Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 2006
Cette étude a eu pour objectif une meilleure connaissance du cycle biologique de Paramphistomum m... more Cette étude a eu pour objectif une meilleure connaissance du cycle biologique de Paramphistomum microbothrium afin de développer des stratégies de lutte efficaces. Les spécimens adultes de P. microbothrium ont été récoltés vivants sur la muqueuse stomacale de bovins (Bos taurus) aux abattoirs de Kolda. Ils ont ensuite été placés dans des boîtes de Petri contenant de l’eau distillée pour la ponte. La plupart des oeufs ont éclos au 19e jour d’incubation pour donner des miracidiums qui ont été utilisés pour infester expérimentalement 75 Bulinus forskalii indemnes de toute infestation (nés et élevés au laboratoire). Les bulins ont commencé à produire des cercaires à partir de la quatrième semaine d’infestation. Le taux de réussite de l’infestation des B. forskalii a été de 34,67 p. 100 et le taux d’infestation réel de 35,29 p. 100. Les cercaires produites se sont enkystées en métacercaires qui ont été ingérées expérimentalement par quatre jeunes bovins faisant l’objet d’un suivi coprolo...
Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 2008
Paramphistomum daubneyi Dinnik, 1962, est un trématode appartenant à la famille des Paramphistomi... more Paramphistomum daubneyi Dinnik, 1962, est un trématode appartenant à la famille des Paramphistomidae. Les auteurs décrivent chez un bovin et pour la première fois au Sénégal un cas d’infestation par Paramphistomum daubneyi. Le parasite a été récolté dans le rumen d’un bovin infesté naturellement. Cette identification porte le nombre de paramphistomes appartenant à la famille des Paramphistomidae à deux genres (Paramphistomum et Cotylophoron) et à quatre espèces au Sénégal (P. microbothrium, P. phillerouxi, P. daubneyi et C. cotylophorum).
Une nouvelle espèce de trématode (Paramphistomoïdea, Gastrothylacidae), Carmyerius marchandi n. s... more Une nouvelle espèce de trématode (Paramphistomoïdea, Gastrothylacidae), Carmyerius marchandi n. sp. est décrite au Sénégal. Elle a une longueur moyenne de 13 mm ± 1 mm pour un diamètre moyen de 3 mm ± 0,4 mm. La poche ventrale, munie d'invaginations musculaires et d'un renflement latéro-ventral, représente les deux tiers de la longueur du corps. L'acétabulum est de type Carmyerius. Le rapport diamètre de l'acétabulum sur longueur du corps est de 1/7,4. Le pharynx est de type Gastrothylax. Le rapport longueur du pharynx sur longueur du corps est de 1/13,3. Le rapport longueur du pharynx sur diamètre de l'acétabulum est de 1/1,8. Les caecums s'étendent en deçà de la partie moyenne du parasite. Les testicules lobés ont une position latéro-postérieure. L'ovaire est situé entre les deux testicules, et l'utérus en position médio-dorsale. Les glandes vitellogènes sont très importantes dans le renflement latéro-ventral de la poche ventrale. L'atrium génital, réduit, est de type elongatus. En microscopie électronique à balayage, le corps du parasite présente des stries transversales et des papilles tégumentaires autour de l'orifice buccal, du pore génital et de l'acétabulum. Tous ces caractères indiquent que ce Gastrothylacidae appartient au genre Carmyerius. En comparaison avec les autres espèces du genre déjà décrites, cette espèce apparaît comme nouvelle. Nous proposons de la nommer Carmyerius marchandi n. sp., en témoignage de reconnaissance envers le
Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and mature spermatozoon of Cotylophoron cotylophorum are describ... more Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and mature spermatozoon of Cotylophoron cotylophorum are described with transmission electron microscopy. The description gives evidence of some characteristics of this digenean. The intercentriolar body situated between two striated roots and two centrioles exhibits a symmetric plane. The external bands of this intercentriolar body are formed of a line of granules. During spermiogenesis, a flagellar rotation of 90°i s described. The old spermatid does not present external ornamentations. The spermatozoon is characterized, in its anterior part, by the presence of a lateral expansion exhibiting a spinelike body. External ornamentations of the plasmic membrane are only present at the level of the ventral field of cortical microtubules. The posterior end of this spermatozoon exhibits a nucleus surrounded by a plasmic membrane without cortical microtubules, but exhibiting a small lateral expansion.
