerével öt késő középkori ezüstpénzt talált. A kutatás a fentiekben említett hivatalok szakembereinek jelenlétében folytatódott, ahol egy nap alatt további 30 ezüstpénz került elő. A felszín közeléből (5-15 cm) előkerült pénzek között több összetapadt is volt. Ez a tény,
The intelligent man with consciousness is the pinnacle of the evolution of matter that we know. S... more The intelligent man with consciousness is the pinnacle of the evolution of matter that we know. So far. We know, however, that evolution will not stop. Although with sections and dead ends of varying lengths, it is moving towards the increasing complexity of organizations, so it is probably not the human in today's sense is its end point. The development of artificial intelligences that we are planning, for example, may meet both our intentions and the criteria of evolution, but as a novelty it also holds the possibility of a future without us. The latter, in turn, creates tension between the species-maintainer desires of homo sapiens and the unknown future course of evolution. The Asilomar principles seek to alleviate this tension by limiting the development of artificial intelligences. However, as technological advances lead to an increase in autonomy, this is at most a plan for time-gaining. In addition to the Asilomar program, then, there is a need for a “Second Foundation” that can reconcile the future of man not only with artificial intelligences but also with evolution. If we want to survive, the evolutionary adaptation of homo sapiens could really ease the pressure of technological determinism on us. At the 2017 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Safety Technology in Asilomar, participants signed an agreement.[1] They were of the opinion that the development of artificial intelligences should be controlled. More specifically, to limit the future development of algorithms in a way that suits for homo sapiens. In doing so, they sought to meet the future challenges posed by autonomous technologies.[2] The question is whether the Asilomar goal is a real possibility or just a formulation of desires? In the following, after a brief introduction to the ability or get know and formability of the future, I examine the truthfulness of the Asilomar program.
In Pécs due to the continuous development of the town throughout many centuries, there are only f... more In Pécs due to the continuous development of the town throughout many centuries, there are only few sites where the remains of the Roman town can be excavated and even fewer remains come to light undisturbed. Some archaeological monuments have already been disappeared for good, others are situated under streets and houses unavailable for any archaeological research. In many cases it is not easy to follow what happened to the finds and remains. The mosaic floor that was found in 1841 during the building of a house at 6 Káptalan Street and a Roman burial chamber, observed during canalization in 1927 belong to this category. Some researchers still consider these as they were parts of the same early Christian building. Some authors made mistakes or misinterpreted the sources, because they relied on old, short and inaccurate descriptions of the finds. Either they were not aware of the sources or did not read them carefully. Therefore there are many different opinions in the publications often contradicting each other. Also, the lack of drawings and documentation added to the difficulties of later research, just like the inaccurate observations in some previous publications. In 2011 when we made the illustrations to Pécs Története (History of Pécs town), Volume I, it became evident, that the reconstruction of the mosaics, published in 1984, and the interpretation of the archaeological remains found in 1927 were inaccurate. These Roman remains did not come to light in the same time yet they are connected to each other in so many ways. We have started our research with the examination of both the written sources and the actual archaeological material. Later we have researched the different opinions of earlier publications and only after that were we in the position - with the help of few survived drawings and photos - to re-evaluate the remains and to make an attemp to reconstruct what they might have looked like in Roman times. Our recent research on the finds from 1841 and 1927 started in 2011, when we made a presentation about them for the archaeology PhD students of the University of Pécs for the first time. In accordance with the topic of the semester first we gave an account of our ongoing research regarding the actual size of the mosaics and the location and identification of Burial Chamber X that came to light in 1927. We have also presented the new, amended reconstruction of the mosaics and some of the corrections we have made. We have published our finished research about the building and the mosaics on the 10th of December 2013 at the Morsa Archaelogica Conference in Pécs. We hope that this article helps to answer the questions that emerged or were left unanswered so far about the mosaics and the archaeological remains found in 1927.
