To evaluate whether formally trained geriatricians remain in the field of Geriatrics, and to dete... more To evaluate whether formally trained geriatricians remain in the field of Geriatrics, and to determine their job satisfaction and perceived quality of life, we surveyed the 107 fellows trained over the last 25 years in one accredited geriatric program. Of the 88 physicians who consented to participate, 75% devoted at least half of their practice to the care of the elderly. On an academic level, 89.5% had, or planned to pursue, recertification in geriatric medicine. Ninety-five percent of these geriatricians felt that the impact of a formal geriatric fellowship was positive on their medical career and satisfaction index. Sixty-four percent had yearly incomes between $100 and $200k, and 25.6% had income greater than $200k. Eighty-seven percent would recommend pursuing geriatric fellowship training. We need to further explore how recruitment process and job opportunities are presented to potential geriatric fellows.
Aims/hypothesis Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues reduce the risk of macrovascular diseas... more Aims/hypothesis Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues reduce the risk of macrovascular disease in diabetes; however, little is known about their microvascular effects. This research examined the microvascular actions of the GLP-1 analogues liraglutide and exenatide in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (study 1). It also explored the involvement of the GLP-1 receptor (study 2) and the nitric oxide pathway in mediating the microvascular effects of the analogues. Methods Trial design: Studies 1 and 2 had a randomised, controlled, double-blind study design. Study 1 participants, intervention and methods: three participant groups were recruited: individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes, and obese and lean individuals without diabetes (21 participants per group). Liraglutide (0.06 mg), exenatide (0.5 μg) and saline (154 mmol/l NaCl; 0.9%) control were microinjected into separate sites in the dermis (forearm) in a randomised order, blinded to operator and participant. Skin microvascular perfusion was assessed by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Outcomes were stabilised response (mean skin perfusion between 7.5 and 10 min post microinjection) and total response (AUC, normalised for baseline perfusion). Perfusion response to GLP-1 analogues was compared with saline within each group as well as between groups. Study 2 participants, intervention and methods: in healthy individuals (N = 16), liraglutide (0.06 mg) and saline microinjected sites were pretreated with saline or the GLP-1 receptor blocker, exendin-(9,39), in a randomised order, blinded to participant and operator. Outcomes were as above (stabilised response and total perfusion response). Perfusion response to liraglutide was compared between the saline and the exendin-(9,39) pretreated sites. In vitro study: the effects of liraglutide and exenatide on nitrate levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation (activation) were examined using human microvascular endothelial cells. Results Study 1 results: both analogues increased skin perfusion (stabilised response and total response) in all groups (n = 21 per group, p < 0.001), with the microvascular responses similar across groups (p ≥ 0.389). Study 2 results: liraglutide response (stabilised response and total response) was not influenced by pretreatment with exendin-(9,39) (70 nmol/l) (N = 15, one dataset excluded) (p ≥ 0.609). Liraglutide and exenatide increased nitrate production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation (p ≤ 0.020). Conclusions/interpretation Liraglutide and exenatide increased skin microvascular perfusion in individuals with and without well-controlled diabetes, potentially mediated, at least in part, by NO. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01677104.
ABSTRACT Although different technologies have different objectives for different context of appli... more ABSTRACT Although different technologies have different objectives for different context of applications, they could be integrated or converged to achieve the required objectives. One technology can complement the weakness of another and convergence of technologies will make the system more robust and ideal. The smart environment relies first and foremost on sensory data from the real world. Sensory data comes from multiple sensors of different distributed locations. To meet the functional requirement of the various applications, it will be necessary for sensor systems to leverage and incorporate the advances and strengths in adjacent technologies to offer smart services. In this paper we discuss 3 areas of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) related, convergent technologies (i.e. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Agents, and Grid and how they can work together with WSN. In addition, the challenges found in convergence and the future trends beyond convergence are also discussed.
