The recent development in GSM technology in Nigeria has entirely changed the attitudes of the peo... more The recent development in GSM technology in Nigeria has entirely changed the attitudes of the people. The shift from the conventional two-way verbal communication with Nigeria Telecommunication telephone facilities to the recent mobile communication with the GSM handsets has shown the impact of technology on the human being. Within the passage of seven years, people are more inclined towards mobile technology. Users can talk with one another; record some spectacular moments of life; listen to music; install games, applications; videos etc; transfer data and files to other compatible devices; and visit World Wide Web,-these are the basic qualities of the latest GSM mobile phone which makes life faster and mobile. Its effect is pervasive and its both positive and negative on users in particular and society at large. This has thrown up new challenges to stakeholders and government.
This Project examines Role of public relations in crisis management, a study of Union Bank Plc. G... more This Project examines Role of public relations in crisis management, a study of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu. To achieve this, the survey research method was adopted. The researcher uses the number of the population as the sample size; this is because the population is already small to reduce as we know that the purpose of sample size is to reduce the large number of population. Three research questions guided the study. Research findings showed that public relations play a vital role in crisis management. In view of these findings, the researcher recommended that every good organization must have public relations department, with well qualified staff and provide them with basic facilities to work with like security camera etc. The researcher suggested that Union Bank Plc. should imbibe public relations as a philosophy of management and all organization should be made to appreciate the place of public relations in the organization.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY To appreciate the influence or otherwise of advertising campaigns on ... more 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY To appreciate the influence or otherwise of advertising campaigns on consumers' preferences of the General System for Mobiles (GSM) telecommunication networks in Nigeria, it is a necessary first step to briefly capture the immediate operating environment and its metamorphosis. By this is meant the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) age of the early 21 st century globally but particularly in Nigeria. Aside the "Guttenberg Empire" which began about the middle of the fifteenth century, the ICT age as it relates to telecommunications, thus the GSM, began independently in England and the United States of America with the development of the telegraphic system of telecommunication in 1830. Forty-six years afterwards, Alexander Graham Bell invented and made the first ever telephone call in 1876. Guglielmo Marconi later patented the wireless telegraphic telecommunication system in 1897 while 1935 witnessed the first ever telephone call across the world. Other landmarks were the invention of the mobile cellular phones in 1983 and lately, the GSM in the 1990s with the first roll-out in Nigeria in 2001 by the Mobile Telecommunications Nigeria Limited (MTN) and Econet Wireless Nigeria Limited (ECONET). (Shoki and Ufuophu-Biri: 2007:181). The GSM roll-out in Nigeria in just 2001 and elsewhere about the same time does not suggest that it is such a recent ICT phenomenon. Akpan (2005:76) sees this popular belief as erroneous. He asserts that the general system for mobiles telecommunication is a development of the past and traced the beginning back to the initiatives of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunication (CEPT) in 1982. Notwithstanding, the introduction of the GSM telephone system to Nigeria in 2001 represents an epoch in the evolution of the telecommunication industry in the country. Akpan (2005:76) observes that the GSM allows several other tasks than was possible with the outgoing analogue telephone system because it is digitalized. Whatever digitalisation means! In the view of Agba (2001:24-26), digitalisation makes possible the conversion of telephone signals into binary digits (0,1), then into unrestrained free-flow electrical pulses which augurs for high network speed, versatility, flexibility, reliability and other possibilities. In terms of its physical characteristics, it is unlike the wellknown analogue or rotary spin-sets but a digital soft-touch button work that responds smartly. The GSM quality of speed (near instant communication) was appreciated and confirmed by Atala and Umar (2006:149-155) who note that speed characterise all operational aspects of the new digital handset. Akpabio (2003:132-137) on his part appreciates the mobile phone from the point of the capacity for ownership by even poor people. In his perspective, during the pre-GSM regime of analogue landline telephones, Nigeria perhaps ranked lowest in telephone ownership. He submits that overwhelming majority of citizens resorted to business centers or phone booths which were few and far between. These, he said, were also marred by long queues, general disorderliness and frustration. This can be reconciled with the observation of cost-effectiveness over which Shoki and Ufuophu-Biri (2007:182) again favour the smart mobile phone piece. They note that: Before the advent of the GSM, it was very difficult for an ordinary Nigerian to own a telephone line provided by the presently moribund NITEL. It cost fortune then to procure the landline in addition to passing through bottleneck procedures and even lobbying and bribery. Telephone was regarded as a status conferral and preserve of only the affluent; thus Colonel David Mark, a Minister of Communication in the General Babangida regime pompously said that telephone was not for the poor. Olise and Igun (2006:81-87), as with Akpan above, welcome the GSM to Nigeria with its capacity for various tasks hitherto unknown and impossible. They refer to its ability to provide such services as Short Message Service (SMS), Internet Services, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Games and so forth, apart from its conventional utility as a voice medium. The services of the Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL)-the national telecommunication companywere notorious for numerous deficiencies. These included prohibitive cost, non-availability of lines, service failures, channel noise, line drops, slow dial, and the likes. It can then be understood why Okoro and Barikui (2006:90-106) celebrated the advent of the digital GSM telecommunication system for coming to put an end to the problems and frustrations associated with NITEL's failed analogue systems services. The foregoing showcases an atmosphere of transition from an analogue telecommunications system to a revolutionary dispensation of digital telecommunication technology. Digital mobile phones came with all the advantages over analogue, some of which have been enumerated by other researchers cited above. Although it also presented numerous benefits in the form of new features or task possibilities, digital GSM delivered, side by side, a whole range
