Papers by Muhammad Shettima
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the applications and relevance of the Purposes of Sharī’a... more The purpose of this paper is to analyse the applications and relevance of the Purposes of Sharī’ah (Maqāsid al-Sharī’ah) in Islamic Adjudication and Its Procedure. Objectives of Sharī’ah investigates the purposes and meanings behind injunctions of Sharī’ah. Allah created mankind with the purpose of worshipping him and following His directives. Adjudication is also part of act of worshipping Allah Ta’āla. The Shari’ah does not intend to create difficulty for mankind. The same is also with the substantive and procedural provisions of Islamic adjudication. Alternatives are mostly available in case the basic rule is not obtainable. The entirety of the law is demonstrations of Allah’s justice and goodness to mankind. These are demonstrated in all injunctions especially adjudication and its procedure. Maqāsid al-Sharī’ah is classified into three grades: ḍarūriyyāt (necessaries), hājiyyāt (complementaries) and taḥsīniyyāt (embellishments). The Islamic judiciary has central authority in the protection and promotion of the five necessaries which are the protection of religion, life, mind, progeny as well as property. This was done through both affirmative and punitive measures. The second grade known as hājiyyāt are intended to prevent hardship, difficulty and to facilitate the protection of the necessaries. Several injunctions related to adjudication are aimed at preventing hardship on litigants and to facilitate protection of the five necessaries. Taḥsīniyyāt refers to adopting good customs and avoidance of filths that good conscience avoids. As a nucleus of the Islamic judicial system, a judge is expected to occupy high moral ground in his appearance and conducts as well as his behaviours with litigants. A judge is expected to take cognizance of all these purposes of Sharī’ah while he administers the Islamic justice and resolve conflicts. keywords:Objectives of Sharī’ah,Islamic adjudication,Islamic judicial system,the Islamic justice and resolve conflicts,Islamic Adjudication and Its Procedure
IIUM Law Journal, Dec 31, 2016
This work intends to review how far the maxims of Islamic law (al-Qawā'id al-Fiqhiyyah) applies t... more This work intends to review how far the maxims of Islamic law (al-Qawā'id al-Fiqhiyyah) applies to emerging issues upon which there are no exclusive legal authorities. The work started by defining the concept of the maxim and its relationship to other genres of fiqh. It went on to discuss its importance, sources and classifications. An important aspect related to maxims of Islamic law is whether or not it qualifies to be a legal authority. The work has been able to show that maxims are appropriate legal authorities as their strength is based on the legal provisions that support them. Using inductive, doctrinal and hermeneutical methodologies, the authors have attempted to review several works and fatwas that have resorted to certain maxims in discussing legal issues related to several contemporary matters. The work is more significant for identifying conditions that should be followed in applying the maxims to contemporary issues. The work concluded by recommending that researchers should stick to these conditions while investigating maxims and their applications to contemporary issues.
IIUM Law Journal, Jun 23, 2012
Legal maxims are legal instruments that give a bird's eye view of the content of the law. Reflect... more Legal maxims are legal instruments that give a bird's eye view of the content of the law. Reflective of a consolidated reading of fiqh by great jurists over many centuries, legal maxims are a handy tool for researchers, lawyers, judges and legislators who need it to expand the grasp and understanding of the content and objective of the law. They also reflect settled principles of law to which jurists appeal when confronting new legal cases. This paper explores the Prophetic hadith turnedmaxim, to reveal the dynamism of Islamic law towards prevention of environmental excesses and enforcement of legal protection by individuals or organisations. The maxim "No Harming and No Counter-harming" and its auxiliary maxims are appropriate legal instruments for legislations related to environmental protections. The subject has been discussed based on the provisions of Qur'an, Prophetic traditions and their interpretation by scholars as relating to the general provisions of the Maxim.
European Journal of Medical and Health Research
The complement system is an essential part of the immune response, defending against infections a... more The complement system is an essential part of the immune response, defending against infections and contributing to inflammation. This studyfocuses on haemolysin production and complement levels in local rabbits, using subcutaneous and intravenous inoculation. It also evaluatedcomplement levels in various animal species and healthy humans for comparison. Serum samples were collected, and the complement fixationtest was performed using sheep red blood cells as markers. The findings revealed changes in red blood cell lysis with different haemolysin dilutions over time. The study also provides information on complement minimum haemolytic dose concentrations in various animal species. A graph illustrates the antibody levels in response to different inoculation routes. This research enhances our understanding of haemolysin and complement levels, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols and larger population studies to explore clinical implications to benefit immunological studies.