International Journal of RFID Security and Cryptography, 2012
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), also known as Ubiquitous... more Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), also known as Ubiquitous Sensor network (USN) are two important wireless sensing technologies that have wide variety of applications and provide unlimited future potentials. RFID is used to detect presence and location of objects using radio-frequency waves and the ability to do information transfer between tagged objects and readers without line of sight creates tremendous opportunities for linking various objects from real world. These objects are numbered, identified, catalogued, and tracked. WSN is used to sense and monitor the environment through spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure and motion etc. Currently, RFID is emerging as an important technology for revolutionizing a wide range of applications including supply chain management, retail, anti-counterfeiting, baggage handling, and healthcare. Also, WSNs are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation and traffic control. Initially, RFID and WSN have specific application areas deployed but many applications today also demand for the integration of these two. There are many emerging applications which adopt these technologies today and they have the potential to unleash new opportunities for growth in the market. We mentioned some of emerging applications which applied RFID or WSNs or both. Lastly, the challenges of these technologies are also discussed.
This paper aims to provide the understanding of food supply chain and its critical issues such as... more This paper aims to provide the understanding of food supply chain and its critical issues such as safety and quality. The special focus lies in cold chain, a temperature-controlled supply chain for environmentally sensitive perishable food products. It also tries to identify the key elements that determine to achieve sustainable cold chain and provide initial impression of the current stage of research on food cold chain through literature review. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is suggested as a promising candidate to maintain and control the cold chain. RFID make it build an automated solution to conventional quality management system: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). Potential challenges, limitations, benefits and future trends of RFID applications in cold chain are discussed.
The object of the research in this article is the technological process of production quality con... more The object of the research in this article is the technological process of production quality control of concrete products. Paper, the mathematical model of the process of quality control of precast concrete, which can serve as the basis for developing a simulation model for quality control of products.
Perishable foods need strict environmental conditions when these are transported or stored along ... more Perishable foods need strict environmental conditions when these are transported or stored along the way from production to consumption. In food industry, food incidents, recalls, disputes and rejects could be often seen with respect to safety and quality of food. The distance of the journey from producer to consumer increases, the risks of perishability and damage also increases in supply chain due to factors like temperature variations, shock during transfer etc. Therefore, cold chain or temperature-controlled supply chain that provides appropriate facilities and efficient methods is essential in order to maintain safety, quality and integrity of food. Refrigeration is one of most widely used method to date to slow bacteria growth which leads to food deterioration but proper control and management of temperature is essential to deliver perishable food in safe and good quality to the hands of consumers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the viable procedures and methods f...
As a consequence of food scandals and accidents, customers’ food scares and interruptions upon in... more As a consequence of food scandals and accidents, customers’ food scares and interruptions upon inspection of food supply have been critical concerns in global trade today. In response to growing food safety issues, the regulations and standards regarding food safety and quality management have been developed and the information about the food items is delivered through the food labelling system, however, these approaches cannot guarantee that the food is authentic, good quality and safe. Customers call for assurance system and traceability is found as a tool to determine origin and authenticity, to verify specific information, and to facilitate the recall. Traceability systems help to minimize the production and distribution of unsafe or poor quality products, thereby minimizing the potential for bad publicity, liability, and recalls. The food safety hazards can enter to any point in the chain until the food reaches the consumer. Therefore, food safety is the joint responsibility of...
Background: Smoking cessation is most needed but, least accessible public health intervention in ... more Background: Smoking cessation is most needed but, least accessible public health intervention in developing countries. Practicality of smoking cessation interventions determines their feasibility to implement in resource-limited setting. Objectives: This review aimed at identifying strategic mechanisms to launch accessible smoking cessation services within primary health care settings of developing countries. Methods: The efficacy of smoking cessation methods were reviewed in Cochrane reviews and clinical trials. Relevant research with an outcome of smoking cessation for six months and articles published after 2000 indexed in the PubMed database were reviewed. The practicality of each intervention was narratively appraised with further reviewing relevant effectiveness trials and observational studies. Finding and discussion: Contemporary evidence favours multi-components smoking cessation strategy combining more than one efficacy-proven methods such as brief advice, nicotine replace...
TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 2009
Abstract Most reconfigurable processors are not fully controlled by software; they are reconfigur... more Abstract Most reconfigurable processors are not fully controlled by software; they are reconfigured using hardware description languages. By moving the data paths into the processor, the system architect can discard the external control logic, the finite state ...
