The core retrieved from Lake Van consists of seismites that were possibly deposited during the ea... more The core retrieved from Lake Van consists of seismites that were possibly deposited during the earthquakes around the Van region. Deformed parts of the core sediments display folded laminations that can be attributed to seismites. The problem arises that if the fold axis is deposited perpendicular to the liner and, if the hinge line is far enough, describing the true laminations might be impossible related to real age of basin evolution because extra laminae seem deposited to the area. Scientist must pay attention such problem that dating method like varve counting and basin evolution estimates can totally change due to extra laminae that explained before. For eliminate to wrong interpretations considering reversal reflected anomalies even with angularity effects to one package of pair can show significant difference than other symmetric one due to angle of the hinge line or soft sediment deformation. Considering the situation explained, p-wave is not enough to support the idea however; chemical analyses (x-ray florescence), ICP-MS (asdasd) analysis can provide appropriate results to identify laminae that appear on the limbs of the reversed micro folds. New easy designed extra U-Channel drive tray framework prepared by us. U-Channels are prepared well conditioned, saturated enough to well contact between sediment surface and plastic shield of u-channel samples from cores. Physical parameters are measured by Multi sensor core logger (MSCL) with high resolution step ratio fixed to 1mm. At the p-wave and gamma ray results, we observed together stair upwards form and reverse reflected downward data graphics, thus our interpretation of identifying the fold limbs are now visible. We understand that laminae packages are exactly the same. XRF and MSCL are totally supporting to origin of pairs generated after their sedimentation age with mechanical forces. For this reason, in this study, we attended to solve such problem to analyze deformed folded laminations that must be documented for paleo-climate studies in Lake Van.
This paper assesses the current stance of multiculturalism and diversity in Europe by taking a cl... more This paper assesses the current stance of multiculturalism and diversity in Europe by taking a closer look at the perception of Muslims in the United Kingdom and France. It is a comparative study that analyzes the sentiments of nationalism along with how a series of pivotal events that have impacted the integration process of the Muslim populations. A look at certain key factors such as cultural and identity clashes, increasing instability in the Middle East and the influence of the media, demonstrates a rise in Islamophobia in Europe. By focusing on how the rise in Islamophobia has affected the perception of Muslim immigrants, the current level of acceptance is shown to be lacking. The UK shows how, even with a background in nationalism that is used to accepting diversity, a rise in anti-Muslim sentiment makes it step away from a politics of multiculturalism. Whereas, France's emphasis on secularism and its connection to French culture and nationhood, slows down the acceptance of diversity, while rising Islamophobia makes it even harder for Muslim immigrants to find a place in French society. v DEDICATION This paper is dedicated to my mom, my dad and my grandfather; For always supporting me and inspiring me to learn. And for anyone who has been part of a culturally "diverse" society and felt, even if for a moment, that they were excluded from the hegemonic culture of the majority. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Several human P5-type transport ATPases are implicated in neurological disorders, but little is k... more Several human P5-type transport ATPases are implicated in neurological disorders, but little is known about their physiological function and properties. Here, we investigated the relationship between the five mammalian P5 isoforms ATP13A1-5 in a comparative study. We demonstrated that ATP13A1-4 isoforms undergo autophosphorylation, which is a hallmark P-type ATPase property that is required for substrate transport. A phylogenetic analysis of P5 sequences revealed that ATP13A1 represents clade P5A, which is highly conserved between fungi and animals with one member in each investigated species. The ATP13A2-5 isoforms belong to clade P5B and diversified from one isoform in fungi and primitive animals to a maximum of four in mammals by successive gene duplication events in vertebrate evolution. We revealed that ATP13A1 localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and experimentally demonstrate that ATP13A1 likely contains 12 transmembrane helices. Conversely, ATP13A2-5 isoforms reside in overlapping compartments of the endosomal system and likely contain 10 transmembrane helices, similar to what was demonstrated earlier for ATP13A2. ATP13A1 complemented a deletion of the yeast P5A ATPase SPF1, while none of ATP13A2-5 could complement either the loss of SPF1 or that of the single P5B ATPase YPK9 in yeast. Thus, ATP13A1 carries out a basic ER function similar to its yeast counterpart Spf1p that plays a role in ER related processes like protein folding and processing. ATP13A2-5 isoforms diversified in mammals and are expressed in the endosomal system where they may have evolved novel complementary or partially redundant functions. While most P5-type ATPases are widely expressed, some P5B-type ATPases (ATP13A4 and ATP13A5) display a more limited tissue distribution in the brain and epithelial glandular cells, where they may exert specialized functions. At least some P5B isoforms are of vital importance for the nervous system, since ATP13A2 and ATP13A4 are linked to respectively Parkinson disease and autism spectrum disorders.