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Communication is said to be the life blood of every society. There is... more 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Communication is said to be the life blood of every society. There is therefore a need to know what communication is all about. Communication as a discipline has continued to attract new definitions from time to time so that no single definition is accepted by scholars interested in the field. Communication as an academic discipline, sometimes called "communicology" relates to all the ways we communicate, so it embraces a large body of study and knowledge. Although, there is such a thing as oneway communication, communication can be better described as a two way process in which there is an exchange of ideas, thoughts, feelings towards a mutually accepted goal or direction. Hence, the process of a phone-in-programme. Mass media are important communication strategy to generate awareness and disseminate information. In most developing countries, Nigeria inclusive, radio is an effective medium to reach the general population. Unlike TV and print , radio phone-in-programmes are popular platforms for direct audience participation to exchange views and voice concerns on issues to increase knowledge, encourage open discussion on health and other socially relevant issues and promote sustained behavioural change. In broadcasting, a phone-in is a programme format in which listeners are invited to air their live comments by telephone, usually in respect of a specific topic selected for discussion on the day of broadcast. According to research, BBC radio Nottingham is credited with having aired the first phone-in on February 4 1968, a programme called "What Are They Up To Now"? Speech-based Talk Radio UK was launched in 1995, with much of its programming featuring phone-in-programmes. Ian Hutchby researched poor relations in phone-in-programmes looking at arguments and confrontations. Using conversation analysis, he describes how the host retains power through devices such as "the second position"-the concept of going second in a discussion, giving the host time to formulate a response. Similarly, the last word is always the broadcasting word. The audience can choose to end the conversation, but they are doing so by withdrawing from the interactional arena. Hutchby (1996) Talbot et al. Though it cannot be stated in actual fact the date phone-in programme began in Nigeria. According to research, it started before the advent of global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM) putting it in the 1980s. However, since the introduction of GSM in 2000 there has been an increase in audience participation in phone-in-programmes. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM This research work is informed by this innovation in broadcasting especially the introduction of phone-in segment in almost every programme being aired on both public and private radio stations across the country. One of the problems is the implication of having a wrong audience choice which is better imagined. This would make the presenter have negative feedback. This is because there are some audience members who participate in discussions that are not meant for them. There is no gainsaying the fact that radio stations are out to perform the basic role of informing, educating and entertaining the target audience. However, another problem is the lure of including phonein segments in most of the programmes which are capable of rendering them elitist, taking into consideration the number of people that can afford to buy a mobile phone. Yet another problem is the fact that phone-in programmes are equally seen as an escapist approach of getting people to participate in programmes when they are not adequately informed about the issues involved. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY It is noticed that the idea of phone-in is now prevalent among radio stations. This study is on radio broadcasting. This decision is made from the fact that the medium appears the cheapest and most accessible to the common man as the radio set is portable and can easily pick up signals from far distances. The advent of phone-in programmes on radio has increased the pace of audience participation
This work was aimed at determining the effectiveness of public relations strategies in the manage... more This work was aimed at determining the effectiveness of public relations strategies in the management of crisis as it affect shell. A case study approach was used in carrying out the study, while questionnaire and interview method were used for collection of data. The project report started off with the introduction of the work which comprises of the background and statement of the problem with the objective as seen in chapter one. Chapter two goes on to talk on related review done by different authors on the same or related work. Chapter three now talks on method used in analyzing and presenting the data collected as stated in this work. With the questionnaire distributed to respondents and later collected, tables collected in percentages were used in the Chapter four to present the data collected from the questionnaire, while the findings according to the data collected shows that Shell has not made reasonable effect on the social economic and financial life of its community using Rumuola. However, as revealed from the recommendations, appropriate and adequate public relations strategies was adopted by Shell or any other company, Crisis management would be drastically reduced, also other recommendation which aims to aid policy makers in Shell and other companies. The recommendation has illustrated where necessary.
This work was aimed at determining the effectiveness of public relations strategies in the manage... more This work was aimed at determining the effectiveness of public relations strategies in the management of crisis as it affect shell. A case study approach was used in carrying out the study, while questionnaire and interview method were used for collection of data. The project report started off with the introduction of the work which comprises of the background and statement of the problem with the objective as seen in chapter one. Chapter two goes on to talk on related review done by different authors on the same or related work. Chapter three now talks on method used in analyzing and presenting the data collected as stated in this work. With the questionnaire distributed to respondents and later collected, tables collected in percentages were used in the Chapter four to present the data collected from the questionnaire, while the findings according to the data collected shows that Shell has not made reasonable effect on the social economic and financial life of its community using Rumuola. However, as revealed from the recommendations, appropriate and adequate public relations strategies was adopted by Shell or any other company, Crisis management would be drastically reduced, also other recommendation which aims to aid policy makers in Shell and other companies. The recommendation has illustrated where necessary. Public Relations: These are the activities undertaken by an organization to promote a favourable relationship with its public. Crisis Management: A management style that concentrates on solving the immediate problems occurring in a business rather than looking for long-term solutions.
This study, among other things helped to look at journalism as a tool for crisis management to wh... more This study, among other things helped to look at journalism as a tool for crisis management to which the Tentacles News Magazine published in the University of Ibadan, was used as a measure of assessments. The study employed the survey research method and the questionnaire was used as an instrument to select responses from respondents that were sampled from the population. Data gathered were analyzed by the use of a table construct and simple percentages. Some of the findings include that news performed the surveillance of environment function on campuses and also linkage of the different elements within the various areas of coverage. Based on these findings, the study recommended that among other things that national media should give more coverage to news within urban areas. It is on this basis that the researcher recommended the establishment of enabling institutional laws that will enhance the emergence of more campus Magazines and newspapers. Investors should venture into campus Magazine owing to contributions to national development.