As the perishable products market grows, the cold chain system is getting more attention. It is d... more As the perishable products market grows, the cold chain system is getting more attention. It is desirable for perishable products to keep a good control throughout the whole logistics process. Data collection and the analysis of products are useful for decision making in logistics and it can also enhance the quality of cold chain management. For these reasons, new technologies like Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) is getting more attention in cold chain management. In this paper, a concept for measuring quality called Freshness Gauge and an algorithm that adjusts proper temperature and humidity levels by reflecting the quality change of eatable products in refrigerated storage are introduced. Shelf-life was used to estimate the food quality and the Centre-of-gravity model and Genetic Algorithm were also applied to get temperature and humidity levels. The proposed algorithms are expected to achieve keeping food quality longer, therefore, the product loss during refrigeration can be reduced.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2013
Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a globally common infectious disease. Its clinical cou... more Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a globally common infectious disease. Its clinical course is complicated. In Southeast Asia, nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) are commonly used drugs for CHB treatment. Composite treatment outcome has often been used in CHB clinical practice, but rarely predicted epidemiologically. This study aimed to compare the composite treatment outcome between CHB patients with low and high treatment-naïve viral load, and to identify its predictors Methodology: This retrospective cohort study followed up 95 CHB patients on NA treatment for a year. Composite treatment outcome was defined as undetectable HBV DNA level, ALT normalization and, HBeAg clearance in the case of HBeAg-positive patients. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the significant treatment response predictors. Results: Complete composite treatment outcome was achieved by 52% of CHB patients with an initial viral load < 6.5 log 10 copies /ml, but 31% of those h...
Objective: To find out the scenario of intestinal parasitic infestation in combatants and their f... more Objective: To find out the scenario of intestinal parasitic infestation in combatants and their families in the setting of Mid-Western Regional Police Hospital (MWRPH), Nepal.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2013
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-epidemics form a huge burden of disea... more Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-epidemics form a huge burden of disease in the Southeast Asia region. Five out of eleven nations in this region are high TB/HIV burden countries: Myanmar, Thailand, India, Indonesia and Nepal. The trends of TB incidence in these countries have been rising in recent years, in contrast to a falling global trend. Experts in the field of TB control and health service providers have been perplexed by the association of TB and HIV infections which causes a mosaic clinical presentation, a unique course with poor treatment outcomes including death. We conducted a review of contemporary evidence relating to TB/HIV control with the aims of assisting integrated health system responses in Southeast Asia and demystifying current evidence to facilitate translating it into practice.
One of the most exciting recent discoveries in the archaeologically rich terrain of Myanmar has b... more One of the most exciting recent discoveries in the archaeologically rich terrain of Myanmar has been the resurrection of a hitherto unfamiliar ancient site of human habitation-Wadee (၀တီ း). The following pages are intended to introduce readers to its varied remains, what has thus far been unearthed regarding its past, and how Wadee fi ts into the broader parameters of Myanmar's prehistoric period, not only in relationship to other Pyu (ပ်ဴ) sites, but also to earlier periods, including what has been labeled the Samon culture (စမႈ ံ ယဥ္ ေက်းမႈ). The ancient city of Wadee is located at N 21°23′07.6″ and E 95°43′02.3″ near Phayagyi Village (ဘု ၇ားၾကီ းရာ), Nahtogyi Township (ႏြ ားထိ ု းၾကီ းံ ၿမိ ဳ့ နယ္), Myingyan District (ၿမင္ းၿခံ ခရိ ု င္), Mandalay Division (မႏၱ ေလးတိ ု င္ း) in Central Myanmar. It is about 8 kilometers to the southeast of Nahtogyi and 3.22 kilometers south from the road that runs between Myitt ha (ၿမစ္ သား) and Nahtogyi. Amongst the ancient Pyu cities with circular walls, Srikshetra (Thayekhitt aya) (သေရေခတၱ ရာ), Maingmaw (Pinle), (မိ ု င္ းေမာ), and Vesali (ေ၀သာလီ) (Yakhine) (ရခိ ု င္) are the largest. Wadee is smaller than these but bigger than the ancient city of Thagara (သာဂရ) in Dawe (ထား၀ယ္) located in Myanmar's far south. 1
To evaluate whether formally trained geriatricians remain in the field of Geriatrics, and to dete... more To evaluate whether formally trained geriatricians remain in the field of Geriatrics, and to determine their job satisfaction and perceived quality of life, we surveyed the 107 fellows trained over the last 25 years in one accredited geriatric program. Of the 88 physicians who consented to participate, 75% devoted at least half of their practice to the care of the elderly. On an academic level, 89.5% had, or planned to pursue, recertification in geriatric medicine. Ninety-five percent of these geriatricians felt that the impact of a formal geriatric fellowship was positive on their medical career and satisfaction index. Sixty-four percent had yearly incomes between $100 and $200k, and 25.6% had income greater than $200k. Eighty-seven percent would recommend pursuing geriatric fellowship training. We need to further explore how recruitment process and job opportunities are presented to potential geriatric fellows.
