Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2019
Second messengers cAMP and cGMP play an important role in synaptic plasticity and memory consolid... more Second messengers cAMP and cGMP play an important role in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. The inhibitors of phosphodiesterases, enzymes hydrolyzing these cyclic nucleotides, are actively studied as potential drugs for the treatment of various cognitive disorders and depression. We studied the effects of a new inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 7 AGF2.20 on the formation of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. Administration of AGF2.20 (10 nM) in 90 min after weak tetanization prevented a decrease in the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic potentials and stabilized long-term potentiation. These data attest to the involvement of phosphodiesterase 7 in the development of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The inhibitor AGF2.20 is considered for the further analysis as a promising substance for the treatment of cognitive impairments.
We studied the effects of individual or combination treatment with monoclonal antibodies 5F5-B6 i... more We studied the effects of individual or combination treatment with monoclonal antibodies 5F5-B6 in ultralow doses specifically marking mossy fibers in rat hippocampus and antibodies to S100 protein during long-term post-tetanic potentiation in hippocampal slices. The possible mechanisms of changes produced by therapeutic administration of antibodies in ultralow doses were revealed.
Antibodies to morphine produced after its chronic administration can contribute to changes in the... more Antibodies to morphine produced after its chronic administration can contribute to changes in the central nervous system during opiate abuse. Facilitation of long-term posttetanic potentiation in mossy fibers of the hippocampus in rats with chronic morphine dependence can be reproduced in hippocampal slices from normal animals treated with antibodies to morphine. Incubation of hippocampal slices with ultralow doses of antibodies to morphine had no effect on control rats, but reduced facilitation of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices from animals with chronic morphine dependence. This confirms the possibility of using ultralow doses of antibodies to morphine for therapeutic correction of mechanisms underlying the formation of drug abuse.
Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences Division of Chemical Science
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a widely used model of sy-naptic plasticity, and synaptic adaptat... more Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a widely used model of sy-naptic plasticity, and synaptic adaptations are thought to be an important component of the consequence of drug abuse. It was shown that the dynamics of the changes of mossy fiber LTP parameters during the development of chronic morphine addiction had a complex character and developed by stages. Significant administration was accompanied by an increase in the liter of antibodies to morphine; moreover the period of significant increase in antibody level coincided to the appearance of LTP facilitation. Thus modification of synaptic plasticity in hippocam-pal mossy fibers was developed prior to the formation of chronic opiate addiction in animals, and it can be supposed that antibodies to morphine were involved in the changes of synaptic efficiency
Incubation of hippocampal slices with antibodies to morphine did not change the total excitatory ... more Incubation of hippocampal slices with antibodies to morphine did not change the total excitatory postsynaptic potential of mossy fibers, but markedly facilitated long-term posttetanic potentiation. Culturing of the organotypic hippocampal culture in the presence of 10 microM morphine increased the total excitatory postsynaptic potential of mossy fibers and reduced the probability of long-term posttetanic potentiation.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the development of drug dependence are similar to those of l... more Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the development of drug dependence are similar to those of learning process and this fact allows a great number of researches to call dependence “a pathology of memory and learning”. Earlier when the changes of hippocampal synaptic plasticity resulting from prolonged morphine consumption were studied we’ve shown that facilitation of mossy fiber long-term potentiation (LTP) was observed during the development and early stages of chronic dependence with peak of LTP facilitation at 8-10 days of morphine consumption. We’ve also shown that immunomodulator Myelopide significantly increased the time necessary for the formation of drug dependence. In present study we analyzed the changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats that received Myelopide injections during the development of chronic opiate dependence (1st and 10th day of oral morphine consumption). It was found that in this case LTP facilitation manifested not earlier than at 25-28th day o...
