Background: The procedures of introducing an airway by intubation are associated with increased r... more Background: The procedures of introducing an airway by intubation are associated with increased risk of aerosolisation of SARS-CoV-2 virus, posing a high risk to the personnel involved. Newer and novel methods such as the intubation box have been developed to increase the safety of healthcare workers during intubation. Methods design: In this study, 33 anaesthesiologist and critical care specialists intubated the trachea of the airway manikin (US Laerdal Medical AS™) 4 times using a King Vision® videolaryngoscope and TRUVIEW PCD™ videolaryngoscope (with and without an intubation box as described by Lai). Intubation time was primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were first-pass intubation success rate, percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score and peak force to maxillary incisors. Results: Intubation time and the number of times a click was heard during tracheal intubation were considerably higher in both groups when an intubation box was used (Table 1). When comparing the two laryngoscopes, the King Vision® videolaryngoscope enabled much less time to intubate than did the TRUVIEW laryngoscope, both with and without the intubation box. (P<0.001) In both laryngoscope groups, first-pass successful intubation was higher without the intubation box, although the difference was statistically insignificant. POGO score was not affected by intubation box but a higher score was observed with King Vision® laryngoscope (Tables 1,2). Conclusion: This study indicates that use of an intubation box makes intubation difficult and increases the time needed to perform it. King Vision® videolaryngoscope results in lesser intubation time and better glottic view as compared to TRUVIEW laryngoscope.
Sri Lankan Journal of Anaesthesiology, Jun 11, 2022
Background: The procedures related to airway can be associated with increased risk of aerosolizat... more Background: The procedures related to airway can be associated with increased risk of aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 virus posing a high risk to the personnels involved. Novel methods like the intubation box have been developed to increase the safety of healthcare workers during intubation. Methods: In this study, 33 anaesthesiologist and critical care specialists intubated the trachea of the airway manikin (US Laerdal Medical AS) 4 times using a King Vision ® videolaryngoscope and TRUVIEW PCD TM videolaryngoscope (with and without an intubation box as described by Lai). Intubation time was primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were firstpass intubation success rate, percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score and peak force to maxillary incisors measured with a pressure sensing device. Results: Intubation time and the pressure exerted on the incisors (detected by a click sound) were considerably higher in both groups when an intubation box was used. (Table 1) When comparing the two laryngoscopes, intubation time with the King Vision ® video laryngoscope was lower than that of TRUVIEW laryngoscope, both with and without the intubation box. (P<0.001) In both groups, rate of first pass successful intubation was higher without the intubation box, although the difference was statistically insignificant. POGO Score was not affected by intubation box but higher score was observed with King Vision ® laryngoscope. (Table 1,2). Conclusion: This study indicates that use of an intubation box makes intubation difficult and increases the time. King Vision ® videolaryngoscope results in lesser intubation time and better glottic view as compared to TRUVIEW laryngoscope.
African journal of thoracic and critical care medicine, May 1, 2022
Background. COVID-19 caused by the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviru... more Background. COVID-19 caused by the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a matter of concern and has led to severe health problems all over the world. Oxygen therapy is the mainstay for the management of patients suffering from various stages of the disease. Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and standard non-rebreathing mask (NRBM) as oxygen delivery devices in moderate cases of COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods. A single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial was conducted between February 2021 and April 2021. All the enrolled patients (N=120) were randomly allocated into two groups according to the oxygen delivery device used. Group 1 (n=60) received HFNC and group 2 (n=60) received NRBM as the initial oxygen delivery device, to maintain a target saturation ≥96% in both groups. The progression-free survival without escalation of respiratory support, partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2), a ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspiratory oxygen concentration (PaO 2 /FiO 2), respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, number of patients requiring non-invasive ventilation or endotracheal intubation, time for de-escalation of oxygen therapy to lower FiO 2 device, time to progression to severe disease, survival at day 28, and patient satisfaction level were compared between the two groups. Results. Demographic, clinical variables and treatment received were comparable in the two groups. In the HFNC group, 90% of patients had successful outcomes with the initial oxygen therapy device used as compared with 56.6% in the NRBM group (p<0.001; odds ratio (OR) 0.145; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.054-0.389). Using HFNC also resulted in improved oxygenation (PaO 2 /FiO 2) (p<0.001), better patient satisfaction (p<0.001), and a shorter time for de-escalation of oxygen therapy to a lower FiO 2 device (p<0.001). The 28-day survival was higher in the HFNC group, but the difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.468). Conclusion. HFNC is a reliable oxygen therapy modality for moderate category COVID-19 pneumonia and results in a higher success rate of oxygen therapy, better oxygenation, and a greater patient satisfaction level as compared with a NRBM.