Analyses of two piston cores from Lake Hazar together with high resolution seismic data provide u... more Analyses of two piston cores from Lake Hazar together with high resolution seismic data provide unique evidence of complex interaction of tectonics and lake level changes during the mid-to-late Holocene. This period is associated with stacked shelf-edge deltaic units at the mouth of the Kürkçayı River at the western extreme of the lake. Despite the general dry climate during the middle Holocene (between 8.2-5.1 Cal ka BP), transgressive and landward retreating deltaic successions developed due to the deepening of the lake that induced by transtentional activity of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). The arid climate during 5.1-2.6 Cal ka BP is supported by the multi-proxy analyses of the cores. This period coincides with the late Bronze-age deforestation, which probably provided the sediment supply by soil erosion for the deltaic deposition at the mouth of the paleo-Kürkçayı River. On the other hand, the flooding of the youngest deltaic unit in the lake took place under a general wet climate after 1.4 Cal ka BP. The seismic architecture and the core sedimentology indicate that the existing hydrological regime with the latest deltaic deposition started 2.6 Cal ka BP was accompanied by a hyperpycnal mixing.
Geochemical and sedimentological analyses and radionuclide (Pb and Cs) dating of three cores from... more Geochemical and sedimentological analyses and radionuclide (Pb and Cs) dating of three cores from the Bosporus outlet area of the Black Sea, north of Istanbul, were conducted to assess the sources and history of heavy metal pollution. The sedimentary succession in the shelf core KD12-01 consists mainly of clay (49-80%) and silt (15-41%). Radionuclide dating of the core indicates that it consists of old sediments that are uncontaminated with heavy metals. In contrast, cores KD12-04 and KD12-07 recovered from -350 m and -304 mm in the upper slope area represent sediments consisting of silt and clay that were deposited since at least the last 120 years and 60 years, respectively. The latter core contains two mass-flow units represented by relatively old sedimentary material according to the low Pb activity and relatively low heavy metal contents. The upper 40 and 48 cm of cores KD 12-04 and KD 12-07 represent sediments deposited since 1970s and 1980s that are significantly polluted wit...
High-resolution seismic reflection profiles and core analyses in Lake Hazar provide a detailed re... more High-resolution seismic reflection profiles and core analyses in Lake Hazar provide a detailed record of the lake level fluctuations and the robust chronology of paleoclimatic events of the Eastern Anatolia during the late Pleistocene to Holocene. The earlier period of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS-3) prior to 48 cal ka BP was accompanied by considerable lake level drop below À95 m, whereas the lake level increase during the later period (ca. 48-29 cal ka BP) gave rise to deposition of a transgressive unit with typical of aggradational architecture in the seismic reflection profiles. High climate variability with the Greenland interstadials and stadials (Dansgard-Oeschger and Heinrich events) in Lake Hazar are sensitively recorded in the core sediments by using multi-proxy analyses. Adjustment of seismic units correlating with the radiocarbon-dated chronostratigraphic units in the studied cores implies that the early Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS-2) is marked by an another lowstand lake level existed at ca. À90 m during 29e23 cal ka BP. In comparision to MIS-3 stage, the multi-proxy analyses reveal a general dry evaporative condition during most of the Last Glacial Maximum. In Lake Hazar, the maximum humidity in the late glacial period existed during 14.9e13.5 cal ka BP. The existence of a hiatus in the sedimentary record is documented in the seismic data that coincides with the cold and dry Younger Dryas period, implying a remarkable lake level drop. The multi-proxy records of the Holocene sediments reveal that a maximum precipitation in the early Holocene period prevailed during 10.1e9.3 cal ka BP, leading water level rise in the lake. In Lake Hazar, the middle Holocene until 4.9 cal ka BP is represented by highly climate variations, indicating a series of shorter wet and longer dry climate periods. The late Holocene is accompanied by lake level rises under a general wet climate condition that was interrupted by short dry climate intervals during 3.7e3.3 cal ka BP, 2.8e2.6 cal ka BP and 2.1e1.8 cal ka BP.