The objective of this study on "Public Relations: As A tool of Industrial Harmony. A study of Nig... more The objective of this study on "Public Relations: As A tool of Industrial Harmony. A study of Nigeria Police Headquarters Enugu" look into the internal and external problems of Nigeria police and how the public relations officer has succeeded or failed in resolving problems. Problems such as the welfare of the police, its relationship with the public and how the police manage crowd and crisis in Enugu State. To achieve this, survey research method was adopted with questionnaire as the instrument to elicit responses from the respondents. Findings drawn from the study revealed positive that police serving in Enugu faces internal and external problems such as poor salary, poor equipments at home and offices, insufficient accommodation, poor medical care and poor relationship with the publics; which makes it difficult for the police to manage crisis due to inadequate information from the publics. The study therefore recommended that police should stop extortion, bribery and corruption, brutality, aiding and abating crimes because of their position in the society. The publics should contribute positively to give vital information to the police to fight against crisis. The Police Public Relations Department should handle the internal and external problems through their cordial relationship with the press. Finally the government should take serious maintenance of the police in their welfare, so that they would take their work seriously.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Profit maximization was regarded as the primary m... more CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Profit maximization was regarded as the primary mission and overreaching economic motive of any business enterprises little or no attention was paid to the fact that, in pursuit of their profit objective, business enterprises have to be ask to assemble the resource from the local environment and have the stable socio-political and investment climate in which to operate successfully. If business organization relies on society for existence, it is only logical that this environment be acculturated and nurtured to ensure its continuity. It is in this regard that the orientation of the modern business manager has changed to reflect the increasingly important interdependence between organizations and there environments with these, there is an increasing public glamour that business should participate actively in the well being and environment in which they operate and make their profit. However, the aim of establishing any business is to provide competitive goods and services to the consumer and society at large. This does not however, mean that they have concluded their obligation to the people especially to the host community where the business is sited and operated. Although there is no law as what form of services the host community should benefit from the business, it is morally obliged to cater for at least their host. This they do by aiding the development of infrastructures such as access roads where necessary and the provision of good water for domestic use and also the provision of electricity of the local population. Other forms of services that could be rendered for the young members of that community and of course the provision of gainful employment for those who have graduated from college. There are a lot of other services that the host community can benefit from the business such as the provision of safety measures against pollution other air or water. On the other hand, to the business also look forward to the local populace, for continued patronage and also for ensuring the safety of lives and properties of the business and employees of that business who are not from that community. Therefore, the recognition by businessmen of the need to keep the good of society as a whole to mind while conducting business in the bed-rock of social responsibility. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The controversy about the public clamor that business should participate actively in the well being and welfare of the community, society environment in which they operate and make their profit are the problems among others this research intend to solve. Has business social responsibility any part to play in the total marketing effort of business organizations or enterprises? Does business social responsibility contribute anything to the total revenue of the company? Is the conception that there is no need for business enterprise to be socially responsible to its society "SHELL PORT-HARCOURT" true or false? Of what use is business social responsibility to the general public? The problem for this research is what the responsiveness of companies to social responsibility is. The following research hypothesis are formulated for the purpose of carrying out this project of which: HYPOTHESIS I: Ho: socials responsibility of business does not significantly enhance the success and development of the host community Hi: social responsibility of business significantly enhances the success and development of the host community. HYPOTHESIS 2 I: Ho: There is no significant relationship between the success of business and its social responsibility.
This study among other things helped to look at journalism as a tool for crisis management and th... more This study among other things helped to look at journalism as a tool for crisis management and the Tentacles News Magazine published in the University of Ibadan. Ibadan was specifically studied. The study employed the survey research method and the questionnaire was used as an instrument to select responses from questionnaire that were sampled from the population. Data gathered were analyzed by the use of a table construct and simple percentages. Some of the findings include that news performed the surveillance environment function on campuses and also linkage of the different element within the various area of coverage. Based on this findings, the study recommended that among other things that national media should give more coverage to news within urban areas at the determinant of rural communities. It is in this bases that researcher recommend the establishment of enabling institutional laws that enhance the emergence of more campus Magazine and newspapers. Investors should venture into campus Magazine and their contribution to national development.
This study explores the situations surrounding the relationship between foreign television progra... more This study explores the situations surrounding the relationship between foreign television programmes and cultural practices of Nigeria in reference to Ndokwa west where constructive generalizations were made. Findings were backed-up with an empirical research on 145 respondents from the study area. Cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this work. The bottle spinning sampling technique was used alongside availability/convenient sampling technique. The study also made used of the questionnaire as a means of quantitative data collection. The SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was employed for data analysis and subsequently justified using manual procedures. Six (6) research questions were utilized in empirically justifying the work. Finally, the study discovered that Nigerians prefer FTP more to indigenous TV programmes and this exerts great influence on their cultural practices. The study recommends that in salvaging the undue influence vented on the cultural practices of Nigerians by foreign television programmes, there is a vital role the family need to play such that its culture would be lucidly pronounced.
