Papers by Natalio Extremera
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Sep 2, 2018
Although previous research has highlighted the association between emotional intelligence (EI) an... more Although previous research has highlighted the association between emotional intelligence (EI) and job satisfaction, the underlying mechanisms remain relatively unexplored. To address this gap, this study examined employee engagement as a potential mediator of the association. A multi-occupational sample of 405 Spanish professionals completed the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale and an Overall Job Satisfaction Scale as well as providing socio-demographic data. As expected, employees' EI was positively related to engagement dimensions (vigour, dedication and absorption) as well as overall job satisfaction. Bootstrap estimates from multiple mediation analysis confirmed that employees' perceived EI was indirectly associated with job satisfaction via vigour and dedication scores, even when controlling for the effects of socio-demographic variables. Similarly, the same pattern was found when multiple mediation was conducted for each EI dimension. Our study contributes to understanding of the processes involved in maintaining and enhancing positive attitudes at work, providing the first, encouraging evidence that work engagement play a role in the EI-job satisfaction link. Our results extend the EI literature by elucidating the pathways through which EI is linked to positive employee attitudes and suggests that intervention programs designed to bolster EI might prove effective at increasing job satisfaction.
Frontiers in Psychology, May 7, 2020
Although prior research has extensively examined the association of emotional intelligence (EI) w... more Although prior research has extensively examined the association of emotional intelligence (EI) with various job attitudes (e.g., job satisfaction), empirical and systematic investigation of this link within military institutions has captured considerably less attention. The present research analyzed the relationship between EI, teamwork communication, and job satisfaction among Spanish military cadets. We tested the potential unique contribution of EI to job satisfaction over and above demographics (i.e., gender and age), proactive personality, and resilience. Moreover, we also examined whether EI was indirectly linked to job satisfaction via its relationship with teamwork communication. A sample of 363 cadet officers of the Spanish General Military Academy completed questionnaires assessing EI, teamwork communication, proactive personality, resilience, and job satisfaction. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that EI exhibited incremental variance ( R 2 = 5.2%) in predicting job satisfaction (B = 0.539, 95% CI [0.306,0.771]) even after accounting for demographics, proactive personality, and resilience. Additionally, mediation analysis showed that the association of EI with job satisfaction was partially driven by enhanced teamwork communication. This research provides empirical evidence suggesting a pathway (i.e., effective teamwork communication) through which EI could help military cadets to experience higher job satisfaction. Implications for future academic programs including EI and teamwork communication to promote positive job attitudes among military personnel are discussed.
Frontiers in Psychology, Jul 21, 2020
This study was a quantitative meta-analysis of empirical research on the relationship between emo... more This study was a quantitative meta-analysis of empirical research on the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and academic performance (AP) that included the three main theoretical models of EI. We conducted a computerized literature search in the main electronic databases. Forty-four of an initial 3,210 articles met the inclusion criteria. With 49 effect sizes and a cumulative sample size of 19,861 participants, we found significant heterogeneity indices indicating a variety of results. In general, the results of this study indicated a significant effect of EI on AP (Z = 0.26). Average association between EI and AP was higher in studies measured EI as ability (Z = 0.31), than studies measured EI as self-report (Z = 0.24), and self-report mixed EI (Z = 0.26). In the educational field, this meta-analysis provides information on the specific role of EI as a function of used measures. Some practical implications are discussed.
Psychiatric Quarterly, Jan 30, 2011
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the anxiety disorder with the highest prevalence rate in me... more Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the anxiety disorder with the highest prevalence rate in mental health centers. Empirical researches concerning its diagnosis and treatment have not yet explored the potential implications of deficits in emotional intelligence (EI) as a vulnerability factor in its development. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between EI and clinical symptoms in a group of psychiatric patients with GAD compared to the control group. Seventy outpatients (82.9% female) with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of GAD and 70 control individuals (72.9% female) completed self-report instruments assessing EI and clinical symptoms in a cross-sectional study. Significant correlations were observed between EI dimensions such as clarity (r = .327) and repair (r = .405) and symptoms of anxiety. Also, the dimensions of attention and repair allowed a clear discrimination between clinical patients and control group. The results of the present study showed that deficits in EI abilities were a vulnerability factor in the development of GAD.