Spermiogenesis in M. herpestisbegins with the formation of a differentiation zone which contains ... more Spermiogenesis in M. herpestisbegins with the formation of a differentiation zone which contains two centrioles associated with an electron–dense, finely granular material. This granular material very quickly becomes striated, a median cytoplasmic extension forms, one of the centrioles becomes laterally oriented in a cytoplasmic bud and the other gives rise to a flagellum. After the migration of the nucleus, a helicoidal crested–like body forms, then the old spermatid separates from the residual cytoplasm. The mature M. herpestisspermatozoon exhibits an apical cone of electron–dense material, a crested–like body and cortical microtubules which are electron–dense centred and spiralized except at their posterior extremity where they are parallel to the spermatozoon axis. The axoneme is of the 9 + ‘1’ pattern. It reaches the posterior extremity of the gamete where the cytoplasm is very electron–dense. The presence of centrioles flanked by ‘striated roots’ has never, to our knowledge, b...
Ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis and of the spermatozoon of Carmyerius endopapillatus has ... more Ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis and of the spermatozoon of Carmyerius endopapillatus has enabled to describe some characteristics of this digenea. The intercentriolar body situated between the two striated roots and the two centrioles, presents a symmetric organization. Both external bands of this intercentriolar body are made up of a row of granules. During spermiogenesis, a flagellar rotation of 90° is described. The old spermatid does not present external ornamentations. The spermatozoon is characterized, in its anterior region, by the presence of a lateral expansion exhibiting one spinelike body. In C. endopapillatus, external ornamentations are localized only at the level where the lateral expansion appears. The posterior extremity of spermatozoon exhibits a nucleus surrounded by a plasmic membrane lacking microtubules, but presenting a small lateral expansion. This is the first species of Gastrothylacidae family studied by transmission electron microscopy.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Figure S1. Climatic and environmental data on Senegalese territory with a spatial resolution on 1... more Figure S1. Climatic and environmental data on Senegalese territory with a spatial resolution on 1 km2. Abbreviations: Av, Average; Min, Minimum; Max, Maximum; Dlst, Day land surface temperature; Nlst, Night land surface temperature; lc, landcover; NDVI, Normalized difference vegetation index; Host, livestock density. (PDF 308 kb)
Table S1. Culicoides data from Senegal throughout a nation-wide trapping campaign in 2012. (XLSX ... more Table S1. Culicoides data from Senegal throughout a nation-wide trapping campaign in 2012. (XLSX 15 kb)
Table S2. Comparison between DNA sequences for Afrotropical Culicoides species using the Barcode ... more Table S2. Comparison between DNA sequences for Afrotropical Culicoides species using the Barcode Gap Analysis tools on BOLD. (XLSX 12 kb)
Table S1. Details of 1131 cox1 sequences representing 40 Afrotropical Culicoides species submitte... more Table S1. Details of 1131 cox1 sequences representing 40 Afrotropical Culicoides species submitted to BOLD database under the project code "AFCUL". (XLSX 56 kb)
Figure S2. Line plot of the barcode gap for our DNA reference libraries. For each individual in t... more Figure S2. Line plot of the barcode gap for our DNA reference libraries. For each individual in the dataset, the light sky-blue lines represent the maximum intraspecific distance (bottom of line value), and the minimum interspecific distance (top of line value). The red lines show where this relationship is reversed, and the closest non-conspecific is actually closer to the query than its nearest conspecific, i.e. the situation where there is no barcoding gap. (PDF 3 kb)
Figure S1. The minimum cumulative error of false positive and false negative identifications show... more Figure S1. The minimum cumulative error of false positive and false negative identifications show the optimum threshold; for our DNA reference libraries this was around 4.3 and 4.4%, respectively. (PDF 100 kb)
Dates of collections, names of sampling sites, geographical coordinates, abundance of mosquito sp... more Dates of collections, names of sampling sites, geographical coordinates, abundance of mosquito species collected/date, and environmental variables for mosquito collections at the three sampling sites in Senegal. (XLSX 38Â kb)
Transboundary Animal Diseases in Sahelian Africa and Connected Regions, 2019
West Nile fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease of public health importance transmitted by mo... more West Nile fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease of public health importance transmitted by mosquitoes from the genus Culex. Birds are the main hosts/reservoirs of West Nile virus (WNV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) and ensure its spread worldwide toward migration. The WNV is continuously spreading across the world with significant health and economic impact in human and animals, especially in newly infected areas where many human and animal losses are reported. However, in most of the African countries where the disease is endemic, no or few human or animal cases are reported in contrast with the high prevalence of the disease and the recurrent circulation of the virus. These gaps could be related to the fact that clinical signs are similar to those of dominant pathologies in human or equine encephalitis in animal health allowing to a misdiagnosis. Significant efforts will be needed in African countries to improve knowledge of the disease and to promote effective surveillance and control strategies. The West African Health Organization (WAHO/OOAS), with support from technical and financial partners, should bring countries in a One Health approach to address these issues through the funding of regional and subregional projects with the key sectors involving in this disease: public, animal, and environmental health.
