Papers by Nikolaos A. Kampanis
Atmosphere, May 28, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2019
Climate change impacts are functioning as risk multipliers to problems which are already apparent... more Climate change impacts are functioning as risk multipliers to problems which are already apparent and affect cultural heritage sites. Sea Level Rise and increased storm events can damage structures that were not designed to withstand prolonged structural pressure, erosion, and immersion. Risks affecting coastal cultural heritage may stem from exposure to one or more hazards and it is important to facilitate a holistic understanding of factors driving them. Wave energy and overtopping of coastal structures represents a potential hazard for people, property and infrastructure. Especially when the coastal structure is a monument or landmark, mitigation measures and monitoring are needed. Depending on the level of acceptable risk and required degree of certainty related to wave overtopping, coastal engineers rely on predictions from semi-empirical desktop methods and numerical models for answers. Moreover, the anticipated increase in extreme events due to climatic change make protection...
Climate change, including sea-level rise and increasing storms, raise the threats of coastal eros... more Climate change, including sea-level rise and increasing storms, raise the threats of coastal erosion. Mitigating and adapting to coastal erosion risks in areas of human interest, like urban areas, culture heritage sites, and areas of economic interest, present a major challenge for society. In this context, decision making needs to be based in reliable risk assessment that includes environmental, social and economic factors. By integrating coastal hazard and risk assessments maps into coastal management plans, risks in areas of interest can be reduced. To address this, the vulnerability of the coast to sea level rise and associated erosion, in terms of expected land loss and socioeconomic importance need to be identified. A holistic risk assessment based in environmental, socioeconomic and economics approach can provide managers information how to mitigate the impact of coastal erosion and plan protection measures. Such an approach needs to consider social, economic and environmenta...
Water, 2021
Understanding the processes that govern the transformation of the landscape through time is essen... more Understanding the processes that govern the transformation of the landscape through time is essential for exploring the evolution of a coastal area. Coastal landscapes are dynamic sites, with their evolution strongly linked with waves and sea level variations. Geomorphological features in the coastal area, such as beachrock formations and dune fields, can function as indicators of the coastal landscape evolution through time. However, our knowledge of the chronological framework of coastal deposits in the Aegean coasts is limited. Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating techniques are deemed to be very promising in direct dating of the coastal sediments, especially when they are linked with archaeological evidence. The dating of the sediments from different sediment core depths, determined by the method of luminosity, allowed us to calculate the rate of sediment deposition over time. More recent coastal evolution and stability were examined from 1945 to 2020 with the use of aerial ...
Heritage, 2019
The demand for a new concept of heritage, in which monuments and landscapes are considered active... more The demand for a new concept of heritage, in which monuments and landscapes are considered active factors in creating a sense of history, is esteemed not only from a scientific and academic perspective, but as well as part of a more sensitive and efficient strategy to link cultural heritage and tourism, by bringing an integrative perspective to the forefront. Implementing such strategies is strictly correlated with the ability to support decision-makers and to increase people’s awareness towards a more comprehensive approach to heritage preservation. In the present work, a robust socioeconomic impact model is presented. Moreover, this work attempts to create an initial link between the economic impacts and natural hazards induced by the changes in the climatic conditions that cultural heritage sites face. The model’s novel socioeconomic impact analysis is the direct and indirect revenues related to the tourism use of a site, on which local economies are strongly correlated. The anal...
Acta Acustica united with Acustica
ABSTRACT
Coastal zones are among the most active areas on Earth, being subjected to extreme wind / wave co... more Coastal zones are among the most active areas on Earth, being subjected to extreme wind / wave conditions, thus vulnerable to erosion. In Greece and Crete in particular, beach zones are extremely important for the welfare of the inhabitants, since, apart for the important biological and archaeological value of the beach zones, the socioeconomic value is critical since a great number of human activities are concentrated in such areas (touristic facilities, fishing harbors etc.). The present study investigates the erosional procedures observed in Plaka beach, E. Crete, Greece, a highly touristic developed area with great archaeological interest and proposes a cost-effective solution. The factors taken into consideration for the proposed solution in reducing the erosion of the beach were the study of the climatological, geological and geomorphological regime of the area, the recent (∼70 years) shifting of the coastline through the study of topographic maps, aerial photographs and satel...
Applied Numerical Mathematics, 2016
A bed-load sediment transport model is used to describe realistic cases of the morphodynamics in ... more A bed-load sediment transport model is used to describe realistic cases of the morphodynamics in coastal areas. The hydrodynamic equations are based on the well-known, twodimensional depth-averaged non-linear shallow water equations, with bathymetry forces and friction, which are subsequently coupled to the Exner equation to describe the morphological evolution. Different forms of the bed-load transport flux are considered in the Exner equation and certain relations between them are established. The numerical model is expressed in a fully-coupled form where a single system of equations is solved by a highresolution two-dimensional finite volume scheme of the relaxation type. The relaxation is performed by classical models where neither approximate Riemann solvers nor characteristic decompositions are needed. The overall numerical scheme is validated in benchmark problems, and for a realistic application of a coastal area on the northern side of the island of Crete. The validity of these results is established by comparisons made with the well-known MIKE Software by DHI Group.
