Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) provides asymptotically consistent estimates of intractable poste... more Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) provides asymptotically consistent estimates of intractable posterior expectations as the number of iterations tends to infinity. However, in large data applications, MCMC can be computationally expensive per iteration. This has catalyzed interest in sampling methods such as approximate MCMC, which trade off asymptotic consistency for improved computational speed. In this article, we propose estimators based on couplings of Markov chains to assess the quality of such asymptotically biased sampling methods. The estimators give empirical upper bounds of the Wassertein distance between the limiting distribution of the asymptotically biased sampling method and the original target distribution of interest. We establish theoretical guarantees for our upper bounds and show that our estimators can remain effective in high dimensions. We apply our quality measures to stochastic gradient MCMC, variational Bayes, and Laplace approximations for tall data and to approximate MCMC for Bayesian logistic regression in 4500 dimensions and Bayesian linear regression in 50000 dimensions.
Spike-and-slab priors are commonly used for Bayesian variable selection, due to their interpretab... more Spike-and-slab priors are commonly used for Bayesian variable selection, due to their interpretability and favorable statistical properties. However, existing samplers for spike-and-slab posteriors incur prohibitive computational costs when the number of variables is large. In this article, we propose Scalable Spike-and-Slab (S 3 ), a scalable Gibbs sampling implementation for high-dimensional Bayesian regression with the continuous spike-and-slab prior of George and McCulloch [1993]. For a dataset with n observations and p covariates, S 3 has order max { n 2 p t , np } computational cost at iteration t where p t never exceeds the number of covariates switching spike-and-slab states between iterations t and t − 1 of the Markov chain. This improves upon the order n 2 p per-iteration cost of state-of-the-art implementations as, typically, p t is substantially smaller than p . We apply S 3 on synthetic and real-world datasets, demonstrating orders of magnitude speed-ups over existing e...
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods generate samples that are asymptotically distributed from... more Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods generate samples that are asymptotically distributed from a target distribution of interest as the number of iterations goes to infinity. Various theoretical results provide upper bounds on the distance between the target and marginal distribution after a fixed number of iterations. These upper bounds are on a case by case basis and typically involve intractable quantities, which limits their use for practitioners. We introduce L-lag couplings to generate computable, non-asymptotic upper bound estimates for the total variation or the Wasserstein distance of general Markov chains. We apply L-lag couplings to the tasks of (i) determining MCMC burn-in, (ii) comparing different MCMC algorithms with the same target, and (iii) comparing exact and approximate MCMC. Lastly, we (iv) assess the bias of sequential Monte Carlo and self-normalized importance samplers.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)
We consider Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian high-dimensional regression w... more We consider Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian high-dimensional regression with continuous shrinkage priors. A common challenge with these algorithms is the choice of the number of iterations to perform. This is critical when each iteration is expensive, as is the case when dealing with modern data sets, such as genome-wide association studies with thousands of rows and up to hundred of thousands of columns. We develop coupling techniques tailored to the setting of high-dimensional regression with shrinkage priors, which enable practical, non-asymptotic diagnostics of convergence without relying on traceplots or long-run asymptotics. By establishing geometric drift and minorization conditions for the algorithm under consideration, we prove that the proposed couplings have finite expected meeting time. Focusing on a class of shrinkage priors which includes the "Horseshoe", we empirically demonstrate the scalability of the proposed couplings. A highlight of our findings is that less than 1000 iterations can be enough for a Gibbs sampler to reach stationarity in a regression on 100, 000 covariates. The numerical results also illustrate the impact of the prior on the computational efficiency of the coupling, and suggest the use of priors where the local precisions are Half-t distributed with degree of freedom larger than one.
We argue the complex future of peace operations requires cautious but optimistic stakeholder step... more We argue the complex future of peace operations requires cautious but optimistic stakeholder steps to accommodate changing peace operation patterns. By reducing major global peace trends to local experiences, we supply comparative historical evidence from peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations: their scopes and legal mandates, as well as the intertwining global–local network that proved so crucial to success. Further exploring local security and legitimacy implications of the expanded U.N. will to use peace enforcement, we detect both doctrinal and operational challenges to contemporary peace operations, helping us shed light on three facilitative features of future U.N. peace support operations: (a) technological development and its U.N. peacekeeping impact; (b) the growing regional flavor of peacekeeping operations; and (c) the U.N. combating capacities against violent extremism. Future peace supporting complexities, we conclude, need a more contextual approach with mandate flexibility.
