The synergistic effect of high-quality NiO x hole transport layers (HTLs) deposited by ion beam s... more The synergistic effect of high-quality NiO x hole transport layers (HTLs) deposited by ion beam sputtering on ITO substrates and the Ti3C2T x MXene doping of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) perovskite layers is investigated in order to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The 18 nm thick NiO x layers are pinhole-free and exhibit large-scale homogeneous surface morphology as revealed by the atomic force microscopy (AFM). The grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction showed a 0.75% expansion of the face-centered cubic lattice, suggesting an excess of oxygen as is typical for non-stoichiometric NiO x . The HTLs were used to fabricate the PSCs with MXene-doped MAPI layers. A PSC with undoped MAPI layer served as a control. The size of MAPI polycrystalline grains increased from 430 ± 80 nm to 620 ± 190 nm on the doping, as revealed by AFM. The 0.15 wt% MXene doping showed a 14.3% enhancement in PCE as compared to the PSC with undoped MAPI. The energy-resolved...
Four true potato seed (TPS) hybrids were evaluated for tuber yield with a standard variety (Diamo... more Four true potato seed (TPS) hybrids were evaluated for tuber yield with a standard variety (Diamont) at Naltar Seed Valley Northern Areas, Gilgit during the 2005 crop season. Various agronomic parameters like number of stems per plant, seedling vigor, number of tubers per m 2 , yield of tubers per hectare and grading weight percentage were assessed. The TPS hybrids Atzimba x TPS-67 and LT-8 x TPS-67 gave greater tuber yield (43 tons/ha) than the standard variety Diamont. Diamont and the TPS hybrid MF-I x TPS-67 did not significantly differ for tuber yield per hectare whereas the TPS hybrid MF-II x TPS produced the lowest number of tubers per m 2 , number of tubers per plant, number of tubers per m 2 and yield per hectare (29.2 ton). On the basis of this study, it is concluded that TPS parent TPS-67 (male parent) has a better combining ability with TPS parents LT-8 and Atzimba, hence true potato seed (TPS) of these hybrids are recommended for general cultivation in Northern Areas of Pakistan.
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2018
Writing is a means of communication and part of everybody’s education. Writing as a medium of lan... more Writing is a means of communication and part of everybody’s education. Writing as a medium of language has its special features. This study brings to light the fact that teaching English through literature does not render any substantive and positive pay off in developing and honing the ESL/EFL learners’ writing skill. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate and improper language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of four categories i.e., grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure and creative writing was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “developing writing skill through literature” and the score of their achievement test. This study has also strived to categorize the subje...
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three high yielding forage berseem (Trifoliu... more A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three high yielding forage berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) varieties under agro climatic conditions of Juglote Gilgit, Pakistan. High yielding varieties as Agaiti and Pachaiti were tested along with the Juglote local as check. Results revealed that there were significant differences among the varieties for plant height. Maximum plant height of 79.83cm was recorded in Agaiti berseem, 79.80cm in Juglote local and 71.16 cm in Pachaiti. Differences among fresh forage yield of 3 berseem varieties were significant, ranging from 32.36 t ha-1of Pachaiti, 41.03t ha-1from Agaiti and 45.48 t ha-1of Juglote local. Differences in dry forage yield of the varieties were significant and their range was from 5.9 tonnes/ha to 8.15tonnes/ha with a same trend. Differences in number of tillers of the varieties were significant. The maximum number of tillers was obtained by Juglote local with 175 while the lowest was attained by Pachaiti with 149....
The present study has been conducted to evaluate true potato seed TPS genotypes for tuber yield w... more The present study has been conducted to evaluate true potato seed TPS genotypes for tuber yield with a standard variety. Various agronomic parameters like number of stems/plant, seeding vigor, crop maturity, total tubers/m2and yield tons/ha were studued. On the basis of research study it was concluded that TPS genotypes included in the research experiment are divided into two groups i.e. Lt –8 x TPS–67, Atzimba x TPS–67 in group one and MF-I x TPS–67, MF-II x TPS–67 in group two. TPS genotypes of group one performed well in parameters like number of stems/plant, total tubers/m2, yield tons/ha whereas performance of group two TPS genotypes remained behind from group one.