Extubation in deep plane of anesthesia followed by Guedel&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp... more Extubation in deep plane of anesthesia followed by Guedel&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s oropharyngeal airway (OPA™) insertion is a routine method to avoid hemodynamic changes associated with tracheal extubation. Exchange of endotracheal tube (ETT) with Classic laryngeal mask airway (LMA™) prior to emergence from anesthesia also serves similar purpose. We had compared the hemodynamic changes involved during this ETT/LMA™ and ETT/OPA™ exchange technique. This was a randomized prospective study on ASA I and 2 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. These patients were randomly divided into two groups i.e. OPA group and LMA group of 50 patients each. Hemodynamic parameters i.e. systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during exchange of ETT with OPA™ or LMA™. Coughing / bucking during removal of OPA™ and LMA™, and presence of post operative sore throat for both the groups were also graded and recorded. Data within the groups have been analyzed using paired &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;t&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; test while those between the groups were analyzed using unpaired &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;t&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; test. Chi square test was used to analyze grades of coughing and post operative sore throat. In both groups, hemodynamic parameters rose significantly as OPA™/LMA™ was placed (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) and then started declining. Hemodynamic parameters continued to fall in LMA group after extubation. However in OPA group, hemodynamic parameters continued to rise even after extubation and declined only when OPA™ was removed. There was no statistical significant difference between the LMA and OPA group in respect to coughing and post operative sore throat. LMA™ is superior to OPA™ for exchange of ETT as it provides greater hemodynamic stability.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2016
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists have widely been used in anaesthesia and critical care as analgesic... more Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists have widely been used in anaesthesia and critical care as analgesics and sedatives. Both clonidine and dexmedetomidine, a more selective and specific α-2 agonist have been shown to decrease induction doses of i.v. anaesthetics and intraoperative opioid and volatile anaesthetic requirements for maintenance of anaesthesia resulting in more rapid recovery from anaesthesia and also a reduced need for pain medication in post-operative period, thereby reducing the length of stay. We have compared the preoperative as well as the perioperative effects of clonidine and dexmedetomidine to determine whether dexmedetomidine being a more selective α 2 agonist (α 2: α 1 ratio: 8:1), has any advantage over clonidine. 1 Various routes of administration of alpha-2 agonists like intrathecal, epidural, nerve blocks and intravenous have been tried. 2,3 Both the drugs have been ABSTRACT Background: Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists have widely been used in anaesthesia and critical care as analgesics and sedatives. Both clonidine and dexmedetomidine, a more selective and specific α-2 agonist have been shown to decrease induction doses of i.v. anaesthetics and intraoperative opioid and volatile anaesthetic requirements for maintenance of anaesthesia resulting in more rapid recovery from anaesthesia and also a reduced need for pain medication in post-operative period, thereby reducing the length of stay. The current prospective randomised double blind study was undertaken to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and clonidine, as i.v. premedication, on perioperative hemodynamics , reduction in dose of inducing agent and post-operative analgesia duration. Methods: A total of 60 ASA class I and II patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anesthesia were randomised into two groups. Group D-dexmedetomidine 0.7µg/kg, and group C-clonidine 2µg/kg. Drugs were given 15 minutes before induction. The cases were conducted under General anesthesia with endotracheal intubation using Propofol, Vecuronium, N 2 O and O 2. Heart rate, blood pressure, dose of inducing agent and time of rescue analgesia were recorded. Results: The rise in mean arterial pressure and heart rate during intubation and extubation was lesser with group D as compared to group C. (p<0.05). Lesser amounts of inducing agent was required with group D as compared to group C (p<0.0001). Post-operative analgesia duration was more with group D as compared to group C (p<0.001). Conclusions: Study concluded that Dexmedetomidine had better control over hemodynamics as compared to clonidine when given as premedication, the drug dose used for induction was lesser and also the post-operative analgesia duration was longer with dexmedetomidine.
International journal of innovative research in medical science, Dec 24, 2021
Introduction: Epidural corticosteroid injections are widely used to treat low back pain, but doub... more Introduction: Epidural corticosteroid injections are widely used to treat low back pain, but doubts exist about the relative efficacy of particulate versus non-particulate corticosteroids. Epidural corticosteroid injections were performed in 75 patients with chronic radicular pain were evaluated for epidural corticosteroid injections to determine if there was a difference in the efficacy of triamcilone acetate, methylprednisolone acetate, and dexamethasone. Methods: 75 patients presenting with debilitating radicular pain were randomized to receive an injection of triamcilone acetate 40 mg/ml, methylprednisolone acetate 40 mg/ml, and dexamethasone phosphate 7.5 mg/ml at equal doses. Data were collected at 1-month and 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome of the present study was reduction in pain on a visual analog scale (VAS) at 3 months, while the secondary outcome was the type and number of complications in the study group. Results: Regardless of baseline score VAS, pain score decreased in all patients at one and three months. The patients with VAS of very severe also showed a statistically significant success rate at one and three month follow-up [p= 0.043]. No serious complications occurred in all three groups. Conclusion: According to this study, pain relief and functional improvement are similar among all three methylprednisolone acetate, triamcilone acetate and dexamethasone phosphate at 3 months.
