Alpha amylase and glucoamylase were coupled seperately to Sepharose-4B which was activated by an ... more Alpha amylase and glucoamylase were coupled seperately to Sepharose-4B which was activated by an electrophilic method (by using cyanogen bromide). The kinetic properties of these enzymes in immobilized form were compared with those of their soluble enzymes. The Km values of soluble and immobilized alpha amylase for starch were 0.89% (WIV) and 1.33% (W M respectively at pH 6.9 and a t 40°c and the Km values of soluble and immobilized glucoamylase for starch were 0 0.25% (WIV) and 0.72% (WIV) respectively at pH 4.8 and a t 50 C. The optimum pH f i r s o l u b l~ alpha amylase =ompared with that of the immobilized enzyme shifted from 6.9 to 6.5 i n. 0. 0 2~ phosphate buffer while in the caSe of ghcoamy1,ase the pH optimum in 0. 01M acetate buffer increased from 4.8 t o 5.2 on immobilization. There was no shift'in optimum 'phosphate concenmation .(0.02M) for both soluble 0 and immobilized alpha amylase at pH.6.9 and at 40 C and likewise no shift in optimum acetate concentration (0.01M) for soluble and immobilized glucoamylase at pH 4.8 and at 50°c. The optimum temperature for the activities of soluble alpha amylase compared with the immobilized enzyme assayed in 0. 02M phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) shifted from 4 5 '~ to 5 0 '~ and that of glucoamylase assayed in 0.0lM 0 0 acetate buffer (pH 4.8) shifted from 55 C so 58 C. ' 3.
Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2014
The mortality indices vary from 1% in mild TBI to 2-5% in moderate TBI and up to 30-50% after suf... more The mortality indices vary from 1% in mild TBI to 2-5% in moderate TBI and up to 30-50% after suffering a severe head injury. According to the report of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 50,000 individuals die every year from traumatic brain and twice this number suffer from permanent disabilities in the US. [2] The treatment opportunities are much limited in reversing the effects of TBI. It has been reported that omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are effective natural agents in reducing the neuronal damage, and reducing the brain oxidative stress.
Recent clinical research has demonstrated that berry fruits can prevent age-related neurodegenera... more Recent clinical research has demonstrated that berry fruits can prevent age-related neurodegenerative diseases and improve motor and cognitive functions. The berry fruits are also capable of modulating signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell survival, neurotransmission and enhancing neuroplasticity. The neuroprotective effects of berry fruits on neurodegenerative diseases are related to phytochemicals such as anthocyanin, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol and tannin. In this review, we made an attempt to clearly describe the beneficial effects of various types of berries as promising neuroprotective agents.
Mangiferin, a polyphenol compound of C-glucoside, is well-known for its anti-inflammatory, antiox... more Mangiferin, a polyphenol compound of C-glucoside, is well-known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and cognitive enhancement properties. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of mangiferin against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is most popular and widely used to evaluate therapeutic implications of new protective agents. Male C57BL/6 mice were orally treated with mangiferin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body wt.) for 14 days and from 10th day onwards MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected for last 5 days. MPTP treatment leads to enhanced oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis (upregulates the expression of Bax, proapoptotic protein and downregulates the expression of anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2), and loss of dopominergic neurons which results in motor impairments. Results of our study confirmed that mangiferin prevented MPTP-induced behavioral deficits, oxidative stress, apoptosis, dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and dopamine depletion. Taken together, we conclude that mangiferin attenuates the dopaminergic neurodegeneration mainly through its potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.
A project was implemented in India to promote conversion of waste agricultural biomass into energ... more A project was implemented in India to promote conversion of waste agricultural biomass into energy in partnership with Birla Institute of Management Technology. Several capacity building and awareness raising workshops were carried out. The topics covered in these workshops included: assessment of waste agricultural biomass; technologies; methodology for sustainability assessment of technologies; and policies. In India, 415.546 Tg (415.546 million t) of waste agricultural biomass is generated annually equivalent to 103.88 Tg of oil of which 101.88 Tg (equivalent to 25.47 Tg of oil) is estimated to be surplus. The technology demonstration was carried out at M/s Starlit Power Systems Ltd. Sohna, Haryana, which is a lead recycling company. It was decided to replace the diesel oil firing system with syngas produced from a biomass gasifier. A 540 kW (thermal) gasifier installed which led to a saving of 440,000 L/year of diesel and thus avoided 1,160 t/year of GHG emissions. The company invested US$ 160,000 but the savings amounted to US $ 400,000 thus the investment was paid back in just 5 months. A national strategy for enhancing conversion of waste agricultural biomass into energy was developed. A sub-regional workshop was organized to share the results achieved and lessons learnt.