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
This study entitled “Problems in the Construction of Sentence at HSSC Level in Pakistan” strives ... more This study entitled “Problems in the Construction of Sentence at HSSC Level in Pakistan” strives to unearth the problems faced by the students in learning sentence structure through literature and the facts regarding the role of literature as a teaching tool in teaching English as a second/foreign language with reference to the construction of sentence at Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) level in Pakistan. This study also investigates how much the students learn English sentence structure through literature. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 30 items encompassing the different aspects of sentence structure was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of HSSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate) level. The researcher has also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “teaching English sentence st...
Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER), 2020
A new lingua franca, Urdubic, is emerging in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. Its linguist... more A new lingua franca, Urdubic, is emerging in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. Its linguistic composition is defined by the reduced and simplified forms of Arabic and Urdu. The paper examines linguistic, social, and historical aspects of its sociolinguistic make-up. Recurrent patterns of mutual migration between Arabs and Indians have played a pivotal role in the development of this lingua franca. Today, it appears to permeate the very homes of the Arabs. The examples of linguistic features (combinations of Urdu and Arabic) of the pidgin mentioned in the current study show that Urban Arabic is accepting foreign influences. This influx of foreign languages has alarmed those Arabs who want to preserve the purity of Arabic. How long Urdubic is going to survive amid Arabs’ efforts to save Arabic from such foreign influences? The paper concludes with speculations about the future of Urdubic.
BACKGROUND: Depression among students of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is common. Pharmacy student... more BACKGROUND: Depression among students of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is common. Pharmacy students and professionals deal with patients, making it imperative for them to have normal mental health. Pharmacists play key role in the management of mental illnesses by counseling drug related issues. The main aim of study is to evaluate the magnitude of depression among Pharm.D students in different universities. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross sectional study was conducted during July 2017 to December 2017. Data has been collected from 456 Pharm.D students of four major universities of Karachi. Sample size was determined by precision analysis technique. Six main domains provided by Beck' Depression Scale were evaluated; borderline clinical depression, extreme depression, mild mood disturbances, moderate depression, severe depression, ups and downs are consider normal. Data was analyzed through SPSS 23 using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS: Among 456 students, 261 are from public sector...
A good thinker distinguishes his interpretations from evidence, considers alternative interpretat... more A good thinker distinguishes his interpretations from evidence, considers alternative interpretations, and reconsiders them under following the changed conditions and new evidence. Critical thinking enables and helps students to evaluate, judge, and make choices regarding everyday information so that they may obtain, believe and use the information to take action accordingly. This quantitative study aims to know EFL learners’ attitude towards critical thinking skills of interpreting information and the effect of EFL learners’ critical thinking on their skill of interpreting information with specific reference to their critical writing. The present study also aims to explore how m and universities any universities foreign language learners reflect critical thinking ability in writing skills while interpreting information. The researcher has used three research tools to this end. These research tools include critical thinking inventory (CTI), Watson-Glazer’s (2002) critical thinking t...
This study focus on child abuse in an association to family decorations of acknowledgment dismiss... more This study focus on child abuse in an association to family decorations of acknowledgment dismissal towards their children and the impact of demographic factors in Pakistani socio-cultural setting. The concerns over rising incidence of child abuse and neglect have received global attention. A number of national and international organizations have shown serious concerns and are demanding strict measures to tackle the issues of child protection.400 children (76% male & 26% female) of age ranging from 8-19 years were randomly selected. The data were collected from Quetta city. The results indicated that low monthly income of the family are one of the momentous elements of child abuse.
A large number of children are engaged in child labour as domestic worker and this trend is commo... more A large number of children are engaged in child labour as domestic worker and this trend is common in developing countries. Child domestic labor is usually practiced in rural and urban areas across Pakistan. Even educated and well-to-do people frequently engage young children to work in their homes as domestics, kitchen assistants or baby-sitters. In worse forms, child domestic labor takes place over very unfair tools, counting child trafficking and bonded labor. The aim of the present study is to examine the Socioeconomic characteristics of respondent's causes of child domestic labor. Universe of the study was Quetta city and 120 respondents were selected through snow ball sampling. According to findings of the study the child laborers work for longer hours on low wages. They often face physical abuse and some time sexual abuse by their employers. The need is to implement the labour laws so that children can be protected from domestic labour.