Развитие наркотической зависимости изменяет функциональную активность нервной и им- мунной систем... more Развитие наркотической зависимости изменяет функциональную активность нервной и им- мунной систем, нарушая их взаимную регуляцию. Ранее мы показали, что иммуномодулятор Тактивин достоверно увеличивает время формирования хронической зависимости от морфина у крыс. Этот эффект может быть обусловлен влиянием Тактивина на состояние иммунной си- стемы. Но данные, полученные в последние годы разными исследователями, позволяют пред- положить непосредственное действие полипептидов тимуса, входящих в состав Тактивина, на функции ЦНС. Развитие опиатной зависимости у крыс приводит к модификации синаптической пластичности в различных отделах мозга. В гиппокампе в ходе формирования и на ранних сро- ках хронической зависимости регистрируется фасилитация ДПТП мшистых волокон с пиком на 8–11 дни потребления морфина. Введение животным Тактивина сдвигает пик фасилитации ДПТП на более поздние сроки. Аппликация Тактивина на срезы гиппокампа нативных живот- ных не влияет на базовые характеристики ВПСП мш...
It was found that an increase in the excitability of command neurons of the reflex takes place du... more It was found that an increase in the excitability of command neurons of the reflex takes place during long-term sensitization (LTS). It was demonstrated that two factors are the cause of the increase in excitability: a depolarizational shift of the membrane potential of these cells (both a decrease in the initial resting potential and an accumulation of depolarization in the course of tactile stimulation), and a decrease in the threshold of generation of the action potentials. Injection of amphetamine leads to the appearance of sensitization, but its mechanisms only partially coincide with those in the case of LTS.
1. Yu. D. Ignatov, "The heterogeneity of the opiate receptors of the brain and the propertie... more 1. Yu. D. Ignatov, "The heterogeneity of the opiate receptors of the brain and the properties of their ligands," in: The Neuropharmacological Regulation of Pain Sensitivity [in Russian], Mezhvuzovskaya Tipografia SPPO-2 Lenuprizdata (1975), p. 94. 2. G.I. Shurgina, I. V. Nikiforov, and S. A. Saakyan, "The effect of ethanol on the excitatory and inhibitory processes in the visual cortex during learning," Zhurn. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat., 38, No. 2, 275-284 (1988). 3. G.I . Shul'gina, N. V. Okhomikov, and S. O. Ryzhov, "The influence of pyracetam on the activity of neurons of the new cortex and on the behavior of rabbits during learning," Zhurn. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat., 38, No. 3,460--466 (1988). 4. G.I. Shurgina, N. V. Okhotnikov, S. O. Ryzhov, and M. V. Cherdakova, "The influence of a derivative of enkephalin, DAGO, on the activity of neurons of the new cortex and the hippocampus of rabbits during the development of defensive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes," Zhurn. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat., 39, No. 2, 309-319 (1989). 5. G.I . Shurgina, I. P. Levshina, A. M. Melekhova, and K. Hecht, "The influence of substance P on the behavior of rabbits and on the activity of cortical neurons during their training," Zhurn. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat., 32, No. 4, 273-282 (1982).
Introduction 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Experimental and control serum 3.2. Experiments on ide... more Introduction 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Experimental and control serum 3.2. Experiments on identified neurons from subesophageal complex of ganglia of terrestrial snails 3.3. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in rat hippocampal slices 4. Results 4.1. The effects of antibodies to S-100 in "high" and low concentrations on electrical characteristics of snail identified neurons 4.2. Effects of antibodies to S-100 protein in "high" and low concentrations on LTP formation in rat hippocampal slices 5. Discussion 6. References
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1988
ABSTRACT The study of long-term sensitization (LTS) is of both theoretical and practical interest... more ABSTRACT The study of long-term sensitization (LTS) is of both theoretical and practical interest. As one form of nonassociative learning, LTS may have mechanisms in common with associative learning, and its study is one way of analyzing the cellular and molecular bases of behavior, without the need to resort to complicated methods [3]. Meanwhile, the extreme form of LTS is a model of the nonspecific hypertrophied alarm reaction [3, 9], on which the character of development of chronic pathological states of the CNS can be studied. The writers previously described a model of long-term sensitization of the defensive reflex of pneumostome closure in Helix pomatia and demonstrated a quantitative redistribution of individual protein fractions in the subesophageal ganglion complex of the CNS at different stages of LTS [5]. The aim of this investigation was to study the distribution of water-soluble proteins in functionally different