The Roman cemetery of Sopianae 2 (present day Pécs in Southern Hungary) is one of the few extant ... more The Roman cemetery of Sopianae 2 (present day Pécs in Southern Hungary) is one of the few extant Late Antique burial sites in Europe. 3 Its intricate layout and the exquisite decoration of its burial chambers have intrigued scholars ever since its discovery in the late eighteenth century. Because of its fresco paintings-representing Christograms, the Virgin Mary, and the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul-nineteenth-and twentieth-century scholarship identified the cemetery as 'Christian.' 4 Ongoing archaeological excavation and revisionist scholarship, however, triggered the reassessment of the site. Recent archaeological research estimates only a handful of the burial chambers Christian. 5 On the basis of research conducted on five hundred two Roman inhumation graves excavated in five groups in the northern cemetery of Sopianae and in the cemetery on Czindery Street, 6 this paper presents novel interpretations of the Roman cemetery along with new archaeological finds, focusing on the thorny problem of how to 1 The authors would like to express their gratitude to Marianne Sághy for her critical remarks and helpful suggestions during the successive stages of edition of this paper. 2 Sopianae developed from several small Celtic settlements into a Roman town by the second century. At the beginning of the third century, it became an autonomous Roman municipium in Pannonia Province. At the end of the fourth century, when Pannonia was divided into four smaller provinces, Sopianae became the administrative capital of Valeria Province in the Northeastern part of Pannonia. 3 Ferenc Fülep, Sopianae. The History of Pécs during the Roman Era, and the Problem of the Continuity of the Late Roman Population. Translated by Mrs. István Telegdy. (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó,1984); idem, "A pécsi későrómai ókeresztény mausoleum feltárásáról." [On the Excavation of the Late Roman Early Christian Mausoleum of Pécs.]
SummarySeveral major migrations and population turnover events during the later Stone Age (after ... more SummarySeveral major migrations and population turnover events during the later Stone Age (after c. 11,000 cal. BP) are believed to have shaped the contemporary population genetic diversity in Eurasia. While the genetic impacts of these migrations have been investigated on regional scales, a detailed understanding of their spatiotemporal dynamics both within and between major geographic regions across Northern Eurasia remains largely elusive. Here, we present the largest shotgun-sequenced genomic dataset from the Stone Age to date, representing 317 primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from across Eurasia, with associated radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and pollen records. Using recent advances, we imputed >1,600 ancient genomes to obtain accurate diploid genotypes, enabling previously unachievable fine-grained population structure inferences. We show that 1) Eurasian Mesolitic hunter-gatherers were more genetically diverse than previously known, and deeply diver...
In Pécs due to the continuous development of the town throughout many centuries, there are only f... more In Pécs due to the continuous development of the town throughout many centuries, there are only few sites where the remains of the Roman town can be excavated and even fewer remains come to light undisturbed. Some archaeological monuments have already been disappeared for good, others are situated under streets and houses unavailable for any archaeological research. In many cases it is not easy to follow what happened to the finds and remains. The mosaic floor that was found in 1841 during the building of a house at 6 Káptalan Street and a Roman burial chamber, observed during canalization in 1927 belong to this category. Some researchers still consider these as they were parts of the same early Christian building. Some authors made mistakes or misinterpreted the sources, because they relied on old, short and inaccurate descriptions of the finds. Either they were not aware of the sources or did not read them carefully. Therefore there are many different opinions in the publications ...
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Nemeske still belongs to the sparsely researched area of Baranya County. Here during plowing huma... more Nemeske still belongs to the sparsely researched area of Baranya County. Here during plowing human bones came to light. Archaeologists of the Janus Pannonius Museum conducted a rescue excavation and an instrumental survey, too. During the excavation three Árpádian period tombs were found. In surway trenches traces of several demolished Roman walls were observed. The most interesting find is a bronze plate depicting an armed rider, a lion and an altar.
To date we have known more than 30 buildings from the cemetery. Of these buildings the most impor... more To date we have known more than 30 buildings from the cemetery. Of these buildings the most important ones are presented in this paper. The main questions are dealt with: When? Who? What kind of Christians? What kind of rituals did the Christians keep in the cemetery?