PeerJ, Oct 6, 2016
In this study, we examined the relations between dimensions of Perceived Emotional Intelligence (... more In this study, we examined the relations between dimensions of Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) and classic constructs, such as social support, on depression, stress, and subjective well-being indicators (life satisfaction and happiness). The study also sought to determine whether PEI dimensions accounted for a significant portion of the variance beyond that of classic constructs in the study of depression, stress, and well-being outcomes in a sample of 442 unemployed subjects. Results indicated that social support and all PEI dimensions are found to be significant and negatively related to depression and stress, and these variables were also found to be significant and positively associated with life satisfaction and happiness. Additionally, results using regression analysis indicated that PEI, and specifically use of emotions and regulation of emotions, explain a significant amount of the variance of all outcomes after controlling for socio-demographics and social support dimensions. Finally, theoretical and practical implications of these constructs and their relation with psychological adjustment and well-being in unemployed people are discussed.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Nov 10, 2019
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes
Las tecnologías digitales brindan numerosos beneficios para nuestra vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, ... more Las tecnologías digitales brindan numerosos beneficios para nuestra vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, la investigación actual sugiere que los adolescentes se encuentran en un mayor riesgo de desarrollar un uso problemático de dichas herramientas. Dadas las consecuencias negativas para su salud y bienestar, es necesaria investigación que examine factores de detección de este riesgo. El presente estudio pretende analizar un perfil de riesgo del uso problemático de Internet, en el que se contemplan aspectos familiares (ej. monitoreo parental), comportamentales (frecuencia de uso) y psicológicos (habilidades de inteligencia emocional). La muestra estaba compuesta por 2195 adolescentes (45.9% varones y 54.1% mujeres) de entre 12 y 19 años (M = 14.6; DE = 1.65) del sur de España, quienes completaron las versiones en español del Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale y el Internet Addiction Test. Se analizaron las diferencias entre adolescentes en riesgo de PIU y sin riesgo con un MANOVA. Po...
Frontiers in Psychology, 2021
Past studies have reported emotional intelligence (EI) as a relevant factor in development and ma... more Past studies have reported emotional intelligence (EI) as a relevant factor in development and maintenance of eating disorders (ED), as well as in increasing self-esteem and reducing anxiety. Similarly, research has showed that anxiety and self-esteem are positively and negatively associated to ED criteria, respectively. However, no prior studies have yet tested the multiple intervening roles of both self-esteem and anxiety as potential mediators of the association between EI and ED symptomatology. The present study aims to bridge these gaps by testing a sequential path model. Specifically, we examine the potential sequential mediation effects of self-esteem-anxiety on the link between EI and ED. A sample composed of 516 Spanish undergraduate students and community adults completed measures of EI, self-esteem, anxiety, and ED symptomatology. The results show that high levels of EI were positively associated with self-esteem and negatively associated with anxiety and ED symptoms. Anx...
Frontiers in Psychology, 2021
Educational context has an important influence on adolescents’ development and well-being, which ... more Educational context has an important influence on adolescents’ development and well-being, which also affects their academic performance. Previous empirical studies highlight the importance of levels of emotional intelligence for students’ academic performance. Despite several studies having analyzed the association and underlying mechanisms linking emotional intelligence and academic performance, further research, including both personal and contextual dimensions, is necessary to better understand this relation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to deepen the understanding of the effect of emotional intelligence has on academic performance, examining the possible mediating role of flourishing and the moderating role of the teacher-student relationship. A convenience sample of 283 adolescents (49.8% female), aged 12–18 years (M = 14.42, SD = 1.12), participated in a cross-sectional study by completing self-report questionnaires measuring emotional intelligence (Wong and Law E...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021
This investigation aimed to explore the mediator role of study engagement (i.e., study vigor and ... more This investigation aimed to explore the mediator role of study engagement (i.e., study vigor and dedication) in the association between self- and other-focused emotion regulation abilities and occupational commitment in a sample of pre-service teachers. The sample was comprised of 249 students (65.5% female; Mage = 27 years) of a master’s degree in teacher training for secondary education. Results showed the relationship between self-focused emotion regulation ability and occupational commitment to be fully mediated by levels of vigor. No significant results were found regarding a mediator model involving other-focused emotion regulation as predictor. Although these findings warrant prospective replication, they provide evidence that development of self-focused emotion regulation skills (rather than other-focused skills) may facilitate occupational commitment among beginning teachers through desirable states that facilitate energy and reduce the likelihood of fatigue at work. These ...