groups of nerve cells and changes in the electrical characteristics of command neurons of defensive behavior during LTS formation. EXPERIIiENTAL METHOD Snails whose pneumostome closure time in response to the testing stimulus did not exceed i0 sec were chosen for the experiment. LTS of the defensive reflex of Helix pomatia was formed in the course of 4 days by daily application of four electrical stimuli to the head with an interval of 1.5-3 h (alternating current, i0 mA, 50 Hz, duration 1 sec, from the ES-50-1 electrical stimulator). The animals were tested 24 h after the end of the procedure of LTS formation. The criterion that LTS was present was a significant increase in the pneumostome closure time in response to testing tactile stimulation in the region of the mantle fold compared with this parameter in control animals kept under the same conditions. This same criterion also was used in other studies involving LTS formation [5, 8, 9]. Before dissection the snail was anesthetized by placing it for 15-30 min in a mixture of ice and water. To analyze the electrical characteristics a semi-intact snail preparation with maximally preserved connections between the CNS, the mantle region, and the caudal part of the foot, was used. The mantle region was stimulated mechanically with a silver electrode (diameter of tip about 1 mm), which was set in motion by means of an electromagnet, triggered in accordance with the stimulation program by a computer. Electrical activity of the neurons was recorded through a microelectrode, filled with 2.5 M KCI solution, and with resistance of between i0 and 50 M~ after sharpening, inserted into the neuron. Values of membrane potential were transformed into digital form by an analog-to-digita l converter and analyzed by computer [i]. Command neurons of the defensive reflex of pneumostome closure of the snail -- LPa3, RPa3, LPa2, P~a2 [2, 6], were chosen as the test objects. The response parameters of these neurons were studied in control and sensitized animals to tactile stimulation of the foot (resting potential, amplitude of action potentials and threshold of their generation, amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potential -- EPSP).
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2011
OXYS rats with hereditary hyperproduction of active oxidative radicals and early disorders in the... more OXYS rats with hereditary hyperproduction of active oxidative radicals and early disorders in the mitochondrial structure and functions are an interesting model for studies of age-specific features of synaptic plasticity. The formation of long-term posttetanic potentiation in the mossy fibers-CA3 pyramidal neuron system were studied in hippocampal slices from Wistar and OXYS rats aged 3 and 4.5 months (young), 11 (middle-aged), and 18 months (old). No appreciable age-related differences were detected in the amplitudes and latencies of stimulatory postsynaptic summary potentials of the mossy synapses evoked by test stimuli in Wistar and OXYS rat groups of different age and between the two strains. The capacity to induction and formation of long-term posttetanic potentiation and its value decreased in 18-month-old Wistar rats, which attested to disorders in synaptic plasticity of old animals. The capacity to induction and formation of long-term posttetanic potentiation and its value in OXYS were lower than Wistar rats of the same age in all the studied groups.
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2010
Parameters of long-term potentiation in the system mossy fibers-CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocam... more Parameters of long-term potentiation in the system mossy fibers-CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices in experimental animals vary during the formation of chronic opiate dependence. During the first day of morphine treatment, the value of potentiation was significantly lower than in controls. Starting from day 8 and at early stages of dependence (days 25-29), facilitation of long-term potentiation was recorded. Incubation of the slices with L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker nifedipine did not change the response to the test stimuli and did not affect potentiation induction in hippocampal slices from control and morphine-treated animals. Nifedipine had no effect on long-term potentiation of mossy fibers in the control and at early terms of morphine treatment, but significantly reduced its facilitation at later terms.
The application of modified Hodgkin -- Huxley equations to the description of transmembrane ionic... more The application of modified Hodgkin -- Huxley equations to the description of transmembrane ionic currents when the action potential is generated in the somatic membrane of mullusc giant neurons is described. The input currents were divided on sodium and calcium components. The results of calculations were compared with the experimental data. An observed discrepancy between predicted and experimental action potentials is explained. Using the corrections proposed the results of calculations well agree with the experimental results.