Aims/hypothesis Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues reduce the risk of macrovascular diseas... more Aims/hypothesis Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues reduce the risk of macrovascular disease in diabetes; however, little is known about their microvascular effects. This research examined the microvascular actions of the GLP-1 analogues liraglutide and exenatide in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (study 1). It also explored the involvement of the GLP-1 receptor (study 2) and the nitric oxide pathway in mediating the microvascular effects of the analogues. Methods Trial design: Studies 1 and 2 had a randomised, controlled, double-blind study design. Study 1 participants, intervention and methods: three participant groups were recruited: individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes, and obese and lean individuals without diabetes (21 participants per group). Liraglutide (0.06 mg), exenatide (0.5 μg) and saline (154 mmol/l NaCl; 0.9%) control were microinjected into separate sites in the dermis (forearm) in a randomised order, blinded to operator and participant. Skin microvascular perfusion was assessed by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Outcomes were stabilised response (mean skin perfusion between 7.5 and 10 min post microinjection) and total response (AUC, normalised for baseline perfusion). Perfusion response to GLP-1 analogues was compared with saline within each group as well as between groups. Study 2 participants, intervention and methods: in healthy individuals (N = 16), liraglutide (0.06 mg) and saline microinjected sites were pretreated with saline or the GLP-1 receptor blocker, exendin-(9,39), in a randomised order, blinded to participant and operator. Outcomes were as above (stabilised response and total perfusion response). Perfusion response to liraglutide was compared between the saline and the exendin-(9,39) pretreated sites. In vitro study: the effects of liraglutide and exenatide on nitrate levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation (activation) were examined using human microvascular endothelial cells. Results Study 1 results: both analogues increased skin perfusion (stabilised response and total response) in all groups (n = 21 per group, p < 0.001), with the microvascular responses similar across groups (p ≥ 0.389). Study 2 results: liraglutide response (stabilised response and total response) was not influenced by pretreatment with exendin-(9,39) (70 nmol/l) (N = 15, one dataset excluded) (p ≥ 0.609). Liraglutide and exenatide increased nitrate production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation (p ≤ 0.020). Conclusions/interpretation Liraglutide and exenatide increased skin microvascular perfusion in individuals with and without well-controlled diabetes, potentially mediated, at least in part, by NO. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01677104.
ABSTRACT Although different technologies have different objectives for different context of appli... more ABSTRACT Although different technologies have different objectives for different context of applications, they could be integrated or converged to achieve the required objectives. One technology can complement the weakness of another and convergence of technologies will make the system more robust and ideal. The smart environment relies first and foremost on sensory data from the real world. Sensory data comes from multiple sensors of different distributed locations. To meet the functional requirement of the various applications, it will be necessary for sensor systems to leverage and incorporate the advances and strengths in adjacent technologies to offer smart services. In this paper we discuss 3 areas of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) related, convergent technologies (i.e. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Agents, and Grid and how they can work together with WSN. In addition, the challenges found in convergence and the future trends beyond convergence are also discussed.