KNOW AND SHARE PSYCHOLOGY, 2020
Algunas de las características típicas de la adolescencia, como el incremento en las conductas de... more Algunas de las características típicas de la adolescencia, como el incremento en las conductas de riesgo y las dificultades en el manejo de impulsos en situaciones emocionales, se conjugan con un creciente contacto con tecnologías digitales, para colocar a los adolescentes en una posición de vulnerabilidad frente al desarrollo de un uso problemático de Internet y sus aplicaciones. La Teoría de Uso Compensatorio de Internet (CIUT: Kardefelt-Winther, 2014) aporta una base para comprender cómo se originan dichos problemas a partir del uso de Internet como medio para afrontar el malestar que algunas situaciones offline pueden generar en las personas. El presente estudio se focalizó en el uso problemático de smartphones (PSU) y tuvo por objetivo indagar la capacidad predictiva de diversos indicadores de ajuste psicológico en la probabilidad de que los adolescentes tuvieran un perfil de alto riesgo de PSU. La muestra estaba compuesta por 2040 adolescentes (45.7% chicos y 54.3% chicas) de ...
Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed.), 2017
This study analyzes the relationship of Botín Foundation's Emotional Intelligence Test for Adoles... more This study analyzes the relationship of Botín Foundation's Emotional Intelligence Test for Adolescents (TIEFBA), a new ability-based measure to assess emotional intelligence (EI), with personal and scholar adjustment in Spanish adolescents. The instrument, based on the Mayer and Salovey model (1997), measures four branches of abilities while the participant is executing emotional tasks triggered by an emotion-eliciting situation. The TIEFBA was developed according to the Situational Judgment Test paradigm and it comprises eight scenes designed to evoke positive and negative emotions. A total of 1684 Spanish adolescents (48.2% males, mean age 14.37) completed the TIEFBA. Data on personality, empathy, intelligence and psychosocial adjustment were collected. The results provide evidence of instrument reliability and factorial, convergent, discriminant and some predictive validity. They further suggest that the TIEFBA is a promising new measure for assessing EI in Spanish adolescents, which will allow researchers and educators to understand better how EI affects youth as well as assess the impact of EI interventions.
Psicothema, 2006
This research analysed the influence of Emotional Intelligence (EI) on emotional responses in lab... more This research analysed the influence of Emotional Intelligence (EI) on emotional responses in laboratory context. Specifically, 1) how does EI affect previous mood states? 2) How does persons' emotional reactivity to different mood induction conditions depend on their EI? 3) How does EI help to a better mood recovery? For these purposes, 155 participants (123 women and 32 men) were measured for EI using Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) one month before the experimental session. The TMMS assesses perceived ability to (a) attend to moods (Attention), (b) discriminate clearly among moods (Clarity), and (c) regulate moods (Repair). The experiment comprised three phases. At time 1 experimenter assessed mood states of the participants before mood induction. At time 2 (mood reactivity phase), participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions: amusement, anger, and sadness mood conditions. Subsequently participants were assessed in their mood states. At time 3 ...
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2006
This study examined the association between emotional intelligence (EI), anxiety, depression, and... more This study examined the association between emotional intelligence (EI), anxiety, depression, and mental, social, and physical health in university students. The sample was made up of 184 university students (38 men and 146 women). EI was evaluated by the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995), which evaluates the three dimensions (Attention, Clarity, and Mood Repair). Anxiety was evaluated with the Trait Anxiety Questionnaire (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983) and depression with the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979). Mental, social, and physical health were evaluated with the SF-12 Health Survey (Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1996). Results showed that high Emotional Attention was positively and significantly related to high anxiety, depression, and to low levels of Role Emotional, Social Functioning, and Mental Health. However, high levels of emotional Clarity and Mood Repair were related to low levels of a...