Friction between archwires and labial brackets has received considerable attention; however, info... more Friction between archwires and labial brackets has received considerable attention; however, information on the frictional behaviour of commercially available lingual brackets is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the frictional resistance resulting from a combination of lingual orthodontic brackets (7th Generation, STb, Magic, and In-Ovation L) and stainless steel archwires at 0, 5, and 10 degrees of second-order angulation. Each bracket type (n = 30) was tested with three different sizes of archwires. Static and kinetic frictional forces were evaluated with a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests. All tested brackets showed higher frictional forces as the wire size and second-order angulation increased. The lowest friction was found with In-Ovation L brackets and 0.016 inch archwires at 0 degrees angulation, and the greatest friction with a combination of STb brackets and 0.017 × 0.025 inch archwires at 10 degrees angulation. For all combinations, Magic and In-Ovation L brackets showed lower frictional resistance when compared with 7th Generation and STb brackets. The slot width (occluso-gingival dimension) of the brackets, measured using the optics of a microhardness machine, showed that all brackets were oversized and that Magic brackets had the largest slot width. Surface roughness of the brackets investigated using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, demonstrated that the 7th Generation brackets had the greatest surface roughness.
The core retrieved from Lake Van consists of seismites that were possibly deposited during the ea... more The core retrieved from Lake Van consists of seismites that were possibly deposited during the earthquakes around the Van region. Deformed parts of the core sediments display folded laminations that can be attributed to seismites. The problem arises that if the fold axis is deposited perpendicular to the liner and, if the hinge line is far enough, describing the true laminations might be impossible related to real age of basin evolution because extra laminae seem deposited to the area. Scientist must pay attention such problem that dating method like varve counting and basin evolution estimates can totally change due to extra laminae that explained before. For eliminate to wrong interpretations considering reversal reflected anomalies even with angularity effects to one package of pair can show significant difference than other symmetric one due to angle of the hinge line or soft sediment deformation. Considering the situation explained, p-wave is not enough to support the idea however; chemical analyses (x-ray florescence), ICP-MS (asdasd) analysis can provide appropriate results to identify laminae that appear on the limbs of the reversed micro folds. New easy designed extra U-Channel drive tray framework prepared by us. U-Channels are prepared well conditioned, saturated enough to well contact between sediment surface and plastic shield of u-channel samples from cores. Physical parameters are measured by Multi sensor core logger (MSCL) with high resolution step ratio fixed to 1mm. At the p-wave and gamma ray results, we observed together stair upwards form and reverse reflected downward data graphics, thus our interpretation of identifying the fold limbs are now visible. We understand that laminae packages are exactly the same. XRF and MSCL are totally supporting to origin of pairs generated after their sedimentation age with mechanical forces. For this reason, in this study, we attended to solve such problem to analyze deformed folded laminations that must be documented for paleo-climate studies in Lake Van.