Community participation is a basic requirement for improving financial and managerial capacity fo... more Community participation is a basic requirement for improving financial and managerial capacity for operation and maintenance of rural water supply schemes. Institutionalization of community participation requires a detailed action plan, which involves institutional reforms in the public sector as well as the formation of effective village and women’s organizations. In Pakistan, the Public Health Engineering Department was reorganized to include three new departments: Community Participation, Human Resources and Training, and MIS. The project teams were hired and trained to assist villages in carrying out the community participation process. This process includes formation of representative village development associations (VDA) and women’s organizations, conduct of regular meetings, collection of user fees, health and hygiene education, and provision of in-kind contribution. After the completion of water supply schemes, VDAs are required to takeover operation and maintenance. The po...
The rapid urbanisation and its implications in Asia and the Pacific region are very much visible,... more The rapid urbanisation and its implications in Asia and the Pacific region are very much visible, even without the analysis of the statistics. Urbanisation is a continuous phenomenon in most countries, especially in developing countries, where people opt to live in cities to seek more economic opportunities as well as to obtain better health and education facilities. Access to basic needs like water and sanitation, food, and housing is comparatively easy in the urban areas of most developing countries.
This paper presents an overview of the linkages between population growth, urbanization, economic... more This paper presents an overview of the linkages between population growth, urbanization, economic development, and environmental issues in Asian cities. Focusing on the areas of transport planning and air pollution, solid waste management, and water supply and sanitation, it looks at the major environmental issues faced by cities in the region, at the challenges confronting city adminstrators, and at some of the ways that they are responding. From the perspective of the environmental Kuznet's curve hypothesis, the authors argue that with appropriate policies, it should be possible for governments to continue to pursue economic growth while reducing environmental impacts.
Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication, 2016
This paper identifies the challenges and opportunities for disaster waste recovery and utilizatio... more This paper identifies the challenges and opportunities for disaster waste recovery and utilization in developing countries. In the introductory part, various types of disasters and related waste streams are identified. The first part of the paper highlights the four-step disaster waste management strategy. The first step is prevention strategy to take measures which can reduce the incidence and impact of the disaster waste. The second step is the preparedness strategy to plan for disaster waste removal, storage and recovery in case there is a disaster. The third step is removal strategy to sketch different scenarios with possible measures to promptly remove disaster waste to make a way for rescue and relief operations. The fourth and final step is recovery strategy to develop comprehensive plan for recovering materials and energy from disaster waste that may also be vital for the relief and reconstruction activities. Thereafter, concept of holistic waste is coined to integrate disaster waste management into regular waste management system for efficient and effective delivery.
Chinese government is facing the "capital bottleneck" problem for developing urban envi... more Chinese government is facing the "capital bottleneck" problem for developing urban environmental infrastructure including sewerage treatment and MWS disposal services to achieve the environmental targets set for the 10 th Five Year Plan. The solution is worked out as introducing the private investment. This study argue that Public -Private Partnership (PPP) is the best available solution for developing urban environmental infrastructure in Asian developing countries including China, due to unavailability of public sector investment and due to operating inefficiencies in the public sector, to provide environmental services through private sector investment, and managerial and technical skills. The use of PPP is complex issues that should be addressed by government through its administrative and financial reform, but there is no experience of establishing PPP system in most of developing countries. We study on the key issues like target setting, tariff design, the role of go...
