Papers by Padmshree Mudgal
Archives of Andrology, 1997
Phosphorylation of buffalo sperm chromatin proteins under optimum conditions (8 mM Mg2+, pH 8.0, ... more Phosphorylation of buffalo sperm chromatin proteins under optimum conditions (8 mM Mg2+, pH 8.0, and at 30 degrees C) using [gamma-32P]ATP and endogenous protein kinase activity was linear for 15 min incubation time and up to 330 micrograms protein. The 32P transferred from [gamma-32P]ATP was located in protein as a phosphoester bond. Fractionation with 1.2 M NaCl-4 M urea-0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol-1 mM PMSF followed by acid treatment solubilized 87% of the total chromatin proteins termed "sperm histones." The remaining 21% nonhistone protein was tightly bound to DNA. Follow-up of the label showed 91% of the 32P in sperm histone and 9% with DNA-associated proteins. Histone kinase activity was solubilized with 0.35 M NaCl, which extracted 70% of the initial enzyme activity associated with chromatin. Of the different histones tested as substrates, histone kinase phosphorylated only histone H3 and, therefore, is highly specific for arginine rich histone. It also phosphorylates the acidic protein, casein. Cyclic AMP at concentrations up to 50 microM had no effect on the phosphorylation of histone H3. Phosphoamino acid analysis using histone H3 as the substrate showed serine to be the acceptor amino acid for phosphoester link.
Journal of Natural Remedies
The increasing prevalence of anxiety and stress-related disorders has made it a leading contribut... more The increasing prevalence of anxiety and stress-related disorders has made it a leading contributor to the global health burden. The present treatment options have severe side effects and show remission on discontinuation of the medication. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore safer alternative treatments for long-term usage with minimum toxicity. The medicinal plant Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) has been used in Indian traditional medicine as a neural tonic for centuries. The present study aimed to study the toxicity and anxiolytic activity of Brahmi using the zebrafish model system. The toxicity assays determined the minimum effective concentration of Brahmi to be 0.01%. In addition, behavioral assays such as thigmotaxis and scototaxis and endocrine assays such as the measurement of cortisol levels in stressed zebrafish larvae were performed. Zebrafish embryos exposed to 0.2% Brahmi up to seven days post fertilization (dpf) did not show any developmental toxicity. Behavioral and e...
Every living cell has to exchange molecules across the membrane for cellular functions. The hydro... more Every living cell has to exchange molecules across the membrane for cellular functions. The hydrophobic or lipophilic molecules do not require energy for crossing the membrane. They can diffuse freely from higher to lower concentration till equilibrium is established. This process is called passive transport or diffusion. This is not true for polar or lipophobic molecules because of the nonpolar nature of membrane lipid bilayer. For polar molecules, the cell recruits mediator or transporter proteins in the membrane to facilitate their movement. If the direction of transport is from higher to lower concentration region, the transporter proteins do not use external energy and the process is called facilitated transport, because the energy needed for transport is dispensed by molecule’s own concentration gradient (unequal distribution across the membrane) in the favorable direction. The free energy is minimal in unequal distribution of polar molecules. If polar molecule is transported ...
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Textbook of Membrane Biology, 2017
Textbook of Membrane Biology, 2017
Bioenergetics is the study of the energy transactions in living systems. Gibbs free energy change... more Bioenergetics is the study of the energy transactions in living systems. Gibbs free energy change (∆G) is the energy change in a system that is available to do work. A reaction/process is spontaneous and exergonic if the Gibbs free energy change (∆G) is negative, and nonspontaneous and endergonic if positive. In biosynthetic pathways, endergonic reactions like biosynthesis and active transport are driven by coupling to exergonic reactions. ATP is the energy currency coupling endergonic and exergonic reactions.