International Journal of RFID Security and Cryptography, 2012
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), also known as Ubiquitous... more Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), also known as Ubiquitous Sensor network (USN) are two important wireless sensing technologies that have wide variety of applications and provide unlimited future potentials. RFID is used to detect presence and location of objects using radio-frequency waves and the ability to do information transfer between tagged objects and readers without line of sight creates tremendous opportunities for linking various objects from real world. These objects are numbered, identified, catalogued, and tracked. WSN is used to sense and monitor the environment through spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure and motion etc. Currently, RFID is emerging as an important technology for revolutionizing a wide range of applications including supply chain management, retail, anti-counterfeiting, baggage handling, and healthcare. Also, WSNs are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation and traffic control. Initially, RFID and WSN have specific application areas deployed but many applications today also demand for the integration of these two. There are many emerging applications which adopt these technologies today and they have the potential to unleash new opportunities for growth in the market. We mentioned some of emerging applications which applied RFID or WSNs or both. Lastly, the challenges of these technologies are also discussed.
This paper aims to provide the understanding of food supply chain and its critical issues such as... more This paper aims to provide the understanding of food supply chain and its critical issues such as safety and quality. The special focus lies in cold chain, a temperature-controlled supply chain for environmentally sensitive perishable food products. It also tries to identify the key elements that determine to achieve sustainable cold chain and provide initial impression of the current stage of research on food cold chain through literature review. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is suggested as a promising candidate to maintain and control the cold chain. RFID make it build an automated solution to conventional quality management system: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). Potential challenges, limitations, benefits and future trends of RFID applications in cold chain are discussed.
The object of the research in this article is the technological process of production quality con... more The object of the research in this article is the technological process of production quality control of concrete products. Paper, the mathematical model of the process of quality control of precast concrete, which can serve as the basis for developing a simulation model for quality control of products.
Perishable foods need strict environmental conditions when these are transported or stored along ... more Perishable foods need strict environmental conditions when these are transported or stored along the way from production to consumption. In food industry, food incidents, recalls, disputes and rejects could be often seen with respect to safety and quality of food. The distance of the journey from producer to consumer increases, the risks of perishability and damage also increases in supply chain due to factors like temperature variations, shock during transfer etc. Therefore, cold chain or temperature-controlled supply chain that provides appropriate facilities and efficient methods is essential in order to maintain safety, quality and integrity of food. Refrigeration is one of most widely used method to date to slow bacteria growth which leads to food deterioration but proper control and management of temperature is essential to deliver perishable food in safe and good quality to the hands of consumers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the viable procedures and methods f...
As a consequence of food scandals and accidents, customers’ food scares and interruptions upon in... more As a consequence of food scandals and accidents, customers’ food scares and interruptions upon inspection of food supply have been critical concerns in global trade today. In response to growing food safety issues, the regulations and standards regarding food safety and quality management have been developed and the information about the food items is delivered through the food labelling system, however, these approaches cannot guarantee that the food is authentic, good quality and safe. Customers call for assurance system and traceability is found as a tool to determine origin and authenticity, to verify specific information, and to facilitate the recall. Traceability systems help to minimize the production and distribution of unsafe or poor quality products, thereby minimizing the potential for bad publicity, liability, and recalls. The food safety hazards can enter to any point in the chain until the food reaches the consumer. Therefore, food safety is the joint responsibility of...
Background: Smoking cessation is most needed but, least accessible public health intervention in ... more Background: Smoking cessation is most needed but, least accessible public health intervention in developing countries. Practicality of smoking cessation interventions determines their feasibility to implement in resource-limited setting. Objectives: This review aimed at identifying strategic mechanisms to launch accessible smoking cessation services within primary health care settings of developing countries. Methods: The efficacy of smoking cessation methods were reviewed in Cochrane reviews and clinical trials. Relevant research with an outcome of smoking cessation for six months and articles published after 2000 indexed in the PubMed database were reviewed. The practicality of each intervention was narratively appraised with further reviewing relevant effectiveness trials and observational studies. Finding and discussion: Contemporary evidence favours multi-components smoking cessation strategy combining more than one efficacy-proven methods such as brief advice, nicotine replace...
TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 2009
Abstract Most reconfigurable processors are not fully controlled by software; they are reconfigur... more Abstract Most reconfigurable processors are not fully controlled by software; they are reconfigured using hardware description languages. By moving the data paths into the processor, the system architect can discard the external control logic, the finite state ...