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2019
Second messengers cAMP and cGMP play an important role in synaptic plasticity and memory consolid... more Second messengers cAMP and cGMP play an important role in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. The inhibitors of phosphodiesterases, enzymes hydrolyzing these cyclic nucleotides, are actively studied as potential drugs for the treatment of various cognitive disorders and depression. We studied the effects of a new inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 7 AGF2.20 on the formation of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. Administration of AGF2.20 (10 nM) in 90 min after weak tetanization prevented a decrease in the amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic potentials and stabilized long-term potentiation. These data attest to the involvement of phosphodiesterase 7 in the development of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The inhibitor AGF2.20 is considered for the further analysis as a promising substance for the treatment of cognitive impairments.
We studied the effects of individual or combination treatment with monoclonal antibodies 5F5-B6 i... more We studied the effects of individual or combination treatment with monoclonal antibodies 5F5-B6 in ultralow doses specifically marking mossy fibers in rat hippocampus and antibodies to S100 protein during long-term post-tetanic potentiation in hippocampal slices. The possible mechanisms of changes produced by therapeutic administration of antibodies in ultralow doses were revealed.
Antibodies to morphine produced after its chronic administration can contribute to changes in the... more Antibodies to morphine produced after its chronic administration can contribute to changes in the central nervous system during opiate abuse. Facilitation of long-term posttetanic potentiation in mossy fibers of the hippocampus in rats with chronic morphine dependence can be reproduced in hippocampal slices from normal animals treated with antibodies to morphine. Incubation of hippocampal slices with ultralow doses of antibodies to morphine had no effect on control rats, but reduced facilitation of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices from animals with chronic morphine dependence. This confirms the possibility of using ultralow doses of antibodies to morphine for therapeutic correction of mechanisms underlying the formation of drug abuse.
Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences Division of Chemical Science
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a widely used model of sy-naptic plasticity, and synaptic adaptat... more Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a widely used model of sy-naptic plasticity, and synaptic adaptations are thought to be an important component of the consequence of drug abuse. It was shown that the dynamics of the changes of mossy fiber LTP parameters during the development of chronic morphine addiction had a complex character and developed by stages. Significant administration was accompanied by an increase in the liter of antibodies to morphine; moreover the period of significant increase in antibody level coincided to the appearance of LTP facilitation. Thus modification of synaptic plasticity in hippocam-pal mossy fibers was developed prior to the formation of chronic opiate addiction in animals, and it can be supposed that antibodies to morphine were involved in the changes of synaptic efficiency
Incubation of hippocampal slices with antibodies to morphine did not change the total excitatory ... more Incubation of hippocampal slices with antibodies to morphine did not change the total excitatory postsynaptic potential of mossy fibers, but markedly facilitated long-term posttetanic potentiation. Culturing of the organotypic hippocampal culture in the presence of 10 microM morphine increased the total excitatory postsynaptic potential of mossy fibers and reduced the probability of long-term posttetanic potentiation.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the development of drug dependence are similar to those of l... more Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the development of drug dependence are similar to those of learning process and this fact allows a great number of researches to call dependence “a pathology of memory and learning”. Earlier when the changes of hippocampal synaptic plasticity resulting from prolonged morphine consumption were studied we’ve shown that facilitation of mossy fiber long-term potentiation (LTP) was observed during the development and early stages of chronic dependence with peak of LTP facilitation at 8-10 days of morphine consumption. We’ve also shown that immunomodulator Myelopide significantly increased the time necessary for the formation of drug dependence. In present study we analyzed the changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats that received Myelopide injections during the development of chronic opiate dependence (1st and 10th day of oral morphine consumption). It was found that in this case LTP facilitation manifested not earlier than at 25-28th day o...