Ocean & Coastal Management, 2015
Coastal erosion, besides its various environmental impacts, poses a significant threat to coastal... more Coastal erosion, besides its various environmental impacts, poses a significant threat to coastal economies where the market for tourism services is a key factor for economic growth. So far, a common practise in evaluating the economic implications of beach erosion is to address the cost of coastal protection measures, abstaining from any revenue losses considerations. The present paper departs from this approach by relating the beach erosion vulnerability with the expected land loss and the relevant value from economic activities. The study employs a combined environmental and economic approach along the geographical space. The value of the eroded beach, capitalized in revenues from tourism business, is estimated through hedonic pricing modelling where the beach value is determined by its width and the tourism business located there. The study aims to provide realistic cost-benefit scenarios for the relevant stakeholders and policymakers so as to prioritize and allocate costs and benefits from a “beach governance” point of view, grounded on the Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) framework. The empirical investigation presented considers the highly touristic coastal city of Rethymnon on the island of Crete as the study area.
Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2011, 2011
Among the many factors influencing coastal morphology, severe storms, as extreme events, have bee... more Among the many factors influencing coastal morphology, severe storms, as extreme events, have been recognised (Paskoff, 1993, Pirazzoli et al, 2002, Ullmann et al, 2006, Ferreira et al, 2006) as the factor playing the major role in coastal evolution. It has been shown that large storms can cause rapid and extensive erosion, especially when the shore zone is exposed to the open sea. A severe storm on November 10, 2007, with NW winds exceeding 44 knots in the NE Ionian Sea, has drastically affected the barrier beach that separates the Lefkada lagoon from the open sea. This barrier beach is approximately 5.5 km long, 10-11 m high and up to 300 m wide, consists of sandy to slightly gravely sandy sediments and is exposed primarily to wind waves from N, NW andWdirections. The shore face has an average slope of about 5. The meteorological conditions were recorded with a Davis weather station installed on the backshore at a height of 6 m above sea level, whilst simultaneous hydrodynamic measurements were made with the use of a recording tide/wave gauge, placed about 40 cm above the seabed at a water depth of 3 m. The nearshore water circulation was studied with the use of drifters and fluorescent dye. Eleven profiles of the beach were surveyed periodically to monitor the topographic changes of the barrier beach and a grid of depth-of-disturbance rods was measured before and after the storm to study the microtopographic changes of the seafloor and the beach face. Sedimentological samples prior to and after the storm event were collected and analysed to document the textural changes of the coastal zone. The recorded data highlighted the rapid and strong response of the hydrodynamic conditions to the wind and barometric pressure fluctuations. The wind and water level measurements documented a high-energy event with a duration of 14 hours, sustaining wind speeds higher than 20 m/s and resulting in a rise of the mean sea level from 8 cm (average) to 19 cm (peak of the storm). Under these conditions wave run-up exceeded 50 m, overtopping in some places the barrier system and reaching the lagoon. Profile measurements showed extensive severe erosion of the subaerial profile resulting in a planar active beach face and a decrease of the beach slope to 2. The surface elevation of the whole beach has decreased by 10 to 30 cm on average; which corresponds to a loss of sediment of the order of 50-70*103 m3. Part of this sediment was deposited in the nearshore zone, infilling pockets in the beach rock formations of the seafloor and raising the nearshore bottom by up to 50 cm, whereas most of the sediment was carried offshore, beyond the point of no return, causing permanent damage to the beach.
The global climatic change has significant repercussions on the natural environment, with obvious... more The global climatic change has significant repercussions on the natural environment, with obvious changes in the natural processes that have a severe socioeconomic impact on the coastal zone, where a great number of human activities are concentrated. The Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is a relatively simple and functional method, developed to estimate the vulnerability to erosion (coastline retreat) of any coastal zone in relation to a future sea-level rise. This approach combines the "sensitivity" of the coastal zone to changes, like the set back of the coastline, with the ability of the coastal system to reach a new equilibrium in the new environmental conditions. The main idea of the CVI is to rank the vulnerability of the coastal zone aiming to identify coastal regions that are comparatively more vulnerable to sea level changes. The variables that are used for the calculation of the CVI fall in two categories: (i) the geological variables, concerning coastal geomorphology, historical coastline changes and regional coastal slope and (ii) the variables representing the marine processes, i.e. relative sea level rise, mean significant wave height and tidal range. The present investigation examines the vulnerability of the Hellenic Aegean coastline to an expected sea level rise of up to ~40 cm by the year 2100, according to the latest (2007) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for the Climatic Change) scenario. Erosion problems have already appeared in the coastal zone of the Aegean Sea affecting approximately 28% of its length according to the report of the EUROSION (2001) program. The vulnerability index has been found to vary significantly along the coast of the Aegean Sea, depending on the local influence of each variable. Moreover, it seems that the geomorphological diversity of the Hellenic Aegean coastline and the difference in height of the incoming waves along the northern and southern Aegean coast play the major role in the development of the CVI values. If the sea-level rise trend of the last 5000 years (approximately 1mm/year) continues, the estimated CVI values indicate moderate to high vulnerability of the Hellenic Aegean Coast. The vulnerability becomes high for 60% of the Aegean coast and very high for the remaining 40%, if the predicted rise of >3.5 mm/year for the next 100 years according to the latest IPCC (2007) report, is adopted.
Regional Environmental Change, 2014
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Papers by Nikolaos A. Kampanis