Material & Methods: 75 children of ASA I and II, age 1-7 years, scheduled for elective unilateral... more Material & Methods: 75 children of ASA I and II, age 1-7 years, scheduled for elective unilateral inguinal herniotomy / orchidopexy were randomly allocated to 3 groups-A, B & C, who received wound infiltration with either tramadol 2mg/kg in 0.2ml/kg of saline (Group A); 0.2ml/kg of ...
Nasogastric tubes (NGT) are commonly used a knot at the distal end. (Figure 1) The knot caused de... more Nasogastric tubes (NGT) are commonly used a knot at the distal end. (Figure 1) The knot caused decompression of stomach and for feeding critically ill laceration of nasopharynx during removal, resulting patients. This simple and blind procedure can rarely in bleeding for which nasal packing was done. Patient result in notting of NGT leading to serious was re-intubated for fear of aspiration. She remained complications like respiratory distress, severe on ventilator for 6-8 hours after which extubation was laryngeal injury, nasophayngeal bleed and done. Nasal pack was removed after 48 hours.
Background Occurrence of adverse drug reactions in COVID-19 patients has not been extensively stu... more Background Occurrence of adverse drug reactions in COVID-19 patients has not been extensively studied. Thus the present study was conducted to analyze the pattern of suspected Adverse Drug Reactions in COVID-19 patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit. Methods In this observational study, all the individual case study reports of patients admitted to the COVID ICU from August to October 2020 were analyzed. The type of ADR, the system involved, drug history, the suspected drug, reaction time and time to revert and management of ADR were recorded. ADRs were classified as serious and non-serious and causality was assessed using the WHO-UMC scale. The severity of ADRs was determined using Hartwig Scale. Results From 395 patients admitted to the COVID ICU during the study period, 44 individual case reports were received of 36 patients. Dermatological manifestations were the most frequent ADRs reported in this study, followed by gastrointestinal. Remedesivir was the most common drug associ...
Background: To compare the effectiveness of High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) and standard non rebre... more Background: To compare the effectiveness of High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) and standard non rebreathing mask (NRBM) as oxygen delivery device, in moderate cases of COVID-19 Pneumonia.Methods: A single-centre, prospective, open label randomized controlled trial was conducted between February 2021 and April 2021. Sixty enrolled patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the oxygen delivery device used. Group 1 (n = 30) received HFNC and group 2 (n = 30) received NRBM as initial oxygen delivery device, to maintain a target saturation of ≥ 96% in both groups. The success rate of oxygen therapy, time to progression to severe disease, PaO2, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, number of patients requiring NIV or endotracheal intubation, time for de-escalation of oxygen therapy to lower Fio2 device and patient satisfaction level were compared among the two groups.Results: Demographic, clinical variables and treatment given were comparable in the t...
Background: Occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in COVID-19 patients has not been extensi... more Background: Occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in COVID-19 patients has not been extensively studied. Aim: The present study was conducted to analyze the pattern of suspected ADRs in the COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all the individual case study reports of patients admitted to the COVID ICU (August-October 2020) were analyzed for type of ADRs, system involved, suspected drug, onset time, time to revert and management. Results: Thirty six patients (out of 395 patients admitted) experienced 44 ADRs. Dermatological manifestations were the most frequent ADRs. Remdesivir was the most common drug associated with ADRs. The female gender, polypharmacy (>5 drugs) and presence of comorbidities were the independent risk factors for the occurrence of ADRs. Conclusion: Use of many of these drugs in COVID-19 is experimental and the literature does not guarantee their safety and efficacy. During these times of uncertainty, the results from...
Background Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication associated with acute respiratory distress sy... more Background Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to other viral pneumonias. However, it has been on a rise in COVID-19 patients with severe disease. Case presentation We present three cases to highlight that isolated pneumomediastinum can complicate the course of illness in patients on non-invasive ventilation. In our case series, two COVID-19 diagnosed cases with no previous history of intubation developed pneumomediastinum. They were managed conservatively with a successful outcome. The third patient developed PM with subcutaneous emphysema post-intubation, although managed conservatively succumbed to the disease. Conclusions Clinicians need to be alert to the development of such a complication in the event of sudden onset dyspnoea with chest pain. Conservative management, with low pressure settings on the ventilator results in gradual improvement of patient.