Translation is considered one of the most important skills in studying and learning a language. I... more Translation is considered one of the most important skills in studying and learning a language. It is termed as a craft which is thought to be enjoyed by those who aspire to grab a sound command over second language. This study has strived to analyze problem-causing factors faced by the EFL learners in translation particularly in translating present indefinite and past indefinite tenses from Urdu into English and present some suggestions to remedy the problems brought to light by the present study. The present study is quantitative in its approach. The subjects (n=200) of this study are the students of B.Sc. (4th Year) class. In order to achieve the set objectives of the study, the researcher has conducted an achievement test to achieve the set objectives of the study. The test was comprised of such ten (10) sentences of Urdu of which five were of present indefinite and the remaining five were of past indefinite tense. These sentences were taken from the paragraphs which were select...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2018
This study brings to light the fact how much teaching English through literature renders any pay ... more This study brings to light the fact how much teaching English through literature renders any pay off in developing and honing the EFL/ESL learners’ lexical competence. This study strives to investigate the role of literature in developing the ESL/EFL learners’ lexical competence, find out the ESL/EFL learners’ attitude towards teaching lexical competence through literature, know the lexical competence level of the ESL learners, examine ESL/EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge and get insight into the difference between the ESL/EFL learners’ receptive and productive knowledge of vocabulary. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 15 items encompassing the different aspects of vocabulary was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher has also conducted ...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2019
Inference means the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of premises, including a conclusi... more Inference means the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of premises, including a conclusion that is probably in relation to the premises. This study has aimed to evaluate university students’ inference making ability. To explore this aim, the present study has set five research objectives which include to understand university students’ attitude towards critical thinking subset of making inferences, find out the relationship between university students’ attitude towards making inferences and their ability in making inferences, know whether critical thinking is a positive predictor for the overall score of critical thinking test (CTT), evaluate university students’ performance in exhibiting their attitude towards critical thinking and in critical thinking test (CTT) taken by them and understand the variance based on university students’ gender, location and medium of instruction in their attitude towards critical thinking inference and their ability of making inferences. To a...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
Creative writing means the ESL/EFL learners’ capacity to respond vividly and spontaneously, and t... more Creative writing means the ESL/EFL learners’ capacity to respond vividly and spontaneously, and to convey responses freely in their writing. This study brings to light the fact that teaching English through literature does not render any positive pay off in developing and honing the EFL/ESL learners’ creative writing. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate and improper language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 15 items encompassing the different aspects of creative writing was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “developing creative writing through literature” and the score of their achievement test. The collected data were analyzed through software package (SPSS XX)....
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occ... more This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occurred over a few decades in the Punjabi lexicon in Pakistan. The researchers have adopted two research strategies for underlining the assumed changes. This study has tried to get insight into the diminishing features of Punjabi lexicon by juxtaposing the current Punjabi lexicon with the lexicon used in the old Punjabi movies and songs. This has involved gleaning lexical items which are no longer used in the current public discourses from the old and famous Punjabi movies (Heer & MirzaSahiba) and their songs. To further substantiate the findings of the study, the researchers got a questionnaire filled by 110 educated Punjabi speakers who aged 40-50. In the questionnaire, the respondents were asked about their opinion regarding the perceived changes in Punjabi lexicon of public discourses that have occurred over the past few decades. The findings of the study reveal that there have occurre...
Energy is lifeline in development and progress of a country, with pivotal use in industrial and a... more Energy is lifeline in development and progress of a country, with pivotal use in industrial and agricultural sectors. While fossil fuels are primary source of energy, its rapid depletion is major concerns of the world today. Developed countries are finding alternates to strengthen its economic backbone by resolving limited supply of energy issues and meeting their enormous demands. Plants can offer better alternative as biofuels to address the energy crisis and meet projected energy demand. Recently, sorghum based research remained center of attention due to its exceptional properties to grow under dry, and hot environmental conditions with limited water requirement. All parts of sorghum have economic values with usage in syrup, sugar, fuel, alcohol, bedding and paper production. Whereas, Sorghum stalks are enriched source of carbohydrates with 16-18% of fermentable sugar that makes it potential candidate for bioethanol production. Bioethanol is considered environmental friendly as it reduces greenhouse gases and replaces MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) pollutants in air. Yet, the benefits of sorghum as biofuels comes with a challenge of rapid degradation of sugar, therefore immediate harvest after maturity can ensure high sugar content. This review covers scope and recent research on sorghum in Pakistan and indicates its usage as an ideal feedstock to meet present energy crisis. Currently, developed countries are exploiting sorghum in bioethanol production due to its high tolerance to drought and salt, and improved sugar content in lieu of using sugarcane and maize. Moreover, studies involving high-tech research and role of microRNA in high yield and improved sugar content in biofuel production of sorghum are also addressed in this review.
Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER), 2011
The study was aimed to investigate the Motivation techniques used by Heads Higher Educational Ins... more The study was aimed to investigate the Motivation techniques used by Heads Higher Educational Institutions in Pakistan. The population of this study comprised all the heads of degree colleges of Pakistan. For choosing the sample from this population, random sampling type was used. The sample constituted of 200 heads of degree colleges and colleges and 1000 teachers of degree colleges. A questionnaire was used as research instruments for collection of data. Collected data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in the light of objectives of the study by applying statistical tools of research such as chi-square as a contingency test and percentage were used. Chi-square as contingency test was used to compare the frequencies of principals/teachers. In the light of the conclusions it is recommended that a special training course may be arranged for educational managers, administrators and supervisors for achieving competency in motivation techniques.
Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 2011
Staff development is very significant for the achievement of overall goals of higher education in... more Staff development is very significant for the achievement of overall goals of higher education in Pakistan. The success of innovations depends largely upon the skills of instructors; but in Pakistan, the people with a simple masters degree (without any pedagogical training) are inducted as teaching staff at the university level, so it is time to explore whether or not the inducted teachers feel the need for training. Further to be explored are areas in which they are interested in being trained. Therefore, the objectives of study were 1) to explore the training needs for university teaching staff, 2) to identify the areas in which development is needed by the teaching staff of the universities in Pakistan, and 3) formulation of recommendations for staff development in Pakistan to improve education at the higher level. The sample comprised of 20% randomly-selected teaching staff of ten selected universities, degree-awarding institutions from the public sector, and 40% teaching staf...
The synergistic effect of high-quality NiO x hole transport layers (HTLs) deposited by ion beam s... more The synergistic effect of high-quality NiO x hole transport layers (HTLs) deposited by ion beam sputtering on ITO substrates and the Ti3C2T x MXene doping of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) perovskite layers is investigated in order to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The 18 nm thick NiO x layers are pinhole-free and exhibit large-scale homogeneous surface morphology as revealed by the atomic force microscopy (AFM). The grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction showed a 0.75% expansion of the face-centered cubic lattice, suggesting an excess of oxygen as is typical for non-stoichiometric NiO x . The HTLs were used to fabricate the PSCs with MXene-doped MAPI layers. A PSC with undoped MAPI layer served as a control. The size of MAPI polycrystalline grains increased from 430 ± 80 nm to 620 ± 190 nm on the doping, as revealed by AFM. The 0.15 wt% MXene doping showed a 14.3% enhancement in PCE as compared to the PSC with undoped MAPI. The energy-resolved...
Four true potato seed (TPS) hybrids were evaluated for tuber yield with a standard variety (Diamo... more Four true potato seed (TPS) hybrids were evaluated for tuber yield with a standard variety (Diamont) at Naltar Seed Valley Northern Areas, Gilgit during the 2005 crop season. Various agronomic parameters like number of stems per plant, seedling vigor, number of tubers per m 2 , yield of tubers per hectare and grading weight percentage were assessed. The TPS hybrids Atzimba x TPS-67 and LT-8 x TPS-67 gave greater tuber yield (43 tons/ha) than the standard variety Diamont. Diamont and the TPS hybrid MF-I x TPS-67 did not significantly differ for tuber yield per hectare whereas the TPS hybrid MF-II x TPS produced the lowest number of tubers per m 2 , number of tubers per plant, number of tubers per m 2 and yield per hectare (29.2 ton). On the basis of this study, it is concluded that TPS parent TPS-67 (male parent) has a better combining ability with TPS parents LT-8 and Atzimba, hence true potato seed (TPS) of these hybrids are recommended for general cultivation in Northern Areas of Pakistan.
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2018
Writing is a means of communication and part of everybody’s education. Writing as a medium of lan... more Writing is a means of communication and part of everybody’s education. Writing as a medium of language has its special features. This study brings to light the fact that teaching English through literature does not render any substantive and positive pay off in developing and honing the ESL/EFL learners’ writing skill. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate and improper language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of four categories i.e., grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure and creative writing was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “developing writing skill through literature” and the score of their achievement test. This study has also strived to categorize the subje...