As the perishable products market grows, the cold chain system is getting more attention. It is d... more As the perishable products market grows, the cold chain system is getting more attention. It is desirable for perishable products to keep a good control throughout the whole logistics process. Data collection and the analysis of products are useful for decision making in logistics and it can also enhance the quality of cold chain management. For these reasons, new technologies like Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) is getting more attention in cold chain management. In this paper, a concept for measuring quality called Freshness Gauge and an algorithm that adjusts proper temperature and humidity levels by reflecting the quality change of eatable products in refrigerated storage are introduced. Shelf-life was used to estimate the food quality and the Centre-of-gravity model and Genetic Algorithm were also applied to get temperature and humidity levels. The proposed algorithms are expected to achieve keeping food quality longer, therefore, the product loss during refrigeration can be reduced.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2013
Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a globally common infectious disease. Its clinical cou... more Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a globally common infectious disease. Its clinical course is complicated. In Southeast Asia, nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) are commonly used drugs for CHB treatment. Composite treatment outcome has often been used in CHB clinical practice, but rarely predicted epidemiologically. This study aimed to compare the composite treatment outcome between CHB patients with low and high treatment-naïve viral load, and to identify its predictors Methodology: This retrospective cohort study followed up 95 CHB patients on NA treatment for a year. Composite treatment outcome was defined as undetectable HBV DNA level, ALT normalization and, HBeAg clearance in the case of HBeAg-positive patients. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the significant treatment response predictors. Results: Complete composite treatment outcome was achieved by 52% of CHB patients with an initial viral load < 6.5 log 10 copies /ml, but 31% of those h...
Objective: To find out the scenario of intestinal parasitic infestation in combatants and their f... more Objective: To find out the scenario of intestinal parasitic infestation in combatants and their families in the setting of Mid-Western Regional Police Hospital (MWRPH), Nepal.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2013
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-epidemics form a huge burden of disea... more Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-epidemics form a huge burden of disease in the Southeast Asia region. Five out of eleven nations in this region are high TB/HIV burden countries: Myanmar, Thailand, India, Indonesia and Nepal. The trends of TB incidence in these countries have been rising in recent years, in contrast to a falling global trend. Experts in the field of TB control and health service providers have been perplexed by the association of TB and HIV infections which causes a mosaic clinical presentation, a unique course with poor treatment outcomes including death. We conducted a review of contemporary evidence relating to TB/HIV control with the aims of assisting integrated health system responses in Southeast Asia and demystifying current evidence to facilitate translating it into practice.
One of the most exciting recent discoveries in the archaeologically rich terrain of Myanmar has b... more One of the most exciting recent discoveries in the archaeologically rich terrain of Myanmar has been the resurrection of a hitherto unfamiliar ancient site of human habitation-Wadee (၀တီ း). The following pages are intended to introduce readers to its varied remains, what has thus far been unearthed regarding its past, and how Wadee fi ts into the broader parameters of Myanmar's prehistoric period, not only in relationship to other Pyu (ပ်ဴ) sites, but also to earlier periods, including what has been labeled the Samon culture (စမႈ ံ ယဥ္ ေက်းမႈ). The ancient city of Wadee is located at N 21°23′07.6″ and E 95°43′02.3″ near Phayagyi Village (ဘု ၇ားၾကီ းရာ), Nahtogyi Township (ႏြ ားထိ ု းၾကီ းံ ၿမိ ဳ့ နယ္), Myingyan District (ၿမင္ းၿခံ ခရိ ု င္), Mandalay Division (မႏၱ ေလးတိ ု င္ း) in Central Myanmar. It is about 8 kilometers to the southeast of Nahtogyi and 3.22 kilometers south from the road that runs between Myitt ha (ၿမစ္ သား) and Nahtogyi. Amongst the ancient Pyu cities with circular walls, Srikshetra (Thayekhitt aya) (သေရေခတၱ ရာ), Maingmaw (Pinle), (မိ ု င္ းေမာ), and Vesali (ေ၀သာလီ) (Yakhine) (ရခိ ု င္) are the largest. Wadee is smaller than these but bigger than the ancient city of Thagara (သာဂရ) in Dawe (ထား၀ယ္) located in Myanmar's far south. 1
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