Background and aims: We compared the effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) provided by ... more Background and aims: We compared the effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) provided by helmet mask vs facemask in patients with COVID-19. Methods and materials: Between March and May 2021, a single-center, prospective, open-label randomized controlled research was undertaken. Sixty patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups based on the NIV delivery interface. In group I (n = 30) helmet mask was used and in group II (n = 30) facemask was used for delivery of NIV. The proportion of patients in each group who required endotracheal intubation was the primary outcome. The duration of NIV, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), hospital mortality, ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO 2 /FiO 2), respiratory rate, patient comfort, and complications were all documented as secondary outcomes. Results: In both groups, demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment received were comparable. Around 10% of patients in the helmet mask group were intubated, while 43.3% of patients in the facemask group were intubated (p = 0.004). The two groups demonstrated similar hemodynamic patterns. The use of a helmet mask, on the other hand, resulted in enhanced oxygenation (263.57 ± 31.562 vs 209.33 ± 20.531, p = 0.00), higher patient satisfaction (p = 0.001), a lower risk of complications, and a shorter NIV and ICU stay (p = 0.001) (4.53 ± 0.776 vs 7.60 ± 1.354, p = 0.00 and 6.37 ± 0.556 vs 11.57 ± 2.161, p = 0.00). Conclusion: Helmet mask could be a reliable interface for delivery of NIV in COVID-19 and results in a lower rate of endotracheal intubation, better oxygenation with greater patient comfort and shorter ICU stay as compared to facemask used for NIV.
Background: Increased body mass index (BMI) is a known risk factor for respiratory infection and ... more Background: Increased body mass index (BMI) is a known risk factor for respiratory infection and is being recognized as a predisposing factor in the COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the association between different body mass index categories with severe COVID-19 patients leading to death. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study of six months included the laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to an ICU of a tertiary care academic health care organization. The medical records were reviewed at least 14 days after admission. Results: 484 patients were included, and BMI data were available for 306 patients. 40.19% had a normal weight, 26.79% were overweight, 17.97% had BMI 30-34.9 Kg/m2 and 15.03% had BMI ≥ 35 Kg/m2. Overall, 58 patients (18.95%) died within 14 days of ICU admission, 50.98% were discharged alive or referred from the hospital within 14 days, and 30.06% remai...
This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of two methods to achieve a trans-nasal sphenoid gan... more This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of two methods to achieve a trans-nasal sphenoid ganglion (SPG) block in obstetric patients for treating a post-dural puncture headache was evaluated. Methods In this prospective single-blinded randomized study, 20 enrolled patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=10) received SPG block via the applicator method and group 2 (n=10) by the nasal spray technique. The reduction in the pain score, number of patients requiring rescue analgesia with time to first analgesic request, repeat procedure required, and any adverse event were recorded. Results Patients in both groups were comparable with respect to the baseline characteristics. After the SPG block, the patients in group 1 had a significant reduction in the visual analog score (VAS) as compared to group 2 in the first 24 hours (P<0.001). Thereafter, the pain scores were comparable between the groups till discharge. Only one patient in group 1 required rescue analgesia as against six in group 2 (P= 0.02, OR= 13.5). The procedure was repeated in 10% of patients in group 1 and 30% of patients in group 2 (P= 0.26, OR= 3.85). On intragroup comparison, both groups revealed a significant reduction in pain from the baseline after the block (P<0.001). Conclusion The trans-nasal SPG block is a minimally invasive treatment option for post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) and avoids the need for more invasive treatment techniques. Among the two approaches of a transnasal SPG block, the applicator technique results in better pain relief.
BACKGROUND: Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that children experience a similar severity... more BACKGROUND: Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that children experience a similar severity of post operative pain as adults and that even preterm infants demonstrate alterations in heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation in response to pain. OBJECTIVE: To study the advantage of tramadol wound infiltration over bupivacaine on post operative pain relief in children following inguinal herniotomy and orchiodopexy METHODS: In this prospective single blinded randomized controlled study, 705 children aged between 1–7 years undergoing elective repair of unilateral inguinal hernia and orchiodopexy were randomly divided into 3 groups of 25 each. Group A (Tramadol) à wound infiltration with 2mg/Kg Tramadol in 0.2ml/Kg saline, Group B (Bupivacaine) à wound infiltration with 0.2ml/Kg of 0.25% of Bupivacaine and Group C (Tramadol i/m) à 2mg/Kg tramadol intra muscularly 20 minutes before the end of surgery. Children were assessed post-anesthesia for pain score and discharged from P...