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three high yielding forage berseem (Trifoliu... more A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three high yielding forage berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) varieties under agro climatic conditions of Juglote Gilgit, Pakistan. High yielding varieties as Agaiti and Pachaiti were tested along with the Juglote local as check. Results revealed that there were significant differences among the varieties for plant height. Maximum plant height of 79.83cm was recorded in Agaiti berseem, 79.80cm in Juglote local and 71.16 cm in Pachaiti. Differences among fresh forage yield of 3 berseem varieties were significant, ranging from 32.36 t ha-1of Pachaiti, 41.03t ha-1from Agaiti and 45.48 t ha-1of Juglote local. Differences in dry forage yield of the varieties were significant and their range was from 5.9 tonnes/ha to 8.15tonnes/ha with a same trend. Differences in number of tillers of the varieties were significant. The maximum number of tillers was obtained by Juglote local with 175 while the lowest was attained by Pachaiti with 149....
The present study has been conducted to evaluate true potato seed TPS genotypes for tuber yield w... more The present study has been conducted to evaluate true potato seed TPS genotypes for tuber yield with a standard variety. Various agronomic parameters like number of stems/plant, seeding vigor, crop maturity, total tubers/m2and yield tons/ha were studued. On the basis of research study it was concluded that TPS genotypes included in the research experiment are divided into two groups i.e. Lt –8 x TPS–67, Atzimba x TPS–67 in group one and MF-I x TPS–67, MF-II x TPS–67 in group two. TPS genotypes of group one performed well in parameters like number of stems/plant, total tubers/m2, yield tons/ha whereas performance of group two TPS genotypes remained behind from group one.
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
This study entitled “Problems in the Construction of Sentence at HSSC Level in Pakistan” strives ... more This study entitled “Problems in the Construction of Sentence at HSSC Level in Pakistan” strives to unearth the problems faced by the students in learning sentence structure through literature and the facts regarding the role of literature as a teaching tool in teaching English as a second/foreign language with reference to the construction of sentence at Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) level in Pakistan. This study also investigates how much the students learn English sentence structure through literature. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 30 items encompassing the different aspects of sentence structure was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of HSSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate) level. The researcher has also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “teaching English sentence st...
Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER), 2020
A new lingua franca, Urdubic, is emerging in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. Its linguist... more A new lingua franca, Urdubic, is emerging in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. Its linguistic composition is defined by the reduced and simplified forms of Arabic and Urdu. The paper examines linguistic, social, and historical aspects of its sociolinguistic make-up. Recurrent patterns of mutual migration between Arabs and Indians have played a pivotal role in the development of this lingua franca. Today, it appears to permeate the very homes of the Arabs. The examples of linguistic features (combinations of Urdu and Arabic) of the pidgin mentioned in the current study show that Urban Arabic is accepting foreign influences. This influx of foreign languages has alarmed those Arabs who want to preserve the purity of Arabic. How long Urdubic is going to survive amid Arabs’ efforts to save Arabic from such foreign influences? The paper concludes with speculations about the future of Urdubic.
BACKGROUND: Depression among students of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is common. Pharmacy student... more BACKGROUND: Depression among students of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is common. Pharmacy students and professionals deal with patients, making it imperative for them to have normal mental health. Pharmacists play key role in the management of mental illnesses by counseling drug related issues. The main aim of study is to evaluate the magnitude of depression among Pharm.D students in different universities. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross sectional study was conducted during July 2017 to December 2017. Data has been collected from 456 Pharm.D students of four major universities of Karachi. Sample size was determined by precision analysis technique. Six main domains provided by Beck' Depression Scale were evaluated; borderline clinical depression, extreme depression, mild mood disturbances, moderate depression, severe depression, ups and downs are consider normal. Data was analyzed through SPSS 23 using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS: Among 456 students, 261 are from public sector...