2020 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), 2020
Augmented reality gives new dimensions in application and services. The same goes for the busines... more Augmented reality gives new dimensions in application and services. The same goes for the business field. Since augmented reality can change the perspective and perception about objects, attributes and services; it can be a nice addition in business sector. This proposed augmented reality-based project is an approach to enhance the acceptability and presentation of traditional and classic visiting card. Sharing professional information of a person, including his/her company, plays a vital role in business. Virtual visiting card opens new ways to communicate and share commercial information with others.
The paper highlights the major transformations in global peace support operations led by the Unit... more The paper highlights the major transformations in global peace support operations led by the United Nations at present. In light of these trends, this paper asks how these trends affect today’s peace operations and what affect they may have on future operations. In attempting to answer these questions, the paper conducts a comparative historical analysis of peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations – their scopes * ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-1443, Ph.D. in Strategic Studies from the University of Reading, United Kingdom. In 2009–11, Dr. Zaman was an Alexander von Humboldt post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Erfurt, Germany. He was a Fulbright Visiting Professor in the Department of Political Science at Vanderbilt University, USA, in 2012. His latest publication is a book chapter titled ‘Indian Political Realism’, in Edinburgh Companion to Political Realism edited by Robert Schuett and Miles Hollingworth (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, Novem...
Continuous shrinkage priors are commonly used in Bayesian analysis of high-dimensional data, due ... more Continuous shrinkage priors are commonly used in Bayesian analysis of high-dimensional data, due to both their computational advantages and favorable statistical properties. We develop coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian shrinkage regression in high dimensions. Following Glynn & Rhee (2014), these couplings can then be used in parallel computation strategies and practical diagnostics of convergence. Focusing on a class of shrinkage priors which include the Horseshoe, we demonstrate the scalability of the proposed couplings with high-dimensional simulations and data from a genome-wide association study with 2000 rows and 100,000 covariates. The results highlight the impact of the shrinkage prior on the computational efficiency of the coupling procedure, and motivates priors where the local precisions are Half-t distributions with degree of freedom larger than one, which are statistically justifiable in terms of posterior concentration, and lead to practica...
2021 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS), 2021
Augmented Reality is a technique that enhances reality with computer-generated imagery, three-dim... more Augmented Reality is a technique that enhances reality with computer-generated imagery, three-dimensional objects, or other information that doesn’t physically exist in the real world. It is a growing technology that offers promising potentials in terms of learning and training. This paper focuses on the development process of a mobile-based application utilizing Mobile Augmented Reality. Since there are vast amounts of information on the human skeleton to comprehend, anyone would find it challenging to retain all the details. This application aims to aid students as a supplement in human anatomy studies. Thus, this project is an approach to enhance their current learning processes with the help of Mobile Augmented Reality.
When doing causal inference on networks, there is interference among the units. In a social netwo... more When doing causal inference on networks, there is interference among the units. In a social network setting, such interference among individuals is known as peer-influence. Estimating the causal effect of peer-influence under the presence of homophily presents various challenges. In this paper, we present results quantifying the error incurred from ignoring homophily when estimating peer-influence on networks. We then present randomized treatment strategies on networks which can help disentangle homophily from the estimation of peer-influence.