The research is "influence of internet in news gathering information dissemination on modern jour... more The research is "influence of internet in news gathering information dissemination on modern journalism practice". The desire of this study was to ascertain how the availability of the internet has helped in the development of Nigeria and how it the internet has played a major role in news gathering and information dissemination in
as some measures for an improved adoption and enhanced application of ICTs in the two media. The ... more as some measures for an improved adoption and enhanced application of ICTs in the two media. The survey research method was used. The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews served as instrument of data collection. A total of 400 respondents were selected from the population; 200 from the head offices of the NTA and The Guardian Newspapers on equal proportion, (i.,e. 100 apiece), and another200 from those members of the public who have access to the two media under review; 100 from the North [Gwagwalada area of Abuja (50) and Bida L.G.A. in Niger state (50)]; another 100 from the South [Surulere area of Lagos state (50) and Enugu North L.G.A. of Enugu state (50)]. The stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used. The data generated were analyzed using simple descriptive and statistical tools such as simple percentages, tabular presentations and frequency distributions. The study was anchored on the Diffusion of Innovation theory. At the end of the study, the findings revealed that, although the Nigerian mass media (NTA and The Guardian newspapers) have adopted the new ICTs to an extent, yet, the level of adoption and application still falls far below expectations, especially when compared with what is obtainable in the western world. The findings attributed the under utilization of ICTs in the two media to lack of infrastructure e.g. electricity, few trained or skilled ICTs personnel, poor knowledge of ICTs at all levels, from suppliers to users, financial constraints, corruption, poor planning and lack of political/ideological will. The study further revealed that the under utilization of ICTs in NTA and The Guardian newspapers has greatly hampered the quality and quantity of their programmes and contents respectively. Based on these findings, recommendations were made. One, government should intervene by providing enabling environment and basic social amenities e.g. electricity, that would assist in the smooth operation of the new technologies and discourage the re-occurring brain drain in the country. On their part, the media organizations should invest in ICTs development and acquisition, and maintain a regular training and retraining of their staff in computer literacy and on the use of the latest ICTs in the media world, among others.
The research focused on evaluating the media campaigns on breast cancer to which women in Edo sta... more The research focused on evaluating the media campaigns on breast cancer to which women in Edo state are exposed. A survey method which employed a structured questionnaire was employed for data collection from 400 Edo women. The findings showed the inadequacies that characterized the media campaigns on breast cancer in the Edo State. The result revealed that most women had knowledge of breast cancer but the knowledge was not deep rooted. Consequently, most of the breast cancer programmes that were featured in these media campaigns were found to be infrequent and incomprehensive to engender a positive behaviour change in Edo women in observing their breast self examination(BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) believed to save lives and reduce mortality rates, without the support of face – to – face campaign. However, radio was found to be the major source of breast cancer information to Edo women as well as the most effective medium for breast cancer campaign due to its widest reach and the efficiency with which it transcends literacy level of the audience. It is recommended that breast cancer programmes be featured frequently and programmes like drama, radio jingles, television commercials and Internet be added to the available programmes while employment of indigenous language be included in the packaging of the progammes. Finally, face –to –face campaign should complement media campaign to reinforce credibility and clarity of media campaign programmes on breast cancer. CHAPTER ONE
Nigeria has, no doubt, witnessed and still witnessing several forms of conflict in both the North... more Nigeria has, no doubt, witnessed and still witnessing several forms of conflict in both the North and Southern divides; one of such devastating in the country is the present one in the Northern Nigeria the Islamic sect, Boko-Haram. In consonance with the above, this study examines the audience perception of channel television coverage of Boko-Haram Insurgency in Borno State. The research adopts the survey method in eliciting information from respondents. This study has shown that channels television has not played major role in showing the way forward in curbing the insurgency in Borno State. This work recommend that channel television coverage of Boko-Haram should not just be to inform the audience but should also help the people to know how to guide their lives and property and must rise to the task of combating insecurity in the nation through the kind of coverage given to them. CHAPTER ONE
In the human process of socialization, the family (main agents in the first year) takes part toge... more In the human process of socialization, the family (main agents in the first year) takes part together with friends, school and mass media, especially Television, among others. The main aim of the research is to analyze television's influence upon the construction of subjectivity in the child and adolescent. The project addresses the question of the means by which television commercials, as well as performing their manifest function of promoting a product, also act as socialization agents in the society. There are essentially three parts of the consideration. First, some theoretical background from sociological work in the area is provided, dealing with the assumption of value-transmitting tasks by secular institutions. The manner in which television-commercials-as-socializers may be viewed as a modification of the concept of people ways of life is discussed. Next (1) the message of commercials and (2) the devices of presentation of commercials are examined with regard to how they function to convey certain primary values to children. Finally, the above observations are approached that television with its extensive use among people has the potential function as a common conscience which introduces and reinforce. CHAPTER ONE
The advent of Internet has brought together those near and far, transcending boundary barriers, i... more The advent of Internet has brought together those near and far, transcending boundary barriers, in time and space worldwide and this has been made possible via computer. Thus, the latest effect of computer bothers on the use of it to propagate journalism worldwide via the Internet. The timely update of on-line newspaper, its universality, easy accessibility, easy navigation, interactivity features and other unique features of it have brought popularity to Internet newspaper. Due to its unique features readers' taste is already moving towards on-line newspaper. Though the effect is relatively small as at now, this research tries to explore the influence of Internet on newspaper readership looking at both on-line and hardcopy ; with the aim of finding-out who on-line readers are, to know how often newspaper readers visit the Internet and to find out if on-line will replace hardcopy newspaper. Survey method was adopted to generate data from respondents in order to arrive at the research findings. The findings reveal that younger ages read on-line copies more than the older ones though; hardcopy still thrives beyond reasonable doubt. However, print media has on-line competitor. Recommendations were made based on the findings. CHAPTER ONE
The print and broadcast media generally regarded as channel of communication that are capable of ... more The print and broadcast media generally regarded as channel of communication that are capable of reaching a large, scattered and heterogeneous audience simultaneously with uniform message. The media plays a pivotal role in the development process of the country. The media regularly over all sight issues such as wealth, crime, entertainment, political events, information and the economy e.t.c. The need for the media in social development, so that the response of basic human need will be immediate. The study made use of descriptive analysis with the use of survey method. Therefore, the role of media cannot be divorced from issues of social development of Nigeria. The study was conducted in Asaba, Oshimili South Local Government Delta State. The method of data analysis is the simple percentage method. The study therefore recommended that the media should endeavour to be involved in the dissemination and information and analyze issues and factors contained in the news about social development in line with the need and interest of the nation.