A good thinker distinguishes his interpretations from evidence, considers alternative interpretat... more A good thinker distinguishes his interpretations from evidence, considers alternative interpretations, and reconsiders them under following the changed conditions and new evidence. Critical thinking enables and helps students to evaluate, judge, and make choices regarding everyday information so that they may obtain, believe and use the information to take action accordingly. This quantitative study aims to know EFL learners’ attitude towards critical thinking skills of interpreting information and the effect of EFL learners’ critical thinking on their skill of interpreting information with specific reference to their critical writing. The present study also aims to explore how m and universities any universities foreign language learners reflect critical thinking ability in writing skills while interpreting information. The researcher has used three research tools to this end. These research tools include critical thinking inventory (CTI), Watson-Glazer’s (2002) critical thinking t...
This study focus on child abuse in an association to family decorations of acknowledgment dismiss... more This study focus on child abuse in an association to family decorations of acknowledgment dismissal towards their children and the impact of demographic factors in Pakistani socio-cultural setting. The concerns over rising incidence of child abuse and neglect have received global attention. A number of national and international organizations have shown serious concerns and are demanding strict measures to tackle the issues of child protection.400 children (76% male & 26% female) of age ranging from 8-19 years were randomly selected. The data were collected from Quetta city. The results indicated that low monthly income of the family are one of the momentous elements of child abuse.
A large number of children are engaged in child labour as domestic worker and this trend is commo... more A large number of children are engaged in child labour as domestic worker and this trend is common in developing countries. Child domestic labor is usually practiced in rural and urban areas across Pakistan. Even educated and well-to-do people frequently engage young children to work in their homes as domestics, kitchen assistants or baby-sitters. In worse forms, child domestic labor takes place over very unfair tools, counting child trafficking and bonded labor. The aim of the present study is to examine the Socioeconomic characteristics of respondent's causes of child domestic labor. Universe of the study was Quetta city and 120 respondents were selected through snow ball sampling. According to findings of the study the child laborers work for longer hours on low wages. They often face physical abuse and some time sexual abuse by their employers. The need is to implement the labour laws so that children can be protected from domestic labour.
Translation is considered one of the most important skills in studying and learning a language. I... more Translation is considered one of the most important skills in studying and learning a language. It is termed as a craft which is thought to be enjoyed by those who aspire to grab a sound command over second language. This study has strived to analyze problem-causing factors faced by the EFL learners in translation particularly in translating present indefinite and past indefinite tenses from Urdu into English and present some suggestions to remedy the problems brought to light by the present study. The present study is quantitative in its approach. The subjects (n=200) of this study are the students of B.Sc. (4th Year) class. In order to achieve the set objectives of the study, the researcher has conducted an achievement test to achieve the set objectives of the study. The test was comprised of such ten (10) sentences of Urdu of which five were of present indefinite and the remaining five were of past indefinite tense. These sentences were taken from the paragraphs which were select...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2018
This study brings to light the fact how much teaching English through literature renders any pay ... more This study brings to light the fact how much teaching English through literature renders any pay off in developing and honing the EFL/ESL learners’ lexical competence. This study strives to investigate the role of literature in developing the ESL/EFL learners’ lexical competence, find out the ESL/EFL learners’ attitude towards teaching lexical competence through literature, know the lexical competence level of the ESL learners, examine ESL/EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge and get insight into the difference between the ESL/EFL learners’ receptive and productive knowledge of vocabulary. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 15 items encompassing the different aspects of vocabulary was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher has also conducted ...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2019
Inference means the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of premises, including a conclusi... more Inference means the process of deriving a conclusion from a set of premises, including a conclusion that is probably in relation to the premises. This study has aimed to evaluate university students’ inference making ability. To explore this aim, the present study has set five research objectives which include to understand university students’ attitude towards critical thinking subset of making inferences, find out the relationship between university students’ attitude towards making inferences and their ability in making inferences, know whether critical thinking is a positive predictor for the overall score of critical thinking test (CTT), evaluate university students’ performance in exhibiting their attitude towards critical thinking and in critical thinking test (CTT) taken by them and understand the variance based on university students’ gender, location and medium of instruction in their attitude towards critical thinking inference and their ability of making inferences. To a...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
Creative writing means the ESL/EFL learners’ capacity to respond vividly and spontaneously, and t... more Creative writing means the ESL/EFL learners’ capacity to respond vividly and spontaneously, and to convey responses freely in their writing. This study brings to light the fact that teaching English through literature does not render any positive pay off in developing and honing the EFL/ESL learners’ creative writing. In the Pakistani context, literature seems to be inadequate and improper language teaching tool at HSSC level. To achieve the set objectives of this study, the researcher went for the quantitative research methodology. So, a questionnaire comprising of 15 items encompassing the different aspects of creative writing was designed to collect data from 600 subjects (male/female) of intermediate level. The researcher also conducted an achievement test so that a correlation might be drawn between their attitude towards “developing creative writing through literature” and the score of their achievement test. The collected data were analyzed through software package (SPSS XX)....