Background: The procedures of introducing an airway by intubation are associated with increased r... more Background: The procedures of introducing an airway by intubation are associated with increased risk of aerosolisation of SARS-CoV-2 virus, posing a high risk to the personnel involved. Newer and novel methods such as the intubation box have been developed to increase the safety of healthcare workers during intubation. Methods design: In this study, 33 anaesthesiologist and critical care specialists intubated the trachea of the airway manikin (US Laerdal Medical AS™) 4 times using a King Vision® videolaryngoscope and TRUVIEW PCD™ videolaryngoscope (with and without an intubation box as described by Lai). Intubation time was primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were first-pass intubation success rate, percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score and peak force to maxillary incisors. Results: Intubation time and the number of times a click was heard during tracheal intubation were considerably higher in both groups when an intubation box was used (Table 1). When comparing the two laryngoscopes, the King Vision® videolaryngoscope enabled much less time to intubate than did the TRUVIEW laryngoscope, both with and without the intubation box. (P<0.001) In both laryngoscope groups, first-pass successful intubation was higher without the intubation box, although the difference was statistically insignificant. POGO score was not affected by intubation box but a higher score was observed with King Vision® laryngoscope (Tables 1,2). Conclusion: This study indicates that use of an intubation box makes intubation difficult and increases the time needed to perform it. King Vision® videolaryngoscope results in lesser intubation time and better glottic view as compared to TRUVIEW laryngoscope.
Sri Lankan Journal of Anaesthesiology, Jun 11, 2022
Background: The procedures related to airway can be associated with increased risk of aerosolizat... more Background: The procedures related to airway can be associated with increased risk of aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 virus posing a high risk to the personnels involved. Novel methods like the intubation box have been developed to increase the safety of healthcare workers during intubation. Methods: In this study, 33 anaesthesiologist and critical care specialists intubated the trachea of the airway manikin (US Laerdal Medical AS) 4 times using a King Vision ® videolaryngoscope and TRUVIEW PCD TM videolaryngoscope (with and without an intubation box as described by Lai). Intubation time was primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were firstpass intubation success rate, percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score and peak force to maxillary incisors measured with a pressure sensing device. Results: Intubation time and the pressure exerted on the incisors (detected by a click sound) were considerably higher in both groups when an intubation box was used. (Table 1) When comparing the two laryngoscopes, intubation time with the King Vision ® video laryngoscope was lower than that of TRUVIEW laryngoscope, both with and without the intubation box. (P<0.001) In both groups, rate of first pass successful intubation was higher without the intubation box, although the difference was statistically insignificant. POGO Score was not affected by intubation box but higher score was observed with King Vision ® laryngoscope. (Table 1,2). Conclusion: This study indicates that use of an intubation box makes intubation difficult and increases the time. King Vision ® videolaryngoscope results in lesser intubation time and better glottic view as compared to TRUVIEW laryngoscope.
African journal of thoracic and critical care medicine, May 1, 2022
Background. COVID-19 caused by the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviru... more Background. COVID-19 caused by the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a matter of concern and has led to severe health problems all over the world. Oxygen therapy is the mainstay for the management of patients suffering from various stages of the disease. Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and standard non-rebreathing mask (NRBM) as oxygen delivery devices in moderate cases of COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods. A single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial was conducted between February 2021 and April 2021. All the enrolled patients (N=120) were randomly allocated into two groups according to the oxygen delivery device used. Group 1 (n=60) received HFNC and group 2 (n=60) received NRBM as the initial oxygen delivery device, to maintain a target saturation ≥96% in both groups. The progression-free survival without escalation of respiratory support, partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2), a ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspiratory oxygen concentration (PaO 2 /FiO 2), respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, number of patients requiring non-invasive ventilation or endotracheal intubation, time for de-escalation of oxygen therapy to lower FiO 2 device, time to progression to severe disease, survival at day 28, and patient satisfaction level were compared between the two groups. Results. Demographic, clinical variables and treatment received were comparable in the two groups. In the HFNC group, 90% of patients had successful outcomes with the initial oxygen therapy device used as compared with 56.6% in the NRBM group (p<0.001; odds ratio (OR) 0.145; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.054-0.389). Using HFNC also resulted in improved oxygenation (PaO 2 /FiO 2) (p<0.001), better patient satisfaction (p<0.001), and a shorter time for de-escalation of oxygen therapy to a lower FiO 2 device (p<0.001). The 28-day survival was higher in the HFNC group, but the difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.468). Conclusion. HFNC is a reliable oxygen therapy modality for moderate category COVID-19 pneumonia and results in a higher success rate of oxygen therapy, better oxygenation, and a greater patient satisfaction level as compared with a NRBM.