International journal of advances in scientific research and engineering, 2022
Safety the reversed side of an accident is always an integral part of every organisational set up... more Safety the reversed side of an accident is always an integral part of every organisational set up. Hence, risk assessments and accidents analysis in the oil and gas industries is always inevitable. As one of the organizations with highest number of accidents reports, the oil and gas industry has been trying most at times to adopt several established accidents analysing tools/models to address this aspect. Therefore, this paper critically analyses and adopts one of the accident analysing models used in the aviation industry called the TRACEr (Techniques for the Retrospective and predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors) model to fit into the oil and gas industrial accidents analysis. In achieving this, taxonomies of most benefit from the TRACEr model were adopted while making changes to some key areas to develop the new model called the TRACEr OGI. Accidents reports from various oil and gas industries retrieved from the international association of oil and gas producers (IOGP) database focussing on Russia and central Asia were used to test the reliability of the new TRACEr OGI model. The new TRACEr OGI has seven levels of taxonomies as opposed to the eight levels from the main TRACEr model were the central change been made at the Cognitive level of the operator context. The result of the analysis for reliability test shows that, there exist a reasonable percentage of correlation for the Human-Machine interface and the task errors in the oil and gas industry and hence the TRACEr OGI can be adopted for accident analysis in oil and gas industries.
Background: Bluetongue is an infectious, non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral hemorrhagic diseas... more Background: Bluetongue is an infectious, non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral hemorrhagic disease of ruminants and camelids. The disease is caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV), and the virus infects most ruminants and camelid species but clinical disease is usually only seen erratically in certain breeds of sheep and some species of wild ruminants. The clinical signs observed, include facial edema, hemorrhages, and ulceration on the oral mucosa and coronitis. Bluetongue virus (BTV) outbreaks can cause substantial economic losses, even subclinical infection may carry significant associated costs, including direct loss such as weight loss, meat efficiency, reduced milk yield, infertility, abortion, and death, the indirect loss was largely due to export restrictions for live animals, their semen and some products such as fetal bovine serum. However, the epidemiological pattern and ecology of the Bluetongue virus remain incomplete understood in this part of the country, thus this stud...
Applied Food Research, 2021
Article Type: Full Length Research Article Avian influenza virus (H5N2) is one of the biggest thr... more Article Type: Full Length Research Article Avian influenza virus (H5N2) is one of the biggest threats for human and animal health worldwide. A seroprevalence study was conducted to investigate and determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus antibodies in some selected species of birds viz: broilers, layers, village chicken, geese and ducks in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council of Borno State. A total of 284 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy birds from two different poultry slaughter slabs and various household within the metropolis. An indirect commercial ELISA kit was used to detect antibody against H5N2 among the selected birds species. The results obtained show an overall prevalence rate of (3.5%). Layers had the highest rate with (6.3%) followed by ducks (5.0%), village chicken (4.3%) and broilers (3.8%), respectively. In terms of sex distribution, females had relatively slightly higher prevalence rate (3.6%) than males (3.4%). While in terms age distributio...
International Journal of Research, 2018
A survey was conducted to determine the epidemiological studies and intensity of Eimeria species ... more A survey was conducted to determine the epidemiological studies and intensity of Eimeria species infecting camels in semi Arid region of Borno state, Nigeria. A total of 100 camels were examined, of which 29 (29%) were infected, with a total oocysts burden of 308. The common species of oocysts were Eimeria dromedarii 158 (51.3%), Eimeriacameli 77(25.0%) and Eimeria rajasthani 73 (23.7%). Of the 35 males examined 8(22.9%) were infected with a oocysts burden of 108(35.1%) compared to the 65 females examined 21(32.3) infected and a oocysts burden of 200 (64.9%) however, there was no statistical significant difference infection between sexes (P> 0.05). Epidemiological studies base on the age of the camels examined showed that the group of >12 months had 27(29.6%) with an oocysts burden of 300(97.4%) while camels 0.05). The result of this study show the significance of oocysts camel production in this semi arid region of Borno state, Nigeria.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the applications and relevance of the Purposes of Sharī’a... more The purpose of this paper is to analyse the applications and relevance of the Purposes of Sharī’ah (Maqāsid al-Sharī’ah) in Islamic Adjudication and Its Procedure. Objectives of Sharī’ah investigates the purposes and meanings behind injunctions of Sharī’ah. Allah created mankind with the purpose of worshipping him and following His directives. Adjudication is also part of act of worshipping Allah Ta’āla. The Shari’ah does not intend to create difficulty for mankind. The same is also with the substantive and procedural provisions of Islamic adjudication. Alternatives are mostly available in case the basic rule is not obtainable. The entirety of the law is demonstrations of Allah’s justice and goodness to mankind. These are demonstrated in all injunctions especially adjudication and its procedure. Maqāsid al-Sharī’ah is classified into three grades: ḍarūriyyāt (necessaries), hājiyyāt (complementaries) and taḥsīniyyāt (embellishments). The Islamic judiciary has central authority in the...
The trypanocidal efficacy of the aqueous extract of Ficus sycomorus Linn. (Moraceae) stem bark in... more The trypanocidal efficacy of the aqueous extract of Ficus sycomorus Linn. (Moraceae) stem bark in adult albino rats experimentally infected with T. brucei brucei was carried out in the present study. The powdered stem bark was subjected to reflux method of plant extraction which yielded 19.6 grams w/w. In vitro antitrypanosomal potency was performed using forty five (45) test tubes divided into groups (A-I) of five test tubes each, where test tubes in Groups A-F were treated with the plant extract with the following concentrations 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 mg/ml and Group G with 1.75 mg/ml of Berenil®, Group H infected untreated control and group I with dextrose saline. A total of thirty (30) adult albino rats of both sexes separated at random into six groups (A-F) of five rats each were used for the in vivo study. Groups (A – E) were intra-peritoneally inoculated with 1×103µl of the parasite. Rats in Groups A, B, and C were treated intra-peritoneally with graded dosages of ...