The eukaryotic cells are structurally more complex than the prokaryotic cells. The eukaryotic cel... more The eukaryotic cells are structurally more complex than the prokaryotic cells. The eukaryotic cells, apart from a plasma membrane that encloses the entire cell, also have intracellular membranes that enclose the various intracellular organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus. The intracellular membranes divide the cell into specialized compartments; maintain their integrity and distinctiveness required to carry out specialized functions inside the cell. The plasma membrane, which interacts with extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, has specialized structures like the tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and the gap junctions. The nuclear membrane, which encloses the genetic material, is a double membrane with a specialized nuclear pore complex which controls the transport of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The “energy transformer” of the cell, the mitochondria, is also enclosed by a double membr...
Commercially available detergents in the Indian market were studied for several quality parameter... more Commercially available detergents in the Indian market were studied for several quality parameters and environmental indexes. SDS and Triton X-100 were used as control. We have succeeded in compiling the comparative analysis data of all these brands w.r.t., pH, solubility, wetting performance, foaming ability, emulsions stability, surface tension, cleaning action, phosphate estimation, hemolysis assay, beet root assay and biodegradability test. The study aimed to collect all the relevant information with the objective to compare parameters for performance and eco-friendliness of the available commercial detergents and also help the consumer to make an informed choice of the detergent available in the Indian market and avoid being misled by manipulative marketing strategies that push out smaller and perhaps more polluting detergents.
For a unicellular and multicellular organism to function properly it is paramount that its cell t... more For a unicellular and multicellular organism to function properly it is paramount that its cell to cell communication happens unhindered. This communication may take by direct physical contact between cell, or indirectly by secreting specific molecules as messenger from one cell, that transmit signal by binding and activating receptors at the surface or inside the other cells. The signal received by membrane receptor may be hormone, photons, protons (H+), ions (Ca2+), neurotransmitters, foreign antigen, peptides and lipids. The ligand induced change in conformation of receptor may interact with effector molecules and releases various second messenger to pass signal from membrane to nucleus like Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, cAMP, cGMP, diacylglycerol and arachidonic acids. The role of various ligand ,receptors and mechanism of transport has been discussed in this chapter.
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2020
Increase in life expectancy and decline in mortality rate has resulted in a very fast growth rate... more Increase in life expectancy and decline in mortality rate has resulted in a very fast growth rate of elderly population in India. Poor economic condition, low literacy and poor hygiene make the elderly in India at much higher health risk. Most people above the age of 60 suffer from chronic diseases such as, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes, hypertension, dementia, etc. In addition, impaired Immune system associated with old age makes them more susceptible to various infections. The elderly population in India has been the most vulnerable group in COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to ~ 53% of the reported fatalities due to COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the host cell surface with its S (spike) glycoprotein and then undergoes endocytosis. Inside the cell, the virus replicates and triggers the release of cytokines which can induce an inflammatory response. Chronic increase in systemic inflammation has b...
Textbook of Membrane Biology, 2017
Textbook of Membrane Biology, 2017
The living organism plasma membrane needs transport vesicles for synthesis, maintenance, and vari... more The living organism plasma membrane needs transport vesicles for synthesis, maintenance, and various physiological functions of the cell, which are dynamic structures and are constantly formed at the specific region of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex membrane. The vesicles may be uncoated or coated vesicles depending on their outer components. The coated vesicles have COPI, COPII, or clathrin coat proteins on the outer side of vesicles. The mechanism of transport may be secretary, called exocytosis or the freight is internalized by endocytosis. The pathogenic viruses like influenza virus and bacterial toxins like shiga toxins also depend on clathrin-coated vesicles for their internalization into host cell. When clathrin coat is removed from vesicles after endocytosis, the vesicle is called early endosomes, whose function is to sort out all the receptors, proteins, and other molecules of the freight. The internalization of freight of molecules may also be mediated by tubular or ring-shaped membrane endosomes, depending on small GTP binding protein cyclin-dependent kinase (CDC42), ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1), GTPase regulator associated with focal adhesion kinase 1(GTPase activating protein for Rho, GRAF1), cholesterol, and actin. Recently identified exomer protein complex is a putative coat and freight adapter like AP2, which directly transports freight molecules from trans-Golgi network to plasma membrane in response to environment stress in cell cycle-dependent manner. Exocytosis is an important mechanism for neurotransmitters release for communication at synapse. The mechanism of various type vesicles formation, recycling, and their role in transport has been discussed in this chapter.