Extubation in deep plane of anesthesia followed by Guedel&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp... more Extubation in deep plane of anesthesia followed by Guedel&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s oropharyngeal airway (OPA™) insertion is a routine method to avoid hemodynamic changes associated with tracheal extubation. Exchange of endotracheal tube (ETT) with Classic laryngeal mask airway (LMA™) prior to emergence from anesthesia also serves similar purpose. We had compared the hemodynamic changes involved during this ETT/LMA™ and ETT/OPA™ exchange technique. This was a randomized prospective study on ASA I and 2 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. These patients were randomly divided into two groups i.e. OPA group and LMA group of 50 patients each. Hemodynamic parameters i.e. systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during exchange of ETT with OPA™ or LMA™. Coughing / bucking during removal of OPA™ and LMA™, and presence of post operative sore throat for both the groups were also graded and recorded. Data within the groups have been analyzed using paired &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;t&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; test while those between the groups were analyzed using unpaired &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;t&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; test. Chi square test was used to analyze grades of coughing and post operative sore throat. In both groups, hemodynamic parameters rose significantly as OPA™/LMA™ was placed (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) and then started declining. Hemodynamic parameters continued to fall in LMA group after extubation. However in OPA group, hemodynamic parameters continued to rise even after extubation and declined only when OPA™ was removed. There was no statistical significant difference between the LMA and OPA group in respect to coughing and post operative sore throat. LMA™ is superior to OPA™ for exchange of ETT as it provides greater hemodynamic stability.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2016
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists have widely been used in anaesthesia and critical care as analgesic... more Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists have widely been used in anaesthesia and critical care as analgesics and sedatives. Both clonidine and dexmedetomidine, a more selective and specific α-2 agonist have been shown to decrease induction doses of i.v. anaesthetics and intraoperative opioid and volatile anaesthetic requirements for maintenance of anaesthesia resulting in more rapid recovery from anaesthesia and also a reduced need for pain medication in post-operative period, thereby reducing the length of stay. We have compared the preoperative as well as the perioperative effects of clonidine and dexmedetomidine to determine whether dexmedetomidine being a more selective α 2 agonist (α 2: α 1 ratio: 8:1), has any advantage over clonidine. 1 Various routes of administration of alpha-2 agonists like intrathecal, epidural, nerve blocks and intravenous have been tried. 2,3 Both the drugs have been ABSTRACT Background: Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists have widely been used in anaesthesia and critical care as analgesics and sedatives. Both clonidine and dexmedetomidine, a more selective and specific α-2 agonist have been shown to decrease induction doses of i.v. anaesthetics and intraoperative opioid and volatile anaesthetic requirements for maintenance of anaesthesia resulting in more rapid recovery from anaesthesia and also a reduced need for pain medication in post-operative period, thereby reducing the length of stay. The current prospective randomised double blind study was undertaken to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and clonidine, as i.v. premedication, on perioperative hemodynamics , reduction in dose of inducing agent and post-operative analgesia duration. Methods: A total of 60 ASA class I and II patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anesthesia were randomised into two groups. Group D-dexmedetomidine 0.7µg/kg, and group C-clonidine 2µg/kg. Drugs were given 15 minutes before induction. The cases were conducted under General anesthesia with endotracheal intubation using Propofol, Vecuronium, N 2 O and O 2. Heart rate, blood pressure, dose of inducing agent and time of rescue analgesia were recorded. Results: The rise in mean arterial pressure and heart rate during intubation and extubation was lesser with group D as compared to group C. (p<0.05). Lesser amounts of inducing agent was required with group D as compared to group C (p<0.0001). Post-operative analgesia duration was more with group D as compared to group C (p<0.001). Conclusions: Study concluded that Dexmedetomidine had better control over hemodynamics as compared to clonidine when given as premedication, the drug dose used for induction was lesser and also the post-operative analgesia duration was longer with dexmedetomidine.
International journal of innovative research in medical science, Dec 24, 2021
Introduction: Epidural corticosteroid injections are widely used to treat low back pain, but doub... more Introduction: Epidural corticosteroid injections are widely used to treat low back pain, but doubts exist about the relative efficacy of particulate versus non-particulate corticosteroids. Epidural corticosteroid injections were performed in 75 patients with chronic radicular pain were evaluated for epidural corticosteroid injections to determine if there was a difference in the efficacy of triamcilone acetate, methylprednisolone acetate, and dexamethasone. Methods: 75 patients presenting with debilitating radicular pain were randomized to receive an injection of triamcilone acetate 40 mg/ml, methylprednisolone acetate 40 mg/ml, and dexamethasone phosphate 7.5 mg/ml at equal doses. Data were collected at 1-month and 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome of the present study was reduction in pain on a visual analog scale (VAS) at 3 months, while the secondary outcome was the type and number of complications in the study group. Results: Regardless of baseline score VAS, pain score decreased in all patients at one and three months. The patients with VAS of very severe also showed a statistically significant success rate at one and three month follow-up [p= 0.043]. No serious complications occurred in all three groups. Conclusion: According to this study, pain relief and functional improvement are similar among all three methylprednisolone acetate, triamcilone acetate and dexamethasone phosphate at 3 months.