Развитие наркотической зависимости изменяет функциональную активность нервной и им- мунной систем... more Развитие наркотической зависимости изменяет функциональную активность нервной и им- мунной систем, нарушая их взаимную регуляцию. Ранее мы показали, что иммуномодулятор Тактивин достоверно увеличивает время формирования хронической зависимости от морфина у крыс. Этот эффект может быть обусловлен влиянием Тактивина на состояние иммунной си- стемы. Но данные, полученные в последние годы разными исследователями, позволяют пред- положить непосредственное действие полипептидов тимуса, входящих в состав Тактивина, на функции ЦНС. Развитие опиатной зависимости у крыс приводит к модификации синаптической пластичности в различных отделах мозга. В гиппокампе в ходе формирования и на ранних сро- ках хронической зависимости регистрируется фасилитация ДПТП мшистых волокон с пиком на 8–11 дни потребления морфина. Введение животным Тактивина сдвигает пик фасилитации ДПТП на более поздние сроки. Аппликация Тактивина на срезы гиппокампа нативных живот- ных не влияет на базовые характеристики ВПСП мш...
It was found that an increase in the excitability of command neurons of the reflex takes place du... more It was found that an increase in the excitability of command neurons of the reflex takes place during long-term sensitization (LTS). It was demonstrated that two factors are the cause of the increase in excitability: a depolarizational shift of the membrane potential of these cells (both a decrease in the initial resting potential and an accumulation of depolarization in the course of tactile stimulation), and a decrease in the threshold of generation of the action potentials. Injection of amphetamine leads to the appearance of sensitization, but its mechanisms only partially coincide with those in the case of LTS.
1. Yu. D. Ignatov, "The heterogeneity of the opiate receptors of the brain and the propertie... more 1. Yu. D. Ignatov, "The heterogeneity of the opiate receptors of the brain and the properties of their ligands," in: The Neuropharmacological Regulation of Pain Sensitivity [in Russian], Mezhvuzovskaya Tipografia SPPO-2 Lenuprizdata (1975), p. 94. 2. G.I. Shurgina, I. V. Nikiforov, and S. A. Saakyan, "The effect of ethanol on the excitatory and inhibitory processes in the visual cortex during learning," Zhurn. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat., 38, No. 2, 275-284 (1988). 3. G.I . Shul'gina, N. V. Okhomikov, and S. O. Ryzhov, "The influence of pyracetam on the activity of neurons of the new cortex and on the behavior of rabbits during learning," Zhurn. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat., 38, No. 3,460--466 (1988). 4. G.I. Shurgina, N. V. Okhotnikov, S. O. Ryzhov, and M. V. Cherdakova, "The influence of a derivative of enkephalin, DAGO, on the activity of neurons of the new cortex and the hippocampus of rabbits during the development of defensive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes," Zhurn. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat., 39, No. 2, 309-319 (1989). 5. G.I . Shurgina, I. P. Levshina, A. M. Melekhova, and K. Hecht, "The influence of substance P on the behavior of rabbits and on the activity of cortical neurons during their training," Zhurn. Vyssh. Nervn. Deyat., 32, No. 4, 273-282 (1982).
Introduction 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Experimental and control serum 3.2. Experiments on ide... more Introduction 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Experimental and control serum 3.2. Experiments on identified neurons from subesophageal complex of ganglia of terrestrial snails 3.3. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in rat hippocampal slices 4. Results 4.1. The effects of antibodies to S-100 in "high" and low concentrations on electrical characteristics of snail identified neurons 4.2. Effects of antibodies to S-100 protein in "high" and low concentrations on LTP formation in rat hippocampal slices 5. Discussion 6. References
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1988
ABSTRACT The study of long-term sensitization (LTS) is of both theoretical and practical interest... more ABSTRACT The study of long-term sensitization (LTS) is of both theoretical and practical interest. As one form of nonassociative learning, LTS may have mechanisms in common with associative learning, and its study is one way of analyzing the cellular and molecular bases of behavior, without the need to resort to complicated methods [3]. Meanwhile, the extreme form of LTS is a model of the nonspecific hypertrophied alarm reaction [3, 9], on which the character of development of chronic pathological states of the CNS can be studied. The writers previously described a model of long-term sensitization of the defensive reflex of pneumostome closure in Helix pomatia and demonstrated a quantitative redistribution of individual protein fractions in the subesophageal ganglion complex of the CNS at different stages of LTS [5]. The aim of this investigation was to study the distribution of water-soluble proteins in functionally different groups of nerve cells and changes in the