Textbook of Membrane Biology, 2017
A biological membrane or biomembrane separates the internal environment of the cell from the outs... more A biological membrane or biomembrane separates the internal environment of the cell from the outside. It acts as a selectively permeable barrier which defines a living cell or a cellular organelle. It maintains the cellular/organelle integrity and identity. Many cellular functions are associated with cell membranes. Today we know that biomembranes are phospholipid bilayers with associated proteins and carbohydrates. This chapter traces back the history and discoveries which led to the widely accepted fluid mosaic model of membranes. According to this model, phospholipids form the membrane matrix in which the proteins are embedded or associated. Phosphoglycerides form the major class of phospholipids; other class includes phosphosphingolipids. Sterols and glycosphingolipids also form a major component of membranes. The membranes from different sources vary in their lipid and protein composition. Biomembranes also show considerable transbilayer asymmetry in terms of lipid composition; for example, in the plasma membrane, the exoplasmic leaflet is predominantly rich in lipids like phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), and glycosphingolipids, while aminophospholipids and other charged lipids like phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are predominantly found in the cytoplasmic leaflet. Carbohydrates in membranes are mainly present as oligosaccharides/glycans covalently linked to lipids and/or proteins forming glycoconjugates.
Resonance – Journal of Science Education Volume 26 Issue 11, 2021
Zebrafish, a freshwater teleost fish, is a popular vertebrate model to study embryo development, or... more Zebrafish, a freshwater teleost fish, is a popular vertebrate model to study embryo development, organogenesis, gene mutations, and adult physiology. Owing to its biological and genetic advantages, zebrafish is a preferred system for toxicological studies, modeling human diseases, and studying innate immunity. Its usage in studying psychosomatic behavioral disorders has been appreciated recently. Zebrafish is an easy-to-culture, non-invasive vertebrate system with potential multidisciplinary utility in undergraduate teaching and research.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Suicide is an unfortunate multifactorial problem impacting families and communities. Many young l... more Suicide is an unfortunate multifactorial problem impacting families and communities. Many young lives are lost every year due to suicide. There is an urgent need to understand the multifactorial risk factor mechanisms providing vulnerability to suicidal behavior for early detection of impending incidents, monitoring, and prevention. This review aims to give an insight into the various biochemical and genetic markers along with the associated socio-economic factors and mental disorders which contribute to increased suicide risk. The role of different neurotransmitter-associated pathways such as serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and norepinephrine pathway, and pathways involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, lipid metabolism, and neuroinflammation in suicide ideation and risk have been explored. Understanding of these predisposing factors and associated pathways could help identify the risk and lead to the development of drugs/ treatment to prevent suicides.
Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal
Erythrosine and tartrazine are common artificial food additives which have become a part of daily... more Erythrosine and tartrazine are common artificial food additives which have become a part of daily human consumption. Advised daily intake values for these agents are set strictly, however, the actual intake is much higher than the recommended ADI. A higher intake of erythrosine and tartrazine is shown to exhibit adverse effects in mammalian models, and is thus a matter of public health concern. In this study we have assessed and compared the dose-dependent effects of erythrosine and tartrazine on inducing oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos. We performed the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity assay to test the effect of the two food colorants on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Erythrosine and tartrazine treated embryos showed significantly increased SOD activity in an enzyme assay. Additionally SOD mRNA transcripts in the treated embryos were found to be upregulated. Erythrosine and tartrazine treatment specifically altered SOD1 mRNA transcript levels while it ha...
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Papers by Padmshree Mudgal