Material & Methods: 75 children of ASA I and II, age 1-7 years, scheduled for elective unilateral... more Material & Methods: 75 children of ASA I and II, age 1-7 years, scheduled for elective unilateral inguinal herniotomy / orchidopexy were randomly allocated to 3 groups-A, B & C, who received wound infiltration with either tramadol 2mg/kg in 0.2ml/kg of saline (Group A); 0.2ml/kg of ...
Nasogastric tubes (NGT) are commonly used a knot at the distal end. (Figure 1) The knot caused de... more Nasogastric tubes (NGT) are commonly used a knot at the distal end. (Figure 1) The knot caused decompression of stomach and for feeding critically ill laceration of nasopharynx during removal, resulting patients. This simple and blind procedure can rarely in bleeding for which nasal packing was done. Patient result in notting of NGT leading to serious was re-intubated for fear of aspiration. She remained complications like respiratory distress, severe on ventilator for 6-8 hours after which extubation was laryngeal injury, nasophayngeal bleed and done. Nasal pack was removed after 48 hours.
Background Occurrence of adverse drug reactions in COVID-19 patients has not been extensively stu... more Background Occurrence of adverse drug reactions in COVID-19 patients has not been extensively studied. Thus the present study was conducted to analyze the pattern of suspected Adverse Drug Reactions in COVID-19 patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit. Methods In this observational study, all the individual case study reports of patients admitted to the COVID ICU from August to October 2020 were analyzed. The type of ADR, the system involved, drug history, the suspected drug, reaction time and time to revert and management of ADR were recorded. ADRs were classified as serious and non-serious and causality was assessed using the WHO-UMC scale. The severity of ADRs was determined using Hartwig Scale. Results From 395 patients admitted to the COVID ICU during the study period, 44 individual case reports were received of 36 patients. Dermatological manifestations were the most frequent ADRs reported in this study, followed by gastrointestinal. Remedesivir was the most common drug associ...
Background: To compare the effectiveness of High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) and standard non rebre... more Background: To compare the effectiveness of High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) and standard non rebreathing mask (NRBM) as oxygen delivery device, in moderate cases of COVID-19 Pneumonia.Methods: A single-centre, prospective, open label randomized controlled trial was conducted between February 2021 and April 2021. Sixty enrolled patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the oxygen delivery device used. Group 1 (n = 30) received HFNC and group 2 (n = 30) received NRBM as initial oxygen delivery device, to maintain a target saturation of ≥ 96% in both groups. The success rate of oxygen therapy, time to progression to severe disease, PaO2, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, number of patients requiring NIV or endotracheal intubation, time for de-escalation of oxygen therapy to lower Fio2 device and patient satisfaction level were compared among the two groups.Results: Demographic, clinical variables and treatment given were comparable in the t...
Background: Occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in COVID-19 patients has not been extensi... more Background: Occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in COVID-19 patients has not been extensively studied. Aim: The present study was conducted to analyze the pattern of suspected ADRs in the COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all the individual case study reports of patients admitted to the COVID ICU (August-October 2020) were analyzed for type of ADRs, system involved, suspected drug, onset time, time to revert and management. Results: Thirty six patients (out of 395 patients admitted) experienced 44 ADRs. Dermatological manifestations were the most frequent ADRs. Remdesivir was the most common drug associated with ADRs. The female gender, polypharmacy (>5 drugs) and presence of comorbidities were the independent risk factors for the occurrence of ADRs. Conclusion: Use of many of these drugs in COVID-19 is experimental and the literature does not guarantee their safety and efficacy. During these times of uncertainty, the results from...
Background Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication associated with acute respiratory distress sy... more Background Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to other viral pneumonias. However, it has been on a rise in COVID-19 patients with severe disease. Case presentation We present three cases to highlight that isolated pneumomediastinum can complicate the course of illness in patients on non-invasive ventilation. In our case series, two COVID-19 diagnosed cases with no previous history of intubation developed pneumomediastinum. They were managed conservatively with a successful outcome. The third patient developed PM with subcutaneous emphysema post-intubation, although managed conservatively succumbed to the disease. Conclusions Clinicians need to be alert to the development of such a complication in the event of sudden onset dyspnoea with chest pain. Conservative management, with low pressure settings on the ventilator results in gradual improvement of patient.