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2017
This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occ... more This sociolinguistic study strives to bring to light the linguistic changes that seem to have occurred over a few decades in the Punjabi lexicon in Pakistan. The researchers have adopted two research strategies for underlining the assumed changes. This study has tried to get insight into the diminishing features of Punjabi lexicon by juxtaposing the current Punjabi lexicon with the lexicon used in the old Punjabi movies and songs. This has involved gleaning lexical items which are no longer used in the current public discourses from the old and famous Punjabi movies (Heer & MirzaSahiba) and their songs. To further substantiate the findings of the study, the researchers got a questionnaire filled by 110 educated Punjabi speakers who aged 40-50. In the questionnaire, the respondents were asked about their opinion regarding the perceived changes in Punjabi lexicon of public discourses that have occurred over the past few decades. The findings of the study reveal that there have occurre...
Energy is lifeline in development and progress of a country, with pivotal use in industrial and a... more Energy is lifeline in development and progress of a country, with pivotal use in industrial and agricultural sectors. While fossil fuels are primary source of energy, its rapid depletion is major concerns of the world today. Developed countries are finding alternates to strengthen its economic backbone by resolving limited supply of energy issues and meeting their enormous demands. Plants can offer better alternative as biofuels to address the energy crisis and meet projected energy demand. Recently, sorghum based research remained center of attention due to its exceptional properties to grow under dry, and hot environmental conditions with limited water requirement. All parts of sorghum have economic values with usage in syrup, sugar, fuel, alcohol, bedding and paper production. Whereas, Sorghum stalks are enriched source of carbohydrates with 16-18% of fermentable sugar that makes it potential candidate for bioethanol production. Bioethanol is considered environmental friendly as it reduces greenhouse gases and replaces MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) pollutants in air. Yet, the benefits of sorghum as biofuels comes with a challenge of rapid degradation of sugar, therefore immediate harvest after maturity can ensure high sugar content. This review covers scope and recent research on sorghum in Pakistan and indicates its usage as an ideal feedstock to meet present energy crisis. Currently, developed countries are exploiting sorghum in bioethanol production due to its high tolerance to drought and salt, and improved sugar content in lieu of using sugarcane and maize. Moreover, studies involving high-tech research and role of microRNA in high yield and improved sugar content in biofuel production of sorghum are also addressed in this review.
Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER), 2011
The study was aimed to investigate the Motivation techniques used by Heads Higher Educational Ins... more The study was aimed to investigate the Motivation techniques used by Heads Higher Educational Institutions in Pakistan. The population of this study comprised all the heads of degree colleges of Pakistan. For choosing the sample from this population, random sampling type was used. The sample constituted of 200 heads of degree colleges and colleges and 1000 teachers of degree colleges. A questionnaire was used as research instruments for collection of data. Collected data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in the light of objectives of the study by applying statistical tools of research such as chi-square as a contingency test and percentage were used. Chi-square as contingency test was used to compare the frequencies of principals/teachers. In the light of the conclusions it is recommended that a special training course may be arranged for educational managers, administrators and supervisors for achieving competency in motivation techniques.
Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 2011
Staff development is very significant for the achievement of overall goals of higher education in... more Staff development is very significant for the achievement of overall goals of higher education in Pakistan. The success of innovations depends largely upon the skills of instructors; but in Pakistan, the people with a simple masters degree (without any pedagogical training) are inducted as teaching staff at the university level, so it is time to explore whether or not the inducted teachers feel the need for training. Further to be explored are areas in which they are interested in being trained. Therefore, the objectives of study were 1) to explore the training needs for university teaching staff, 2) to identify the areas in which development is needed by the teaching staff of the universities in Pakistan, and 3) formulation of recommendations for staff development in Pakistan to improve education at the higher level. The sample comprised of 20% randomly-selected teaching staff of ten selected universities, degree-awarding institutions from the public sector, and 40% teaching staf...
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Papers by Muhammad Din