We are interested in populations in which the fitness of different genetic types fluctuates in ti... more We are interested in populations in which the fitness of different genetic types fluctuates in time and space, driven by temporal and spatial fluctuations in the environment. For simplicity, our population is assumed to be composed of just two genetic types. Short bursts of selection acting in opposing directions drive to maintain both types at intermediate frequencies, while the fluctuations due to 'genetic drift' work to eliminate variation in the population. We consider first a population with no spatial structure, modelled by an adaptation of the Lambda (or generalised) Fleming-Viot process, and derive a stochastic differential equation as a scaling limit. This amounts to a limit result for a Lambda-Fleming-Viot process in a rapidly fluctuating random environment. We then extend to a population that is distributed across a spatial continuum, which we model through a modification of the spatial Lambda-Fleming-Viot process with selection. In this setting we show that the scaling limit is a stochastic partial differential equation. As is usual with spatially distributed populations, in dimensions greater than one, the 'genetic drift' disappears in the scaling limit, but here we retain some stochasticity due to the fluctuations in the environment, resulting in a stochastic p.d.e. driven by a noise that is white in time but coloured in space. We discuss the (rather limited) situations under which there is a duality with a system of branching and annihilating particles. We also write down a system of equations that captures the frequency of descendants of particular subsets of the population and use this same idea of 'tracers', which we learned from Hallatschek and Nelson (2008) and Durrett and Fan (2016), in numerical experiments with a closely related model based on the classical Moran model.
Bangladesh is one of the top troop contributing countries to UN Peacekeeping Operations. This pap... more Bangladesh is one of the top troop contributing countries to UN Peacekeeping Operations. This paper traces the antecedents and history of the Bangladesh Armed Forces and follows Bangladesh's participation in various peacekeeping operations over the past 25 years including Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Democratic Republic of Congo.
United Nations (un) peacekeeping missions have become an important feature of world politics sinc... more United Nations (un) peacekeeping missions have become an important feature of world politics since the end of the Cold War. In recent times, the intensity of peacekeeping missions has increased and new challenges have also emerged. Under such circumstances, the un has often highlighted the importance of regional organizations getting more involved in undertaking and sustaining such missions. South Asian countries provide a large number of troops to un missions and yet, a regional collaboration has not been accorded much importance by countries of the region. This paper argues, given the emerging challenges, South Asian countries may have to resort to a regional approach with regard to peacekeeping missions.
ABSTRACT Oxidation kinetics of selected pharmaceutical compounds and their degradation during ozo... more ABSTRACT Oxidation kinetics of selected pharmaceutical compounds and their degradation during ozonation of secondary treated municipal wastewater effluent (MWWE) was investigated. The apparent second-order rate constants for the reaction between chlorotetracycline (CTC), enrofloxacin (ENR), gemfibrozil (GEM) and ozone ranged between 6.82 – 52.7 × 104 M−1s−1. The measured second-order hydroxyl radical rate constants were several orders of magnitude higher at 8.4 × 109 – 13.1 × 109 M−1s−1 with a reactivity sequence of GEM > CTC > ENR. Overall degradation of CTC, ENR and GEM in secondary treated municipal wastewater effluent was >76 % at ozone doses of 0.33 mg O3/mg DOC or higher.
Isolated gastric tuberculosis is a rare condition, even in those parts of the world where intesti... more Isolated gastric tuberculosis is a rare condition, even in those parts of the world where intestinal tuberculosis is common. Herein we describe a case of a thirty year old female patient with isolated gastric tuberculosis who presented with features of gastric outlet obstruction.
Enterolith is a rare clinical entity that may be found on imaging or at surgery. We report an unu... more Enterolith is a rare clinical entity that may be found on imaging or at surgery. We report an unusual case of intestinal obstruction caused by a large uric acid containing enterolith which was formed in the absence of any bowel inflammation, stricture or diverticulum.
This article argues that the participation of the Bangladeshi armed forces in UN peacekeeping has... more This article argues that the participation of the Bangladeshi armed forces in UN peacekeeping has produced positive benefits for civil-military relations in the country and that this process is best explained by reference to concordance theory, as propagated by Rebecca Schiff. Unlike traditional theories of civil-military relations, concordance theory highlights dialogue, accommodation and shared values or objectives held by the military, the political elites and society. We argue in this paper that peacekeeping has gradually emerged in Bangladesh as an issue where all three partners are converging and prone to hold similar views. This may have a profound impact upon Bangladeshi politics whereby the chances of military intervention in domestic politics will lessen. This paper helps in understanding the implications of Bangladesh's involvement in UN peace missions, an issue on which little work has been conducted until now despite the fact that it has important implications for both the Bangladesh state and its armed forces.