This paper is aimed to analyze the relationship among community participation, economic viability... more This paper is aimed to analyze the relationship among community participation, economic viability, and project sustainability. Our case study is based on a community based water supply and sanitation in Pakistan. We start this paper by offering a review of strategies for sustainable water supply, which leads to discuss community water supply. Here, we take a comprehensive picture of the contemporary research on this issue. We try to link the major research work for blueprint approach versus learning process, decentralization and local organizations, and community participation. All those three ingredients are essential for attaining a sustainable management structure for water supply schemes. We further, analyze three perspectives on institutional aspects, community organizations, and role of communities in water supply schemes. This gives us the insights into the pros and corns to involve communities as primary stakeholders. Thereafter, we present our model for project sustainabili...
This paper presents a brief introduction of rapid urbanization and its consequences for air pollu... more This paper presents a brief introduction of rapid urbanization and its consequences for air pollution in Asia. The second section elaborates local capacity for urban air quality management (UAQM). The third section discusses the capacity building process with an emphasis on the role of international environmental cooperation. The fourth section highlights Kitakyushu Initiative as an example of international cooperation for local capacity building. The fifth section discusses two successful case studies for UAQM. The sixth section briefly captures the challenges for UAQM in Asian cities. The seventh section puts a few policy recommendations. The eighth section concludes this paper. 1. Urbanization and urban environmental challenges Urban environmental challenges have become the top priority agenda for environmental governance. The environmental challenges, as a result of rapid urbanization, coupled with lower capacity to manage these problems are drastically damaging the local as wel...
1 For detailed pilot activities, successful practices, and networking activities, please visit th... more 1 For detailed pilot activities, successful practices, and networking activities, please visit the website of Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment http://www.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu
MA Memon and S. Matsuoka assumption that gainers can compensate the losers, as gains are higher t... more MA Memon and S. Matsuoka assumption that gainers can compensate the losers, as gains are higher than the losses (for detailed insights, see Boadway and Bruce 1984 and Johansson 1987). There are various techniques to measure those individual preferences, includ-ing ...
Cost Benefit Analysis of the Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Control Policy in Japan management had achi... more Cost Benefit Analysis of the Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Control Policy in Japan management had achieved impressive results mainly for technological arena but less progress was made for behavioral changes as command and control (CAC) did not provide any incentive for that; thus, there ...
Alpha amylase and glucoamylase were coupled seperately to Sepharose-4B which was activated by an ... more Alpha amylase and glucoamylase were coupled seperately to Sepharose-4B which was activated by an electrophilic method (by using cyanogen bromide). The kinetic properties of these enzymes in immobilized form were compared with those of their soluble enzymes. The Km values of soluble and immobilized alpha amylase for starch were 0.89% (WIV) and 1.33% (W M respectively at pH 6.9 and a t 40°c and the Km values of soluble and immobilized glucoamylase for starch were 0 0.25% (WIV) and 0.72% (WIV) respectively at pH 4.8 and a t 50 C. The optimum pH f i r s o l u b l~ alpha amylase =ompared with that of the immobilized enzyme shifted from 6.9 to 6.5 i n. 0. 0 2~ phosphate buffer while in the caSe of ghcoamy1,ase the pH optimum in 0. 01M acetate buffer increased from 4.8 t o 5.2 on immobilization. There was no shift'in optimum 'phosphate concenmation .(0.02M) for both soluble 0 and immobilized alpha amylase at pH.6.9 and at 40 C and likewise no shift in optimum acetate concentration (0.01M) for soluble and immobilized glucoamylase at pH 4.8 and at 50°c. The optimum temperature for the activities of soluble alpha amylase compared with the immobilized enzyme assayed in 0. 02M phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) shifted from 4 5 '~ to 5 0 '~ and that of glucoamylase assayed in 0.0lM 0 0 acetate buffer (pH 4.8) shifted from 55 C so 58 C. ' 3.
Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2014
The mortality indices vary from 1% in mild TBI to 2-5% in moderate TBI and up to 30-50% after suf... more The mortality indices vary from 1% in mild TBI to 2-5% in moderate TBI and up to 30-50% after suffering a severe head injury. According to the report of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 50,000 individuals die every year from traumatic brain and twice this number suffer from permanent disabilities in the US. [2] The treatment opportunities are much limited in reversing the effects of TBI. It has been reported that omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are effective natural agents in reducing the neuronal damage, and reducing the brain oxidative stress.
