Papers by Munyaneza Nehemie
The studies showed that lives of many elderly people are more frequently negatively affected by t... more The studies showed that lives of many elderly people are more frequently negatively affected by the social and economic insecurity that accompany the demographic and developmental process . With greater needs but with fewer resources to address these needs, they are obliged to live by care of the society. However, the lack or limited support by the government and the community coupled with physical deterioration among the elderly and they found themselves in a condition of increasing and varying vulnerability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of vulnerability among the elderly in Byumba Sector with the objectives of finding out forms of vulnerability and its causes among elders of Byumba Sector in Gicumbi District. The study covered the period of 2009-2012. Phenomenological and exploratory approaches helped to collect information from 36 aged 60 and above via in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Findings showed that aging in Byumba varies according to individual background. Those who experienced a happy early life have much chance to a happy aging, while those who lived in poverty, joblessness, etc. risk to experience a vulnerable aging. Thus in Byumba vulnerability among the aged presents itself into physical, economic and psychosocial forms, having as causes, poverty, landlessness, lack of skills and psychosocial problems etc. The intervention of both government and the community in general was found necessary.
This work is a product of documentary research that has the purpose to provide the meaning of dem... more This work is a product of documentary research that has the purpose to provide the meaning of democracy and its principles. In fact, the word democracy came from the Greek word demos, which means "the body of the citizens". The ancient Greek word demokratia meant literally 'people-power' (Paul Cartledge 2011). According to Jacaranda, (2004), Democracy began in ancient Athens around the fifth century BC. Adult male citizens gathered around 40 times a year in Athens to decide on important civil issues. They had a direct say in the decision-making process. This form of democracy is called direct democracy. Under Pericles, ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY came to mean the equality of justice and the equality of opportunity (Professor Paul Cartledge, 2011). Still defined from its etymology, today democracy means popular participation in Government or rule by many (Thomas R. Dye, 1994). The people can criticize and replace their elected leaders and representatives if they do not perform well. The people are sovereign-they are the highest authority-and government is based on the will of the people (Phillips W 2007). Leaders may be directly elected (Direct democracy) or through people's representative (Indirect democracy). A. Touraine defines it as the political regime which makes it possible for individuals holding different interests and beliefs to live under the same laws enabling us to live together with our differences. As far as principles of Democracy are concerned, the same author distinguishes two main principles; the first is the ability and willingness to play a part in common affairs, whether at local or national levels. The second is a respect for the rights of citizens, an acknowledgment of their equal dignity. These two main principles summarize among others respect of human rights active political participation, freedom of political expression, the majority rule, separation of powers, laws and procedures apply fairly and equally to all citizens, tolerance, rule of law, regular, free and fair Elections. To conclude, we observe that in democracy people should have a right to a controlling influence over public decisions and decision-makers, and that they should be treated with equal respect and as of equal worth in the context of such decisions. Restriction of the power of the State, autonomy of social actors and awareness of citizens, these are the three conditions for the existence of democracy. For that raison, citizens must be educated and must understand the purpose of democracy, how and why we have it.
Drafts by Munyaneza Nehemie
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Papers by Munyaneza Nehemie
Drafts by Munyaneza Nehemie