The recent development in GSM technology in Nigeria has entirely changed the attitudes of the peo... more The recent development in GSM technology in Nigeria has entirely changed the attitudes of the people. The shift from the conventional two-way verbal communication with Nigeria Telecommunication telephone facilities to the recent mobile communication with the GSM handsets has shown the impact of technology on the human being. Within the passage of seven years, people are more inclined towards mobile technology. Users can talk with one another; record some spectacular moments of life; listen to music; install games, applications; videos etc; transfer data and files to other compatible devices; and visit World Wide Web,-these are the basic qualities of the latest GSM mobile phone which makes life faster and mobile. Its effect is pervasive and its both positive and negative on users in particular and society at large. This has thrown up new challenges to stakeholders and government.
This Project examines Role of public relations in crisis management, a study of Union Bank Plc. G... more This Project examines Role of public relations in crisis management, a study of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu. To achieve this, the survey research method was adopted. The researcher uses the number of the population as the sample size; this is because the population is already small to reduce as we know that the purpose of sample size is to reduce the large number of population. Three research questions guided the study. Research findings showed that public relations play a vital role in crisis management. In view of these findings, the researcher recommended that every good organization must have public relations department, with well qualified staff and provide them with basic facilities to work with like security camera etc. The researcher suggested that Union Bank Plc. should imbibe public relations as a philosophy of management and all organization should be made to appreciate the place of public relations in the organization.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY To appreciate the influence or otherwise of advertising campaigns on ... more 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY To appreciate the influence or otherwise of advertising campaigns on consumers' preferences of the General System for Mobiles (GSM) telecommunication networks in Nigeria, it is a necessary first step to briefly capture the immediate operating environment and its metamorphosis. By this is meant the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) age of the early 21 st century globally but particularly in Nigeria. Aside the "Guttenberg Empire" which began about the middle of the fifteenth century, the ICT age as it relates to telecommunications, thus the GSM, began independently in England and the United States of America with the development of the telegraphic system of telecommunication in 1830. Forty-six years afterwards, Alexander Graham Bell invented and made the first ever telephone call in 1876. Guglielmo Marconi later patented the wireless telegraphic telecommunication system in 1897 while 1935 witnessed the first ever telephone call across the world. Other landmarks were the invention of the mobile cellular phones in 1983 and lately, the GSM in the 1990s with the first roll-out in Nigeria in 2001 by the Mobile Telecommunications Nigeria Limited (MTN) and Econet Wireless Nigeria Limited (ECONET). (Shoki and Ufuophu-Biri: 2007:181). The GSM roll-out in Nigeria in just 2001 and elsewhere about the same time does not suggest that it is such a recent ICT phenomenon. Akpan (2005:76) sees this popular belief as erroneous. He asserts that the general system for mobiles telecommunication is a development of the past and traced the beginning back to the initiatives of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunication (CEPT) in 1982. Notwithstanding, the introduction of the GSM telephone system to Nigeria in 2001 represents an epoch in the evolution of the telecommunication industry in the country. Akpan (2005:76) observes that the GSM allows several other tasks than was possible with the outgoing analogue telephone system because it is digitalized. Whatever digitalisation means! In the view of Agba (2001:24-26), digitalisation makes possible the conversion of telephone signals into binary digits (0,1), then into unrestrained free-flow electrical pulses which augurs for high network speed, versatility, flexibility, reliability and other possibilities. In terms of its physical characteristics, it is unlike the wellknown analogue or rotary spin-sets but a digital soft-touch button work that responds smartly. The GSM quality of speed (near instant communication) was appreciated and confirmed by Atala and Umar (2006:149-155) who note that speed characterise all operational aspects of the new digital handset. Akpabio (2003:132-137) on his part appreciates the mobile phone from the point of the capacity for ownership by even poor people. In his perspective, during the pre-GSM regime of analogue landline telephones, Nigeria perhaps ranked lowest in telephone ownership. He submits that overwhelming majority of citizens resorted to business centers or phone booths which were few and far between. These, he said, were also marred by long queues, general disorderliness and frustration. This can be reconciled with the observation of cost-effectiveness over which Shoki and Ufuophu-Biri (2007:182) again favour the smart mobile phone piece. They note that: Before the advent of the GSM, it was very difficult for an ordinary Nigerian to own a telephone line provided by the presently moribund NITEL. It cost fortune then to procure the landline in addition to passing through bottleneck procedures and even lobbying and bribery. Telephone was regarded as a status conferral and preserve of only the affluent; thus Colonel David Mark, a Minister of Communication in the General Babangida regime pompously said that telephone was not for the poor. Olise and Igun (2006:81-87), as with Akpan above, welcome the GSM to Nigeria with its capacity for various tasks hitherto unknown and impossible. They refer to its ability to provide such services as Short Message Service (SMS), Internet Services, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Games and so forth, apart from its conventional utility as a voice medium. The services of the Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL)-the national telecommunication companywere notorious for numerous deficiencies. These included prohibitive cost, non-availability of lines, service failures, channel noise, line drops, slow dial, and the likes. It can then be understood why Okoro and Barikui (2006:90-106) celebrated the advent of the digital GSM telecommunication system for coming to put an end to the problems and frustrations associated with NITEL's failed analogue systems services. The foregoing showcases an atmosphere of transition from an analogue telecommunications system to a revolutionary dispensation of digital telecommunication technology. Digital mobile phones came with all the advantages over analogue, some of which have been enumerated by other researchers cited above. Although it also presented numerous benefits in the form of new features or task possibilities, digital GSM delivered, side by side, a whole range