Revista de Psicodidactica / Journal of Psychodidactics, 2012
This study examines differences in a sample of teachers based on level of Emotional Intelligence ... more This study examines differences in a sample of teachers based on level of Emotional Intelligence and gender in several dimensions of personal and job well-being such as job engagement, satisfaction with life and perceived stress. The sample comprised 349 elementary and primary teachers who completed the Spanish version of Emotional Intelligence (WLEIS), engagement (UWES), perceived stress (PSS) and satisfaction with life (SWLS) scales. The results showed that women reported higher scores in others' emotion appraisal, vigor and absorption than men. Besides, teachers who scored higher on EI showed higher levels of engagement and life satisfaction, and lower levels of perceived stress. Finally, several potential implications of these findings to increase quality of personal and work life in teachers are discussed.
International Journal of Scientific Research, 2012
This study examines differences in a sample of teachers based on level of Emotional Intelligence ... more This study examines differences in a sample of teachers based on level of Emotional Intelligence and gender in several dimensions of personal and job well-being such as job engagement, satisfaction with life and perceived stress. The sample comprised 349 elementary and primary teachers who completed the Spanish version of Emotional Intelligence (WLEIS), engagement (UWES), perceived stress (PSS) and satisfaction with life (SWLS) scales. The results showed that women reported higher scores in others' emotion appraisal, vigor and absorption than men. Besides, teachers who scored higher on EI showed higher levels of engagement and life satisfaction, and lower levels of perceived stress. Finally, several potential implications of these findings to increase quality of personal and work life in teachers are discussed.
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2014
The aim of this research was to explore the influence of Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) o... more The aim of this research was to explore the influence of Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) on aggression dimensions (Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Hostility, and Anger) above and beyond the effects of gender, age, and personality traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience), as well as the moderating role of PEI on the relationship between personality and aggressive behavior, among young adults. The Trait Meta-Mood Scale, the Big-Five Inventory, and the Aggression Questionnaire were administered to a 313 Spanish community sample, comprised of both males (39.0%) and females (61.0%), ranging from 14 to 69 years old (X= 24.74;SD= 9.27). Controlling the effects of age, gender, and personality, PEI dimensions (Attention, Clarity and Repair) accounted for 3% of the variance (p< .05) in Verbal Aggression and Hostility. Interaction analysis showed that all PEI subscales moderated the relationship between four out of the B...
Personality and Individual Differences, 2007
The current study examined the relationships between perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) (meas... more The current study examined the relationships between perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) (measured by Trait-Meta Mood Scale, TMMS), dispositional optimism/pessimism and psychological adjustment (perceived stress and life satisfaction) in a sample of 498 adolescents (202 males and 296 females). In addition, the present research investigated the extent to which dimensions of PEI predicted variance in life satisfaction and perceived stress beyond the variance explained for by individual differences in optimism and pessimism. TMMS dimensions and dispositional optimism/pessimism showed significant correlations in the expected direction with perceived stress and life satisfaction. Likewise, PEI and dispositional optimism/pessimism were not strongly redundant albeit related. Further hierarchical regression analyses confirmed that emotional clarity and mood repair still remained significant in predicting perceived stress and life satisfaction after the influence of optimism/pessimism were controlled. These results are consistent with previous findings on construct validity of PEI assessed by TMMS. In this sense, data suggest that adolescents with high perceptions of emotional abilities (in particular, high clarity and repair) generally show higher life satisfaction and lower perceived stress. Moreover, to some degree, this effect might be considered as independent from their own optimistic or pessimistic dispositions.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2005
This study investigated the association between Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI), measured ... more This study investigated the association between Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI), measured by the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), and life satisfaction in Spanish undergraduate university students. Specially, the predictive and incremental validity of this self-report measure of emotional intelligence was examined. The authors investigated whether PEI would account for variance in satisfaction with life beyond the level attributable to mood states and personality traits. Correlation analysis showed significant associations between Clarity and Repair and higher life satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis confirmed these findings and indicated that Clarity accounted further variance in life satisfaction not accounted for by mood states and personality traits. These findings extend previous studies and provide additional support for the incremental validity of the TMMS suggesting that Clarity contribute to life satisfaction independently from well-known mood states constructs and personality traits.
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Papers by Natalio Extremera