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) provides asymptotically consistent estimates of intractable poste... more Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) provides asymptotically consistent estimates of intractable posterior expectations as the number of iterations tends to infinity. However, in large data applications, MCMC can be computationally expensive per iteration. This has catalyzed interest in sampling methods such as approximate MCMC, which trade off asymptotic consistency for improved computational speed. In this article, we propose estimators based on couplings of Markov chains to assess the quality of such asymptotically biased sampling methods. The estimators give empirical upper bounds of the Wassertein distance between the limiting distribution of the asymptotically biased sampling method and the original target distribution of interest. We establish theoretical guarantees for our upper bounds and show that our estimators can remain effective in high dimensions. We apply our quality measures to stochastic gradient MCMC, variational Bayes, and Laplace approximations for tall data and to approximate MCMC for Bayesian logistic regression in 4500 dimensions and Bayesian linear regression in 50000 dimensions.
Spike-and-slab priors are commonly used for Bayesian variable selection, due to their interpretab... more Spike-and-slab priors are commonly used for Bayesian variable selection, due to their interpretability and favorable statistical properties. However, existing samplers for spike-and-slab posteriors incur prohibitive computational costs when the number of variables is large. In this article, we propose Scalable Spike-and-Slab (S 3 ), a scalable Gibbs sampling implementation for high-dimensional Bayesian regression with the continuous spike-and-slab prior of George and McCulloch [1993]. For a dataset with n observations and p covariates, S 3 has order max { n 2 p t , np } computational cost at iteration t where p t never exceeds the number of covariates switching spike-and-slab states between iterations t and t − 1 of the Markov chain. This improves upon the order n 2 p per-iteration cost of state-of-the-art implementations as, typically, p t is substantially smaller than p . We apply S 3 on synthetic and real-world datasets, demonstrating orders of magnitude speed-ups over existing e...
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods generate samples that are asymptotically distributed from... more Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods generate samples that are asymptotically distributed from a target distribution of interest as the number of iterations goes to infinity. Various theoretical results provide upper bounds on the distance between the target and marginal distribution after a fixed number of iterations. These upper bounds are on a case by case basis and typically involve intractable quantities, which limits their use for practitioners. We introduce L-lag couplings to generate computable, non-asymptotic upper bound estimates for the total variation or the Wasserstein distance of general Markov chains. We apply L-lag couplings to the tasks of (i) determining MCMC burn-in, (ii) comparing different MCMC algorithms with the same target, and (iii) comparing exact and approximate MCMC. Lastly, we (iv) assess the bias of sequential Monte Carlo and self-normalized importance samplers.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)
We consider Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian high-dimensional regression w... more We consider Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian high-dimensional regression with continuous shrinkage priors. A common challenge with these algorithms is the choice of the number of iterations to perform. This is critical when each iteration is expensive, as is the case when dealing with modern data sets, such as genome-wide association studies with thousands of rows and up to hundred of thousands of columns. We develop coupling techniques tailored to the setting of high-dimensional regression with shrinkage priors, which enable practical, non-asymptotic diagnostics of convergence without relying on traceplots or long-run asymptotics. By establishing geometric drift and minorization conditions for the algorithm under consideration, we prove that the proposed couplings have finite expected meeting time. Focusing on a class of shrinkage priors which includes the "Horseshoe", we empirically demonstrate the scalability of the proposed couplings. A highlight of our findings is that less than 1000 iterations can be enough for a Gibbs sampler to reach stationarity in a regression on 100, 000 covariates. The numerical results also illustrate the impact of the prior on the computational efficiency of the coupling, and suggest the use of priors where the local precisions are Half-t distributed with degree of freedom larger than one.
We argue the complex future of peace operations requires cautious but optimistic stakeholder step... more We argue the complex future of peace operations requires cautious but optimistic stakeholder steps to accommodate changing peace operation patterns. By reducing major global peace trends to local experiences, we supply comparative historical evidence from peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations: their scopes and legal mandates, as well as the intertwining global–local network that proved so crucial to success. Further exploring local security and legitimacy implications of the expanded U.N. will to use peace enforcement, we detect both doctrinal and operational challenges to contemporary peace operations, helping us shed light on three facilitative features of future U.N. peace support operations: (a) technological development and its U.N. peacekeeping impact; (b) the growing regional flavor of peacekeeping operations; and (c) the U.N. combating capacities against violent extremism. Future peace supporting complexities, we conclude, need a more contextual approach with mandate flexibility.