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Communication is said to be the life blood of every society. There is... more 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Communication is said to be the life blood of every society. There is therefore a need to know what communication is all about. Communication as a discipline has continued to attract new definitions from time to time so that no single definition is accepted by scholars interested in the field. Communication as an academic discipline, sometimes called "communicology" relates to all the ways we communicate, so it embraces a large body of study and knowledge. Although, there is such a thing as oneway communication, communication can be better described as a two way process in which there is an exchange of ideas, thoughts, feelings towards a mutually accepted goal or direction. Hence, the process of a phone-in-programme. Mass media are important communication strategy to generate awareness and disseminate information. In most developing countries, Nigeria inclusive, radio is an effective medium to reach the general population. Unlike TV and print , radio phone-in-programmes are popular platforms for direct audience participation to exchange views and voice concerns on issues to increase knowledge, encourage open discussion on health and other socially relevant issues and promote sustained behavioural change. In broadcasting, a phone-in is a programme format in which listeners are invited to air their live comments by telephone, usually in respect of a specific topic selected for discussion on the day of broadcast. According to research, BBC radio Nottingham is credited with having aired the first phone-in on February 4 1968, a programme called "What Are They Up To Now"? Speech-based Talk Radio UK was launched in 1995, with much of its programming featuring phone-in-programmes. Ian Hutchby researched poor relations in phone-in-programmes looking at arguments and confrontations. Using conversation analysis, he describes how the host retains power through devices such as "the second position"-the concept of going second in a discussion, giving the host time to formulate a response. Similarly, the last word is always the broadcasting word. The audience can choose to end the conversation, but they are doing so by withdrawing from the interactional arena. Hutchby (1996) Talbot et al. Though it cannot be stated in actual fact the date phone-in programme began in Nigeria. According to research, it started before the advent of global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM) putting it in the 1980s. However, since the introduction of GSM in 2000 there has been an increase in audience participation in phone-in-programmes. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM This research work is informed by this innovation in broadcasting especially the introduction of phone-in segment in almost every programme being aired on both public and private radio stations across the country. One of the problems is the implication of having a wrong audience choice which is better imagined. This would make the presenter have negative feedback. This is because there are some audience members who participate in discussions that are not meant for them. There is no gainsaying the fact that radio stations are out to perform the basic role of informing, educating and entertaining the target audience. However, another problem is the lure of including phonein segments in most of the programmes which are capable of rendering them elitist, taking into consideration the number of people that can afford to buy a mobile phone. Yet another problem is the fact that phone-in programmes are equally seen as an escapist approach of getting people to participate in programmes when they are not adequately informed about the issues involved. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY It is noticed that the idea of phone-in is now prevalent among radio stations. This study is on radio broadcasting. This decision is made from the fact that the medium appears the cheapest and most accessible to the common man as the radio set is portable and can easily pick up signals from far distances. The advent of phone-in programmes on radio has increased the pace of audience participation
This work was aimed at determining the effectiveness of public relations strategies in the manage... more This work was aimed at determining the effectiveness of public relations strategies in the management of crisis as it affect shell. A case study approach was used in carrying out the study, while questionnaire and interview method were used for collection of data. The project report started off with the introduction of the work which comprises of the background and statement of the problem with the objective as seen in chapter one. Chapter two goes on to talk on related review done by different authors on the same or related work. Chapter three now talks on method used in analyzing and presenting the data collected as stated in this work. With the questionnaire distributed to respondents and later collected, tables collected in percentages were used in the Chapter four to present the data collected from the questionnaire, while the findings according to the data collected shows that Shell has not made reasonable effect on the social economic and financial life of its community using Rumuola. However, as revealed from the recommendations, appropriate and adequate public relations strategies was adopted by Shell or any other company, Crisis management would be drastically reduced, also other recommendation which aims to aid policy makers in Shell and other companies. The recommendation has illustrated where necessary.
This work was aimed at determining the effectiveness of public relations strategies in the manage... more This work was aimed at determining the effectiveness of public relations strategies in the management of crisis as it affect shell. A case study approach was used in carrying out the study, while questionnaire and interview method were used for collection of data. The project report started off with the introduction of the work which comprises of the background and statement of the problem with the objective as seen in chapter one. Chapter two goes on to talk on related review done by different authors on the same or related work. Chapter three now talks on method used in analyzing and presenting the data collected as stated in this work. With the questionnaire distributed to respondents and later collected, tables collected in percentages were used in the Chapter four to present the data collected from the questionnaire, while the findings according to the data collected shows that Shell has not made reasonable effect on the social economic and financial life of its community using Rumuola. However, as revealed from the recommendations, appropriate and adequate public relations strategies was adopted by Shell or any other company, Crisis management would be drastically reduced, also other recommendation which aims to aid policy makers in Shell and other companies. The recommendation has illustrated where necessary. Public Relations: These are the activities undertaken by an organization to promote a favourable relationship with its public. Crisis Management: A management style that concentrates on solving the immediate problems occurring in a business rather than looking for long-term solutions.
This study, among other things helped to look at journalism as a tool for crisis management to wh... more This study, among other things helped to look at journalism as a tool for crisis management to which the Tentacles News Magazine published in the University of Ibadan, was used as a measure of assessments. The study employed the survey research method and the questionnaire was used as an instrument to select responses from respondents that were sampled from the population. Data gathered were analyzed by the use of a table construct and simple percentages. Some of the findings include that news performed the surveillance of environment function on campuses and also linkage of the different elements within the various areas of coverage. Based on these findings, the study recommended that among other things that national media should give more coverage to news within urban areas. It is on this basis that the researcher recommended the establishment of enabling institutional laws that will enhance the emergence of more campus Magazines and newspapers. Investors should venture into campus Magazine owing to contributions to national development.