Background and aims: We compared the effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) provided by ... more Background and aims: We compared the effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) provided by helmet mask vs facemask in patients with COVID-19. Methods and materials: Between March and May 2021, a single-center, prospective, open-label randomized controlled research was undertaken. Sixty patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups based on the NIV delivery interface. In group I (n = 30) helmet mask was used and in group II (n = 30) facemask was used for delivery of NIV. The proportion of patients in each group who required endotracheal intubation was the primary outcome. The duration of NIV, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), hospital mortality, ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO 2 /FiO 2), respiratory rate, patient comfort, and complications were all documented as secondary outcomes. Results: In both groups, demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment received were comparable. Around 10% of patients in the helmet mask group were intubated, while 43.3% of patients in the facemask group were intubated (p = 0.004). The two groups demonstrated similar hemodynamic patterns. The use of a helmet mask, on the other hand, resulted in enhanced oxygenation (263.57 ± 31.562 vs 209.33 ± 20.531, p = 0.00), higher patient satisfaction (p = 0.001), a lower risk of complications, and a shorter NIV and ICU stay (p = 0.001) (4.53 ± 0.776 vs 7.60 ± 1.354, p = 0.00 and 6.37 ± 0.556 vs 11.57 ± 2.161, p = 0.00). Conclusion: Helmet mask could be a reliable interface for delivery of NIV in COVID-19 and results in a lower rate of endotracheal intubation, better oxygenation with greater patient comfort and shorter ICU stay as compared to facemask used for NIV.
Background: Increased body mass index (BMI) is a known risk factor for respiratory infection and ... more Background: Increased body mass index (BMI) is a known risk factor for respiratory infection and is being recognized as a predisposing factor in the COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the association between different body mass index categories with severe COVID-19 patients leading to death. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study of six months included the laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to an ICU of a tertiary care academic health care organization. The medical records were reviewed at least 14 days after admission. Results: 484 patients were included, and BMI data were available for 306 patients. 40.19% had a normal weight, 26.79% were overweight, 17.97% had BMI 30-34.9 Kg/m2 and 15.03% had BMI ≥ 35 Kg/m2. Overall, 58 patients (18.95%) died within 14 days of ICU admission, 50.98% were discharged alive or referred from the hospital within 14 days, and 30.06% remai...
This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of two methods to achieve a trans-nasal sphenoid gan... more This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of two methods to achieve a trans-nasal sphenoid ganglion (SPG) block in obstetric patients for treating a post-dural puncture headache was evaluated. Methods In this prospective single-blinded randomized study, 20 enrolled patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=10) received SPG block via the applicator method and group 2 (n=10) by the nasal spray technique. The reduction in the pain score, number of patients requiring rescue analgesia with time to first analgesic request, repeat procedure required, and any adverse event were recorded. Results Patients in both groups were comparable with respect to the baseline characteristics. After the SPG block, the patients in group 1 had a significant reduction in the visual analog score (VAS) as compared to group 2 in the first 24 hours (P<0.001). Thereafter, the pain scores were comparable between the groups till discharge. Only one patient in group 1 required rescue analgesia as against six in group 2 (P= 0.02, OR= 13.5). The procedure was repeated in 10% of patients in group 1 and 30% of patients in group 2 (P= 0.26, OR= 3.85). On intragroup comparison, both groups revealed a significant reduction in pain from the baseline after the block (P<0.001). Conclusion The trans-nasal SPG block is a minimally invasive treatment option for post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) and avoids the need for more invasive treatment techniques. Among the two approaches of a transnasal SPG block, the applicator technique results in better pain relief.
BACKGROUND: Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that children experience a similar severity... more BACKGROUND: Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that children experience a similar severity of post operative pain as adults and that even preterm infants demonstrate alterations in heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation in response to pain. OBJECTIVE: To study the advantage of tramadol wound infiltration over bupivacaine on post operative pain relief in children following inguinal herniotomy and orchiodopexy METHODS: In this prospective single blinded randomized controlled study, 705 children aged between 1–7 years undergoing elective repair of unilateral inguinal hernia and orchiodopexy were randomly divided into 3 groups of 25 each. Group A (Tramadol) à wound infiltration with 2mg/Kg Tramadol in 0.2ml/Kg saline, Group B (Bupivacaine) à wound infiltration with 0.2ml/Kg of 0.25% of Bupivacaine and Group C (Tramadol i/m) à 2mg/Kg tramadol intra muscularly 20 minutes before the end of surgery. Children were assessed post-anesthesia for pain score and discharged from P...
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