Recent clinical research has demonstrated that berry fruits can prevent age-related neurodegenera... more Recent clinical research has demonstrated that berry fruits can prevent age-related neurodegenerative diseases and improve motor and cognitive functions. The berry fruits are also capable of modulating signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell survival, neurotransmission and enhancing neuroplasticity. The neuroprotective effects of berry fruits on neurodegenerative diseases are related to phytochemicals such as anthocyanin, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol and tannin. In this review, we made an attempt to clearly describe the beneficial effects of various types of berries as promising neuroprotective agents.
Mangiferin, a polyphenol compound of C-glucoside, is well-known for its anti-inflammatory, antiox... more Mangiferin, a polyphenol compound of C-glucoside, is well-known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and cognitive enhancement properties. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of mangiferin against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is most popular and widely used to evaluate therapeutic implications of new protective agents. Male C57BL/6 mice were orally treated with mangiferin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body wt.) for 14 days and from 10th day onwards MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected for last 5 days. MPTP treatment leads to enhanced oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis (upregulates the expression of Bax, proapoptotic protein and downregulates the expression of anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2), and loss of dopominergic neurons which results in motor impairments. Results of our study confirmed that mangiferin prevented MPTP-induced behavioral deficits, oxidative stress, apoptosis, dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and dopamine depletion. Taken together, we conclude that mangiferin attenuates the dopaminergic neurodegeneration mainly through its potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.
A project was implemented in India to promote conversion of waste agricultural biomass into energ... more A project was implemented in India to promote conversion of waste agricultural biomass into energy in partnership with Birla Institute of Management Technology. Several capacity building and awareness raising workshops were carried out. The topics covered in these workshops included: assessment of waste agricultural biomass; technologies; methodology for sustainability assessment of technologies; and policies. In India, 415.546 Tg (415.546 million t) of waste agricultural biomass is generated annually equivalent to 103.88 Tg of oil of which 101.88 Tg (equivalent to 25.47 Tg of oil) is estimated to be surplus. The technology demonstration was carried out at M/s Starlit Power Systems Ltd. Sohna, Haryana, which is a lead recycling company. It was decided to replace the diesel oil firing system with syngas produced from a biomass gasifier. A 540 kW (thermal) gasifier installed which led to a saving of 440,000 L/year of diesel and thus avoided 1,160 t/year of GHG emissions. The company invested US$ 160,000 but the savings amounted to US $ 400,000 thus the investment was paid back in just 5 months. A national strategy for enhancing conversion of waste agricultural biomass into energy was developed. A sub-regional workshop was organized to share the results achieved and lessons learnt.
Community participation is a basic requirement for improving financial and managerial capacity fo... more Community participation is a basic requirement for improving financial and managerial capacity for operation and maintenance of rural water supply schemes. Institutionalization of community participation requires a detailed action plan, which involves institutional reforms in the public sector as well as the formation of effective village and women’s organizations. In Pakistan, the Public Health Engineering Department was reorganized to include three new departments: Community Participation, Human Resources and Training, and MIS. The project teams were hired and trained to assist villages in carrying out the community participation process. This process includes formation of representative village development associations (VDA) and women’s organizations, conduct of regular meetings, collection of user fees, health and hygiene education, and provision of in-kind contribution. After the completion of water supply schemes, VDAs are required to takeover operation and maintenance. The po...
The rapid urbanisation and its implications in Asia and the Pacific region are very much visible,... more The rapid urbanisation and its implications in Asia and the Pacific region are very much visible, even without the analysis of the statistics. Urbanisation is a continuous phenomenon in most countries, especially in developing countries, where people opt to live in cities to seek more economic opportunities as well as to obtain better health and education facilities. Access to basic needs like water and sanitation, food, and housing is comparatively easy in the urban areas of most developing countries.
This paper presents an overview of the linkages between population growth, urbanization, economic... more This paper presents an overview of the linkages between population growth, urbanization, economic development, and environmental issues in Asian cities. Focusing on the areas of transport planning and air pollution, solid waste management, and water supply and sanitation, it looks at the major environmental issues faced by cities in the region, at the challenges confronting city adminstrators, and at some of the ways that they are responding. From the perspective of the environmental Kuznet's curve hypothesis, the authors argue that with appropriate policies, it should be possible for governments to continue to pursue economic growth while reducing environmental impacts.
Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication, 2016
This paper identifies the challenges and opportunities for disaster waste recovery and utilizatio... more This paper identifies the challenges and opportunities for disaster waste recovery and utilization in developing countries. In the introductory part, various types of disasters and related waste streams are identified. The first part of the paper highlights the four-step disaster waste management strategy. The first step is prevention strategy to take measures which can reduce the incidence and impact of the disaster waste. The second step is the preparedness strategy to plan for disaster waste removal, storage and recovery in case there is a disaster. The third step is removal strategy to sketch different scenarios with possible measures to promptly remove disaster waste to make a way for rescue and relief operations. The fourth and final step is recovery strategy to develop comprehensive plan for recovering materials and energy from disaster waste that may also be vital for the relief and reconstruction activities. Thereafter, concept of holistic waste is coined to integrate disaster waste management into regular waste management system for efficient and effective delivery.
Chinese government is facing the "capital bottleneck" problem for developing urban envi... more Chinese government is facing the "capital bottleneck" problem for developing urban environmental infrastructure including sewerage treatment and MWS disposal services to achieve the environmental targets set for the 10 th Five Year Plan. The solution is worked out as introducing the private investment. This study argue that Public -Private Partnership (PPP) is the best available solution for developing urban environmental infrastructure in Asian developing countries including China, due to unavailability of public sector investment and due to operating inefficiencies in the public sector, to provide environmental services through private sector investment, and managerial and technical skills. The use of PPP is complex issues that should be addressed by government through its administrative and financial reform, but there is no experience of establishing PPP system in most of developing countries. We study on the key issues like target setting, tariff design, the role of go...
This paper is aimed to analyze the relationship among community participation, economic viability... more This paper is aimed to analyze the relationship among community participation, economic viability, and project sustainability. Our case study is based on a community based water supply and sanitation in Pakistan. We start this paper by offering a review of strategies for sustainable water supply, which leads to discuss community water supply. Here, we take a comprehensive picture of the contemporary research on this issue. We try to link the major research work for blueprint approach versus learning process, decentralization and local organizations, and community participation. All those three ingredients are essential for attaining a sustainable management structure for water supply schemes. We further, analyze three perspectives on institutional aspects, community organizations, and role of communities in water supply schemes. This gives us the insights into the pros and corns to involve communities as primary stakeholders. Thereafter, we present our model for project sustainabili...
This paper presents a brief introduction of rapid urbanization and its consequences for air pollu... more This paper presents a brief introduction of rapid urbanization and its consequences for air pollution in Asia. The second section elaborates local capacity for urban air quality management (UAQM). The third section discusses the capacity building process with an emphasis on the role of international environmental cooperation. The fourth section highlights Kitakyushu Initiative as an example of international cooperation for local capacity building. The fifth section discusses two successful case studies for UAQM. The sixth section briefly captures the challenges for UAQM in Asian cities. The seventh section puts a few policy recommendations. The eighth section concludes this paper. 1. Urbanization and urban environmental challenges Urban environmental challenges have become the top priority agenda for environmental governance. The environmental challenges, as a result of rapid urbanization, coupled with lower capacity to manage these problems are drastically damaging the local as wel...
1 For detailed pilot activities, successful practices, and networking activities, please visit th... more 1 For detailed pilot activities, successful practices, and networking activities, please visit the website of Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment http://www.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu
MA Memon and S. Matsuoka assumption that gainers can compensate the losers, as gains are higher t... more MA Memon and S. Matsuoka assumption that gainers can compensate the losers, as gains are higher than the losses (for detailed insights, see Boadway and Bruce 1984 and Johansson 1987). There are various techniques to measure those individual preferences, includ-ing ...
Cost Benefit Analysis of the Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Control Policy in Japan management had achi... more Cost Benefit Analysis of the Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Control Policy in Japan management had achieved impressive results mainly for technological arena but less progress was made for behavioral changes as command and control (CAC) did not provide any incentive for that; thus, there ...
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Papers by Mushtaq Memon