The objective of this study on "Public Relations: As A tool of Industrial Harmony. A study of Nig... more The objective of this study on "Public Relations: As A tool of Industrial Harmony. A study of Nigeria Police Headquarters Enugu" look into the internal and external problems of Nigeria police and how the public relations officer has succeeded or failed in resolving problems. Problems such as the welfare of the police, its relationship with the public and how the police manage crowd and crisis in Enugu State. To achieve this, survey research method was adopted with questionnaire as the instrument to elicit responses from the respondents. Findings drawn from the study revealed positive that police serving in Enugu faces internal and external problems such as poor salary, poor equipments at home and offices, insufficient accommodation, poor medical care and poor relationship with the publics; which makes it difficult for the police to manage crisis due to inadequate information from the publics. The study therefore recommended that police should stop extortion, bribery and corruption, brutality, aiding and abating crimes because of their position in the society. The publics should contribute positively to give vital information to the police to fight against crisis. The Police Public Relations Department should handle the internal and external problems through their cordial relationship with the press. Finally the government should take serious maintenance of the police in their welfare, so that they would take their work seriously.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Profit maximization was regarded as the primary m... more CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Profit maximization was regarded as the primary mission and overreaching economic motive of any business enterprises little or no attention was paid to the fact that, in pursuit of their profit objective, business enterprises have to be ask to assemble the resource from the local environment and have the stable socio-political and investment climate in which to operate successfully. If business organization relies on society for existence, it is only logical that this environment be acculturated and nurtured to ensure its continuity. It is in this regard that the orientation of the modern business manager has changed to reflect the increasingly important interdependence between organizations and there environments with these, there is an increasing public glamour that business should participate actively in the well being and environment in which they operate and make their profit. However, the aim of establishing any business is to provide competitive goods and services to the consumer and society at large. This does not however, mean that they have concluded their obligation to the people especially to the host community where the business is sited and operated. Although there is no law as what form of services the host community should benefit from the business, it is morally obliged to cater for at least their host. This they do by aiding the development of infrastructures such as access roads where necessary and the provision of good water for domestic use and also the provision of electricity of the local population. Other forms of services that could be rendered for the young members of that community and of course the provision of gainful employment for those who have graduated from college. There are a lot of other services that the host community can benefit from the business such as the provision of safety measures against pollution other air or water. On the other hand, to the business also look forward to the local populace, for continued patronage and also for ensuring the safety of lives and properties of the business and employees of that business who are not from that community. Therefore, the recognition by businessmen of the need to keep the good of society as a whole to mind while conducting business in the bed-rock of social responsibility. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The controversy about the public clamor that business should participate actively in the well being and welfare of the community, society environment in which they operate and make their profit are the problems among others this research intend to solve. Has business social responsibility any part to play in the total marketing effort of business organizations or enterprises? Does business social responsibility contribute anything to the total revenue of the company? Is the conception that there is no need for business enterprise to be socially responsible to its society "SHELL PORT-HARCOURT" true or false? Of what use is business social responsibility to the general public? The problem for this research is what the responsiveness of companies to social responsibility is. The following research hypothesis are formulated for the purpose of carrying out this project of which: HYPOTHESIS I: Ho: socials responsibility of business does not significantly enhance the success and development of the host community Hi: social responsibility of business significantly enhances the success and development of the host community. HYPOTHESIS 2 I: Ho: There is no significant relationship between the success of business and its social responsibility.
This study among other things helped to look at journalism as a tool for crisis management and th... more This study among other things helped to look at journalism as a tool for crisis management and the Tentacles News Magazine published in the University of Ibadan. Ibadan was specifically studied. The study employed the survey research method and the questionnaire was used as an instrument to select responses from questionnaire that were sampled from the population. Data gathered were analyzed by the use of a table construct and simple percentages. Some of the findings include that news performed the surveillance environment function on campuses and also linkage of the different element within the various area of coverage. Based on this findings, the study recommended that among other things that national media should give more coverage to news within urban areas at the determinant of rural communities. It is in this bases that researcher recommend the establishment of enabling institutional laws that enhance the emergence of more campus Magazine and newspapers. Investors should venture into campus Magazine and their contribution to national development.
This study explores the situations surrounding the relationship between foreign television progra... more This study explores the situations surrounding the relationship between foreign television programmes and cultural practices of Nigeria in reference to Ndokwa west where constructive generalizations were made. Findings were backed-up with an empirical research on 145 respondents from the study area. Cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this work. The bottle spinning sampling technique was used alongside availability/convenient sampling technique. The study also made used of the questionnaire as a means of quantitative data collection. The SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was employed for data analysis and subsequently justified using manual procedures. Six (6) research questions were utilized in empirically justifying the work. Finally, the study discovered that Nigerians prefer FTP more to indigenous TV programmes and this exerts great influence on their cultural practices. The study recommends that in salvaging the undue influence vented on the cultural practices of Nigerians by foreign television programmes, there is a vital role the family need to play such that its culture would be lucidly pronounced.