This paper assesses the current stance of multiculturalism and diversity in Europe by taking a cl... more This paper assesses the current stance of multiculturalism and diversity in Europe by taking a closer look at the perception of Muslims in the United Kingdom and France. It is a comparative study that analyzes the sentiments of nationalism along with how a series of pivotal events that have impacted the integration process of the Muslim populations. A look at certain key factors such as cultural and identity clashes, increasing instability in the Middle East and the influence of the media, demonstrates a rise in Islamophobia in Europe. By focusing on how the rise in Islamophobia has affected the perception of Muslim immigrants, the current level of acceptance is shown to be lacking. The UK shows how, even with a background in nationalism that is used to accepting diversity, a rise in anti-Muslim sentiment makes it step away from a politics of multiculturalism. Whereas, France's emphasis on secularism and its connection to French culture and nationhood, slows down the acceptance of diversity, while rising Islamophobia makes it even harder for Muslim immigrants to find a place in French society. v DEDICATION This paper is dedicated to my mom, my dad and my grandfather; For always supporting me and inspiring me to learn. And for anyone who has been part of a culturally "diverse" society and felt, even if for a moment, that they were excluded from the hegemonic culture of the majority. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Several human P5-type transport ATPases are implicated in neurological disorders, but little is k... more Several human P5-type transport ATPases are implicated in neurological disorders, but little is known about their physiological function and properties. Here, we investigated the relationship between the five mammalian P5 isoforms ATP13A1-5 in a comparative study. We demonstrated that ATP13A1-4 isoforms undergo autophosphorylation, which is a hallmark P-type ATPase property that is required for substrate transport. A phylogenetic analysis of P5 sequences revealed that ATP13A1 represents clade P5A, which is highly conserved between fungi and animals with one member in each investigated species. The ATP13A2-5 isoforms belong to clade P5B and diversified from one isoform in fungi and primitive animals to a maximum of four in mammals by successive gene duplication events in vertebrate evolution. We revealed that ATP13A1 localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and experimentally demonstrate that ATP13A1 likely contains 12 transmembrane helices. Conversely, ATP13A2-5 isoforms reside in overlapping compartments of the endosomal system and likely contain 10 transmembrane helices, similar to what was demonstrated earlier for ATP13A2. ATP13A1 complemented a deletion of the yeast P5A ATPase SPF1, while none of ATP13A2-5 could complement either the loss of SPF1 or that of the single P5B ATPase YPK9 in yeast. Thus, ATP13A1 carries out a basic ER function similar to its yeast counterpart Spf1p that plays a role in ER related processes like protein folding and processing. ATP13A2-5 isoforms diversified in mammals and are expressed in the endosomal system where they may have evolved novel complementary or partially redundant functions. While most P5-type ATPases are widely expressed, some P5B-type ATPases (ATP13A4 and ATP13A5) display a more limited tissue distribution in the brain and epithelial glandular cells, where they may exert specialized functions. At least some P5B isoforms are of vital importance for the nervous system, since ATP13A2 and ATP13A4 are linked to respectively Parkinson disease and autism spectrum disorders.
Analyses of two piston cores from Lake Hazar together with high resolution seismic data provide u... more Analyses of two piston cores from Lake Hazar together with high resolution seismic data provide unique evidence of complex interaction of tectonics and lake level changes during the mid-to-late Holocene. This period is associated with stacked shelf-edge deltaic units at the mouth of the Kürkçayı River at the western extreme of the lake. Despite the general dry climate during the middle Holocene (between 8.2-5.1 Cal ka BP), transgressive and landward retreating deltaic successions developed due to the deepening of the lake that induced by transtentional activity of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). The arid climate during 5.1-2.6 Cal ka BP is supported by the multi-proxy analyses of the cores. This period coincides with the late Bronze-age deforestation, which probably provided the sediment supply by soil erosion for the deltaic deposition at the mouth of the paleo-Kürkçayı River. On the other hand, the flooding of the youngest deltaic unit in the lake took place under a general wet climate after 1.4 Cal ka BP. The seismic architecture and the core sedimentology indicate that the existing hydrological regime with the latest deltaic deposition started 2.6 Cal ka BP was accompanied by a hyperpycnal mixing.