Changes in tick-vector densities and a resultant incidence of tick-borne diseases are caused main... more Changes in tick-vector densities and a resultant incidence of tick-borne diseases are caused mainly by human activities affecting the environmental ecosystem, especially in tropical countries. As one of the most important invertebrate arthropod vectors of disease transmission, ticks are susceptible to changes in their environment due to their sole dependence of all their life stages on prevailing environment. Upon completion of their lifecycle, ticks depend on the availability of hosts and other several factors related to their surroundings to survive. This review discusses the major factors that influence the prevalence and distribution of tick-borne diseases among domestic animals in Malaysia. It is highly imperative to understand the factors that lead to increase in tick-vector populations, infection intensity and hence the spatial distribution of ticks and tick-borne diseases in order to prevent their emergence and resurgence as well as to serve as a basis for effectivecontrol.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 2021
This study was conducted to determine the presence of Newcastle disease (ND) virus in Poultry in ... more This study was conducted to determine the presence of Newcastle disease (ND) virus in Poultry in Maiduguri. A total of 100 blood sample were collected for laboratory examination. The HAand HI tests following the procedures described in the OIE reference manual. ND viral antibody was detected in sera. The prevalence of 66 (66.0%) ND among different avian species was recorded, this research further revealed that 43 (60.5%) Local chicken, 3 (100%) Broilers and 20 (76.9%) Pigeons were sero-positive for ND virus antigen. The prevalence of ND among species based on age was reported with an overall prevalence of 66 (66.0%), This research also revealed that 22 (81.4%) Young and 44 (60.0%) Female were seropositive for ND virus antigen. This result further revealed 9 (9%) Male and 57 (57%) Female were sero-positive for ND virus antigen, based on Gender distribution. Furthermore the geometric mean of Haemagglutination titre value of 76.5068 was recorded.
IIUM Law Journal, 2012
Legal maxims are legal instruments that give a bird’s eye view of the content of the law. Reflect... more Legal maxims are legal instruments that give a bird’s eye view of the content of the law. Reflective of a consolidated reading of fiqh by great jurists over many centuries, legal maxims are a handy tool for researchers, lawyers, judges and legislators who need it to expand the grasp and understanding of the content and objective of the law. They also reflect settled principles of law to which jurists appeal when confronting new legal cases. This paper explores the Prophetic hadith turned-maxim, to reveal the dynamism of Islamic law towards prevention of environmental excesses and enforcement of legal protection by individuals or organisations. The maxim “No Harming and No Counter-harming” and its auxiliary maxims are appropriate legal instruments for legislations related to environmental protections. The subject has been discussed based on the provisions of Qur’an, Prophetic traditions and their interpretation by scholars as relating to the general provisions of the Maxim. Limiting ...
IIUM Law Journal, 2016
This work intends to review how far the maxims of Islamic law (al-Qawā'id al-Fiqhiyyah) appli... more This work intends to review how far the maxims of Islamic law (al-Qawā'id al-Fiqhiyyah) applies to emerging issues upon which there are no exclusive legal authorities. The work started by defining the concept of the maxim and its relationship to other genres of fiqh. It went on to discuss its importance, sources and classifications. An important aspect related to maxims of Islamic law is whether or not it qualifies to be a legal authority. The work has been able to show that maxims are appropriate legal authorities as their strength is based on the legal provisions that support them. Using inductive, doctrinal and hermeneutical methodologies, the authors have attempted to review several works and fatwas that have resorted to certain maxims in discussing legal issues related to several contemporary matters. The work is more significant for identifying conditions that should be followed in applying the maxims to contemporary issues. The work concluded by recommending that research...
International Journal of Livestock Research, 2018
Korean Journal of Veterinary Service, 2011
International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 2021
Water scarcity and pollution have been a reality in many African countries. Reclaimed greywater r... more Water scarcity and pollution have been a reality in many African countries. Reclaimed greywater reuse for non-potable purpose such as toilet flushing and irrigation are among the options to reduce the consumption of potable water and control environmental pollution. However, developing reliable and sustainable reclamation system at the rural community level is always a challenge. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the short term performance of a rice husk for greywater reclamation in Gujba, Nigeria. Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that maximum greywater generation was 720l/day per household. About 95% of the people have indicated social acceptability for reclaimed greywater reuse. Turbidity and total suspended solids of the greywater were 427.6NTU and 5.84 Mg/l respectively. Rice husk, rice husk charcoal and granular activated carbon were examined at rapid and slow flows of 3.207L/h and 0.534L/h respectively. The average removal efficiencies of rice husk for turbidity and total suspended solids were 81.81% and 86.47% respectively.
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Papers by Muhammad Shettima