2020 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), 2020
Augmented reality gives new dimensions in application and services. The same goes for the busines... more Augmented reality gives new dimensions in application and services. The same goes for the business field. Since augmented reality can change the perspective and perception about objects, attributes and services; it can be a nice addition in business sector. This proposed augmented reality-based project is an approach to enhance the acceptability and presentation of traditional and classic visiting card. Sharing professional information of a person, including his/her company, plays a vital role in business. Virtual visiting card opens new ways to communicate and share commercial information with others.
The paper highlights the major transformations in global peace support operations led by the Unit... more The paper highlights the major transformations in global peace support operations led by the United Nations at present. In light of these trends, this paper asks how these trends affect today’s peace operations and what affect they may have on future operations. In attempting to answer these questions, the paper conducts a comparative historical analysis of peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations – their scopes * ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-1443, Ph.D. in Strategic Studies from the University of Reading, United Kingdom. In 2009–11, Dr. Zaman was an Alexander von Humboldt post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Erfurt, Germany. He was a Fulbright Visiting Professor in the Department of Political Science at Vanderbilt University, USA, in 2012. His latest publication is a book chapter titled ‘Indian Political Realism’, in Edinburgh Companion to Political Realism edited by Robert Schuett and Miles Hollingworth (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, Novem...
Continuous shrinkage priors are commonly used in Bayesian analysis of high-dimensional data, due ... more Continuous shrinkage priors are commonly used in Bayesian analysis of high-dimensional data, due to both their computational advantages and favorable statistical properties. We develop coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian shrinkage regression in high dimensions. Following Glynn & Rhee (2014), these couplings can then be used in parallel computation strategies and practical diagnostics of convergence. Focusing on a class of shrinkage priors which include the Horseshoe, we demonstrate the scalability of the proposed couplings with high-dimensional simulations and data from a genome-wide association study with 2000 rows and 100,000 covariates. The results highlight the impact of the shrinkage prior on the computational efficiency of the coupling procedure, and motivates priors where the local precisions are Half-t distributions with degree of freedom larger than one, which are statistically justifiable in terms of posterior concentration, and lead to practica...
2021 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS), 2021
Augmented Reality is a technique that enhances reality with computer-generated imagery, three-dim... more Augmented Reality is a technique that enhances reality with computer-generated imagery, three-dimensional objects, or other information that doesn’t physically exist in the real world. It is a growing technology that offers promising potentials in terms of learning and training. This paper focuses on the development process of a mobile-based application utilizing Mobile Augmented Reality. Since there are vast amounts of information on the human skeleton to comprehend, anyone would find it challenging to retain all the details. This application aims to aid students as a supplement in human anatomy studies. Thus, this project is an approach to enhance their current learning processes with the help of Mobile Augmented Reality.
When doing causal inference on networks, there is interference among the units. In a social netwo... more When doing causal inference on networks, there is interference among the units. In a social network setting, such interference among individuals is known as peer-influence. Estimating the causal effect of peer-influence under the presence of homophily presents various challenges. In this paper, we present results quantifying the error incurred from ignoring homophily when estimating peer-influence on networks. We then present randomized treatment strategies on networks which can help disentangle homophily from the estimation of peer-influence.