The research is "influence of internet in news gathering information dissemination on modern jour... more The research is "influence of internet in news gathering information dissemination on modern journalism practice". The desire of this study was to ascertain how the availability of the internet has helped in the development of Nigeria and how it the internet has played a major role in news gathering and information dissemination in
as some measures for an improved adoption and enhanced application of ICTs in the two media. The ... more as some measures for an improved adoption and enhanced application of ICTs in the two media. The survey research method was used. The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews served as instrument of data collection. A total of 400 respondents were selected from the population; 200 from the head offices of the NTA and The Guardian Newspapers on equal proportion, (i.,e. 100 apiece), and another200 from those members of the public who have access to the two media under review; 100 from the North [Gwagwalada area of Abuja (50) and Bida L.G.A. in Niger state (50)]; another 100 from the South [Surulere area of Lagos state (50) and Enugu North L.G.A. of Enugu state (50)]. The stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used. The data generated were analyzed using simple descriptive and statistical tools such as simple percentages, tabular presentations and frequency distributions. The study was anchored on the Diffusion of Innovation theory. At the end of the study, the findings revealed that, although the Nigerian mass media (NTA and The Guardian newspapers) have adopted the new ICTs to an extent, yet, the level of adoption and application still falls far below expectations, especially when compared with what is obtainable in the western world. The findings attributed the under utilization of ICTs in the two media to lack of infrastructure e.g. electricity, few trained or skilled ICTs personnel, poor knowledge of ICTs at all levels, from suppliers to users, financial constraints, corruption, poor planning and lack of political/ideological will. The study further revealed that the under utilization of ICTs in NTA and The Guardian newspapers has greatly hampered the quality and quantity of their programmes and contents respectively. Based on these findings, recommendations were made. One, government should intervene by providing enabling environment and basic social amenities e.g. electricity, that would assist in the smooth operation of the new technologies and discourage the re-occurring brain drain in the country. On their part, the media organizations should invest in ICTs development and acquisition, and maintain a regular training and retraining of their staff in computer literacy and on the use of the latest ICTs in the media world, among others.
The research focused on evaluating the media campaigns on breast cancer to which women in Edo sta... more The research focused on evaluating the media campaigns on breast cancer to which women in Edo state are exposed. A survey method which employed a structured questionnaire was employed for data collection from 400 Edo women. The findings showed the inadequacies that characterized the media campaigns on breast cancer in the Edo State. The result revealed that most women had knowledge of breast cancer but the knowledge was not deep rooted. Consequently, most of the breast cancer programmes that were featured in these media campaigns were found to be infrequent and incomprehensive to engender a positive behaviour change in Edo women in observing their breast self examination(BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) believed to save lives and reduce mortality rates, without the support of face – to – face campaign. However, radio was found to be the major source of breast cancer information to Edo women as well as the most effective medium for breast cancer campaign due to its widest reach and the efficiency with which it transcends literacy level of the audience. It is recommended that breast cancer programmes be featured frequently and programmes like drama, radio jingles, television commercials and Internet be added to the available programmes while employment of indigenous language be included in the packaging of the progammes. Finally, face –to –face campaign should complement media campaign to reinforce credibility and clarity of media campaign programmes on breast cancer. CHAPTER ONE
Nigeria has, no doubt, witnessed and still witnessing several forms of conflict in both the North... more Nigeria has, no doubt, witnessed and still witnessing several forms of conflict in both the North and Southern divides; one of such devastating in the country is the present one in the Northern Nigeria the Islamic sect, Boko-Haram. In consonance with the above, this study examines the audience perception of channel television coverage of Boko-Haram Insurgency in Borno State. The research adopts the survey method in eliciting information from respondents. This study has shown that channels television has not played major role in showing the way forward in curbing the insurgency in Borno State. This work recommend that channel television coverage of Boko-Haram should not just be to inform the audience but should also help the people to know how to guide their lives and property and must rise to the task of combating insecurity in the nation through the kind of coverage given to them. CHAPTER ONE
In the human process of socialization, the family (main agents in the first year) takes part toge... more In the human process of socialization, the family (main agents in the first year) takes part together with friends, school and mass media, especially Television, among others. The main aim of the research is to analyze television's influence upon the construction of subjectivity in the child and adolescent. The project addresses the question of the means by which television commercials, as well as performing their manifest function of promoting a product, also act as socialization agents in the society. There are essentially three parts of the consideration. First, some theoretical background from sociological work in the area is provided, dealing with the assumption of value-transmitting tasks by secular institutions. The manner in which television-commercials-as-socializers may be viewed as a modification of the concept of people ways of life is discussed. Next (1) the message of commercials and (2) the devices of presentation of commercials are examined with regard to how they function to convey certain primary values to children. Finally, the above observations are approached that television with its extensive use among people has the potential function as a common conscience which introduces and reinforce. CHAPTER ONE
The advent of Internet has brought together those near and far, transcending boundary barriers, i... more The advent of Internet has brought together those near and far, transcending boundary barriers, in time and space worldwide and this has been made possible via computer. Thus, the latest effect of computer bothers on the use of it to propagate journalism worldwide via the Internet. The timely update of on-line newspaper, its universality, easy accessibility, easy navigation, interactivity features and other unique features of it have brought popularity to Internet newspaper. Due to its unique features readers' taste is already moving towards on-line newspaper. Though the effect is relatively small as at now, this research tries to explore the influence of Internet on newspaper readership looking at both on-line and hardcopy ; with the aim of finding-out who on-line readers are, to know how often newspaper readers visit the Internet and to find out if on-line will replace hardcopy newspaper. Survey method was adopted to generate data from respondents in order to arrive at the research findings. The findings reveal that younger ages read on-line copies more than the older ones though; hardcopy still thrives beyond reasonable doubt. However, print media has on-line competitor. Recommendations were made based on the findings. CHAPTER ONE
The print and broadcast media generally regarded as channel of communication that are capable of ... more The print and broadcast media generally regarded as channel of communication that are capable of reaching a large, scattered and heterogeneous audience simultaneously with uniform message. The media plays a pivotal role in the development process of the country. The media regularly over all sight issues such as wealth, crime, entertainment, political events, information and the economy e.t.c. The need for the media in social development, so that the response of basic human need will be immediate. The study made use of descriptive analysis with the use of survey method. Therefore, the role of media cannot be divorced from issues of social development of Nigeria. The study was conducted in Asaba, Oshimili South Local Government Delta State. The method of data analysis is the simple percentage method. The study therefore recommended that the media should endeavour to be involved in the dissemination and information and analyze issues and factors contained in the news about social development in line with the need and interest of the nation.
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