Geochemical and sedimentological analyses and radionuclide (Pb and Cs) dating of three cores from... more Geochemical and sedimentological analyses and radionuclide (Pb and Cs) dating of three cores from the Bosporus outlet area of the Black Sea, north of Istanbul, were conducted to assess the sources and history of heavy metal pollution. The sedimentary succession in the shelf core KD12-01 consists mainly of clay (49-80%) and silt (15-41%). Radionuclide dating of the core indicates that it consists of old sediments that are uncontaminated with heavy metals. In contrast, cores KD12-04 and KD12-07 recovered from -350 m and -304 mm in the upper slope area represent sediments consisting of silt and clay that were deposited since at least the last 120 years and 60 years, respectively. The latter core contains two mass-flow units represented by relatively old sedimentary material according to the low Pb activity and relatively low heavy metal contents. The upper 40 and 48 cm of cores KD 12-04 and KD 12-07 represent sediments deposited since 1970s and 1980s that are significantly polluted wit...
High-resolution seismic reflection profiles and core analyses in Lake Hazar provide a detailed re... more High-resolution seismic reflection profiles and core analyses in Lake Hazar provide a detailed record of the lake level fluctuations and the robust chronology of paleoclimatic events of the Eastern Anatolia during the late Pleistocene to Holocene. The earlier period of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS-3) prior to 48 cal ka BP was accompanied by considerable lake level drop below À95 m, whereas the lake level increase during the later period (ca. 48-29 cal ka BP) gave rise to deposition of a transgressive unit with typical of aggradational architecture in the seismic reflection profiles. High climate variability with the Greenland interstadials and stadials (Dansgard-Oeschger and Heinrich events) in Lake Hazar are sensitively recorded in the core sediments by using multi-proxy analyses. Adjustment of seismic units correlating with the radiocarbon-dated chronostratigraphic units in the studied cores implies that the early Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS-2) is marked by an another lowstand lake level existed at ca. À90 m during 29e23 cal ka BP. In comparision to MIS-3 stage, the multi-proxy analyses reveal a general dry evaporative condition during most of the Last Glacial Maximum. In Lake Hazar, the maximum humidity in the late glacial period existed during 14.9e13.5 cal ka BP. The existence of a hiatus in the sedimentary record is documented in the seismic data that coincides with the cold and dry Younger Dryas period, implying a remarkable lake level drop. The multi-proxy records of the Holocene sediments reveal that a maximum precipitation in the early Holocene period prevailed during 10.1e9.3 cal ka BP, leading water level rise in the lake. In Lake Hazar, the middle Holocene until 4.9 cal ka BP is represented by highly climate variations, indicating a series of shorter wet and longer dry climate periods. The late Holocene is accompanied by lake level rises under a general wet climate condition that was interrupted by short dry climate intervals during 3.7e3.3 cal ka BP, 2.8e2.6 cal ka BP and 2.1e1.8 cal ka BP.
Friction between archwires and labial brackets has received considerable attention; however, info... more Friction between archwires and labial brackets has received considerable attention; however, information on the frictional behaviour of commercially available lingual brackets is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the frictional resistance resulting from a combination of lingual orthodontic brackets (7th Generation, STb, Magic, and In-Ovation L) and stainless steel archwires at 0, 5, and 10 degrees of second-order angulation. Each bracket type (n = 30) was tested with three different sizes of archwires. Static and kinetic frictional forces were evaluated with a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests. All tested brackets showed higher frictional forces as the wire size and second-order angulation increased. The lowest friction was found with In-Ovation L brackets and 0.016 inch archwires at 0 degrees angulation, and the greatest friction with a combination of STb brackets and 0.017 × 0.025 inch archwires at 10 degrees angulation. For all combinations, Magic and In-Ovation L brackets showed lower frictional resistance when compared with 7th Generation and STb brackets. The slot width (occluso-gingival dimension) of the brackets, measured using the optics of a microhardness machine, showed that all brackets were oversized and that Magic brackets had the largest slot width. Surface roughness of the brackets investigated using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, demonstrated that the 7th Generation brackets had the greatest surface roughness.
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