electrical characteristics of command neurons of defensive behavior during LTS formation. EXPERIIiENTAL METHOD Snails whose pneumostome closure time in response to the testing stimulus did not exceed i0 sec were chosen for the experiment. LTS of the defensive reflex of Helix pomatia was formed in the course of 4 days by daily application of four electrical stimuli to the head with an interval of 1.5-3 h (alternating current, i0 mA, 50 Hz, duration 1 sec, from the ES-50-1 electrical stimulator). The animals were tested 24 h after the end of the procedure of LTS formation. The criterion that LTS was present was a significant increase in the pneumostome closure time in response to testing tactile stimulation in the region of the mantle fold compared with this parameter in control animals kept under the same conditions. This same criterion also was used in other studies involving LTS formation [5, 8, 9]. Before dissection the snail was anesthetized by placing it for 15-30 min in a mixture of ice and water. To analyze the electrical characteristics a semi-intact snail preparation with maximally preserved connections between the CNS, the mantle region, and the caudal part of the foot, was used. The mantle region was stimulated mechanically with a silver electrode (diameter of tip about 1 mm), which was set in motion by means of an electromagnet, triggered in accordance with the stimulation program by a computer. Electrical activity of the neurons was recorded through a microelectrode, filled with 2.5 M KCI solution, and with resistance of between i0 and 50 M~ after sharpening, inserted into the neuron. Values of membrane potential were transformed into digital form by an analog-to-digita l converter and analyzed by computer [i]. Command neurons of the defensive reflex of pneumostome closure of the snail -- LPa3, RPa3, LPa2, P~a2 [2, 6], were chosen as the test objects. The response parameters of these neurons were studied in control and sensitized animals to tactile stimulation of the foot (resting potential, amplitude of action potentials and threshold of their generation, amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potential -- EPSP).
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2011
OXYS rats with hereditary hyperproduction of active oxidative radicals and early disorders in the... more OXYS rats with hereditary hyperproduction of active oxidative radicals and early disorders in the mitochondrial structure and functions are an interesting model for studies of age-specific features of synaptic plasticity. The formation of long-term posttetanic potentiation in the mossy fibers-CA3 pyramidal neuron system were studied in hippocampal slices from Wistar and OXYS rats aged 3 and 4.5 months (young), 11 (middle-aged), and 18 months (old). No appreciable age-related differences were detected in the amplitudes and latencies of stimulatory postsynaptic summary potentials of the mossy synapses evoked by test stimuli in Wistar and OXYS rat groups of different age and between the two strains. The capacity to induction and formation of long-term posttetanic potentiation and its value decreased in 18-month-old Wistar rats, which attested to disorders in synaptic plasticity of old animals. The capacity to induction and formation of long-term posttetanic potentiation and its value in OXYS were lower than Wistar rats of the same age in all the studied groups.
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2010
Parameters of long-term potentiation in the system mossy fibers-CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocam... more Parameters of long-term potentiation in the system mossy fibers-CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices in experimental animals vary during the formation of chronic opiate dependence. During the first day of morphine treatment, the value of potentiation was significantly lower than in controls. Starting from day 8 and at early stages of dependence (days 25-29), facilitation of long-term potentiation was recorded. Incubation of the slices with L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker nifedipine did not change the response to the test stimuli and did not affect potentiation induction in hippocampal slices from control and morphine-treated animals. Nifedipine had no effect on long-term potentiation of mossy fibers in the control and at early terms of morphine treatment, but significantly reduced its facilitation at later terms.
The application of modified Hodgkin -- Huxley equations to the description of transmembrane ionic... more The application of modified Hodgkin -- Huxley equations to the description of transmembrane ionic currents when the action potential is generated in the somatic membrane of mullusc giant neurons is described. The input currents were divided on sodium and calcium components. The results of calculations were compared with the experimental data. An observed discrepancy between predicted and experimental action potentials is explained. Using the corrections proposed the results of calculations well agree with the experimental results.
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