We are interested in populations in which the fitness of different genetic types fluctuates in ti... more We are interested in populations in which the fitness of different genetic types fluctuates in time and space, driven by temporal and spatial fluctuations in the environment. For simplicity, our population is assumed to be composed of just two genetic types. Short bursts of selection acting in opposing directions drive to maintain both types at intermediate frequencies, while the fluctuations due to 'genetic drift' work to eliminate variation in the population. We consider first a population with no spatial structure, modelled by an adaptation of the Lambda (or generalised) Fleming-Viot process, and derive a stochastic differential equation as a scaling limit. This amounts to a limit result for a Lambda-Fleming-Viot process in a rapidly fluctuating random environment. We then extend to a population that is distributed across a spatial continuum, which we model through a modification of the spatial Lambda-Fleming-Viot process with selection. In this setting we show that the scaling limit is a stochastic partial differential equation. As is usual with spatially distributed populations, in dimensions greater than one, the 'genetic drift' disappears in the scaling limit, but here we retain some stochasticity due to the fluctuations in the environment, resulting in a stochastic p.d.e. driven by a noise that is white in time but coloured in space. We discuss the (rather limited) situations under which there is a duality with a system of branching and annihilating particles. We also write down a system of equations that captures the frequency of descendants of particular subsets of the population and use this same idea of 'tracers', which we learned from Hallatschek and Nelson (2008) and Durrett and Fan (2016), in numerical experiments with a closely related model based on the classical Moran model.
Bangladesh is one of the top troop contributing countries to UN Peacekeeping Operations. This pap... more Bangladesh is one of the top troop contributing countries to UN Peacekeeping Operations. This paper traces the antecedents and history of the Bangladesh Armed Forces and follows Bangladesh's participation in various peacekeeping operations over the past 25 years including Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Democratic Republic of Congo.
United Nations (un) peacekeeping missions have become an important feature of world politics sinc... more United Nations (un) peacekeeping missions have become an important feature of world politics since the end of the Cold War. In recent times, the intensity of peacekeeping missions has increased and new challenges have also emerged. Under such circumstances, the un has often highlighted the importance of regional organizations getting more involved in undertaking and sustaining such missions. South Asian countries provide a large number of troops to un missions and yet, a regional collaboration has not been accorded much importance by countries of the region. This paper argues, given the emerging challenges, South Asian countries may have to resort to a regional approach with regard to peacekeeping missions.
ABSTRACT Oxidation kinetics of selected pharmaceutical compounds and their degradation during ozo... more ABSTRACT Oxidation kinetics of selected pharmaceutical compounds and their degradation during ozonation of secondary treated municipal wastewater effluent (MWWE) was investigated. The apparent second-order rate constants for the reaction between chlorotetracycline (CTC), enrofloxacin (ENR), gemfibrozil (GEM) and ozone ranged between 6.82 – 52.7 × 104 M−1s−1. The measured second-order hydroxyl radical rate constants were several orders of magnitude higher at 8.4 × 109 – 13.1 × 109 M−1s−1 with a reactivity sequence of GEM > CTC > ENR. Overall degradation of CTC, ENR and GEM in secondary treated municipal wastewater effluent was >76 % at ozone doses of 0.33 mg O3/mg DOC or higher.
Isolated gastric tuberculosis is a rare condition, even in those parts of the world where intesti... more Isolated gastric tuberculosis is a rare condition, even in those parts of the world where intestinal tuberculosis is common. Herein we describe a case of a thirty year old female patient with isolated gastric tuberculosis who presented with features of gastric outlet obstruction.
Enterolith is a rare clinical entity that may be found on imaging or at surgery. We report an unu... more Enterolith is a rare clinical entity that may be found on imaging or at surgery. We report an unusual case of intestinal obstruction caused by a large uric acid containing enterolith which was formed in the absence of any bowel inflammation, stricture or diverticulum.
This article argues that the participation of the Bangladeshi armed forces in UN peacekeeping has... more This article argues that the participation of the Bangladeshi armed forces in UN peacekeeping has produced positive benefits for civil-military relations in the country and that this process is best explained by reference to concordance theory, as propagated by Rebecca Schiff. Unlike traditional theories of civil-military relations, concordance theory highlights dialogue, accommodation and shared values or objectives held by the military, the political elites and society. We argue in this paper that peacekeeping has gradually emerged in Bangladesh as an issue where all three partners are converging and prone to hold similar views. This may have a profound impact upon Bangladeshi politics whereby the chances of military intervention in domestic politics will lessen. This paper helps in understanding the implications of Bangladesh's involvement in UN peace missions, an issue on which little work has been conducted until now despite the fact that it has important implications for both the Bangladesh state and its armed forces.
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