We have been looking at the stars longingly for millennia. 2 In the depths of our souls, we have ... more We have been looking at the stars longingly for millennia. 2 In the depths of our souls, we have always felt that where we live, the Garden of Eden called the Earth is just the beginning. An incubator from which we will have to move on sooner or later. Desires toward the stars are probably not mistaken, as evolution goes on and even weaves bigger plans, but not necessarily as we imagine. For a long time we held within us the great dream of the ancient Greeks that man is a measure of all the things. 3 We thought we would be the ones to grow out of this planet. 4 But once this belief is ending, or at least modified. Over time, the chances of today's people staying at the forefront of development without change are diminishing. Evolution with or without us, but it continues. And what may surpass us is not so much in appearance as in the field of reason does it. So, in the end, it is not man but intelligence that will symbolically leave the Earth (ad astra). It is up to us whether or not we will be part of this intelligence? When we reach the space, the earlier universe models become obsolete, and for physical bodies it will be meaningless for a long time to talk about interstellar and especially intergalactic space travel. Adapting to new universum models, the informations on the cosmos will be captured through the study of electromagnetic as well as gravitational waves, 5 and it will be manifestated mostly in virtual models. intelligences arose before they were born (see Asimov's laws 37), both to integrate them into our society (to socialize) and to free us from the responsibility of decisions. 38 And in the future, the subjugation of machines will become less and less natural, and their "human rights" 39 will be fuller in proportion to the increase in their intelligence. 40 Their "liberation" will be just as human as their "slavery" was. So our anthropomorphic view of them really needs to be "treated rather than exterminated". 41 This means that we can only transcend the homo mensura approach by involving them: e.g. cyborg mensura. 42 The disciplines of ethology 43 and human ethology 44 can therefore help to understand not only man but also artificial intelligence. 45 And new disciplines are emerging in this field: social robotics, ethorobotics, and cyberethology. 46 3-Intellect and consciousness. Due to the purpose of artificial intelligence in helping people, it is an important task to collect data and manage information. It was born into the IT age of human culture. It obtains data from the physical world, and information (labeled data) and memes (labeled information) from human culture and the virtual world. Intelligence transforms data into information, and consciousness 47 is the user of intelligence who understands also the memes. Artificial intelligence can only understand memes if it is supplemented with consciousness, and it can set independently goals only in the possession of consciousness. With consciousness, humanity is helping it now, but later maybe it can aquire it? 48 An important factor in the development of artificial intelligence remains a deeper understanding of the nature of human intelligence and consciousness that provides the pattern, 49 as well as algorithmic or different kind imitation of them. 4-Community. Artificial intelligence is partly a community entity. It usually works alone to solve specific problems, but it has an internal community distributed across processors, 50 nodes, and networks, which is organized into a single system by swarm communication. 51 This task-performing / task-solving organization, as a virtual agent, is not yet an independent personality, so it cannot be called a person, capable of creating a community, although its self-identity 52 (identical nature) is already necessarily emerging. At the same time, there is an external community of the artificial intelligence, whose members stand out from the environment and come into active contact with it. In the virtual space, it detects the existence of other, independent programs, is compatible with them, cooperates with them, and exchanges data. There are also examples of communication and interaction between artificial intelligences. Furthermore, inside and outside the virtual space, it is relied upon for the company, support, instructions, and control of man. Thus, the key participants in its environment (ie its community) do not form a group of friends organized on the basis of friends or relatives (Gemeinschaft 53), but a sociotechnical system 54 focusing on performing / solving tasks (Gesellschaft 55). Due to its partial community nature, the research methods of the ethology and sociobiology 56 sciences can also be applied to artificial intelligence. 5-Worlds. The nature of artificial intelligence must be examined separately in three overlapping "worlds": in the physical / real world, human culture, and virtual reality. Human culture 57 emerged from the physical / real world and tries to dominate it. Virtual reality 58 was born in human culture and tries to control it. Artificial intelligence plays a small role in the physical / real world directly, but indirectly through human culture it has an effect on it. There is indeed a demand for it within human culture, so an empty space (niche) has been given for it, and it can be either "invasive" 59 or "dominant" 60 in nature, and can even become an indispensable "key species". 61 However, the primary medium for artificial intelligence is virtual space. It exists and works in this, which is much easier accessible for it than for man. 62 With the help of the virtual world, artificial intelligence will eventually have an increasing
Thinking about the future, we may first benefit from a better understanding of man himself, as ar... more Thinking about the future, we may first benefit from a better understanding of man himself, as artificial intelligences inevitably bear the anthropomorphic features of their designer. Second, the study of man-made artificial species (e.g., the dog) can also help, because we can suspect similarities between the behavior of each artificial “species” and its role next to us. Third, niche research in biological ecosystems may be interesting, as they attract the emergence of new species that fill the gap, just as artificial intelligence finds its place within human culture. And with the fourth approach, we can look for the general features of evolution in the history of ‘machines’, as their development also seems to be part of the ‘great evolution’, including the evolution of civilization, culture, intellect, and perhaps the future evolution of consciousness and man (see interface, cyborg, transhuman, web of consciousnesses). And we can examine all this in three different but overlapping environments / worlds. The first is Nature (Real World / Physical Reality), the second is human culture, and the third is virtual reality(s).
Interdisciplinary examination of cemetery buildings, reconstruction and presentation of wall pain... more Interdisciplinary examination of cemetery buildings, reconstruction and presentation of wall paintings. The cemetery was built in the second half of the 4th and early 5th centuries. The buildings show the changes of the early Christian cemetery buildings and ceremonies in a unique way.
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Papers by Olivér Gábor