Tsetse flies (Glossinidae) transmit trypanosomes which cause human African trypanosomosis and Afr... more Tsetse flies (Glossinidae) transmit trypanosomes which cause human African trypanosomosis and African animal trypanosomosis, debilitating diseases of humans (sleeping sickness) and livestock (nagana), respectively. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is one of four environmentally and economically acceptable methods that are currently used in the context of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) approaches to manage populations of tsetse flies. The application of the SIT requires mass-production of sterile males of good biological quality. The size of the project area will, in most cases, determine whether it is more cost effective to produce the sterile flies locally (and invest in a mass-rearing facility) or import the sterile flies from a mass-rearing facility that is located in another country. Tsetse colony management requires the retention of a large portion of the females in each generation to maintain the colony. At present there is no effective way to separate male fr...
The burden of anemia in Senegal is high, particularly in children and women in rural households. ... more The burden of anemia in Senegal is high, particularly in children and women in rural households. The main objectives of the study reported here were (i) to measure and compare the prevalence of anemia and intestinal parasitic infections in farmers and family members and sheep in two agro-ecological zones in Senegal and (ii) to examine the association between anemia and age or sex in farmers and family members. The study was conducted in Mpal (250 km from Dakar, the capital city) and Diawara (700 km from Dakar, a remote location near the Malian border). In humans, the prevalence of anemia was higher in Diawara (64/86 = 74%), compared to Mpal (13/29 = 45%) (p < 0.01). Using logistic regression, the odds of anemia were 20.3, 5.7, and 3.2 times higher in children 1–4 years old, children 5–12 years-old, and teenagers 13–19 years old, respectively, compared to adults 20–60 years old, after controlling for study site and sex (p < 0.05). In Diawara, the odds of anemia were 2.9 times higher in women, compared to men, after controlling for age (p = 0.06). The prevalence of intestinal parasites (Giardia sp.) was the same (7%) at both locations. In sheep, the prevalence of low packed cell volume (PCV) and low body condition was higher in Diawara (48/60 = 60% and 11/60 = 18%, respectively), compared to Mpal (23/46 = 50% and 0/46 = 0%, respectively) (p < 0.05). Clinical anemia was associated (p < 0.01) with low PCV and a positive diagnosis of H. contortus. Overall, the prevalence of anemia was higher in farmers and family members and owned sheep in Diawara. In addition, anemia was more common in children and women, an indication that intra-household food allocation may be regulated in favor of men and older age groups. The consequences of livestock affected with anemia and undernutrition can be significant. High morbidity and mortality in livestock can lead to low household income, inadequate household access to and individual consumption of animal source foods, and subsequent risk of anemia in children and women in rural households in Senegal.
Mosquitoes are vectors of major pathogen agents worldwide. Population dynamics models are useful ... more Mosquitoes are vectors of major pathogen agents worldwide. Population dynamics models are useful tools to understand and predict mosquito abundances in space and time. To be used as forecasting tools over large areas, such models could benefit from integrating remote sensing data that describe the meteorological and environmental conditions driving mosquito population dynamics. The main objective of this study is to assess a process-based modeling framework for mosquito population dynamics using satellite-derived meteorological estimates as input variables. A generic weather-driven model of mosquito population dynamics was applied to Rift Valley fever vector species in northern Senegal, with rainfall, temperature, and humidity as inputs. The model outputs using meteorological data from ground weather station vs satellite-based estimates are compared, using longitudinal mosquito trapping data for validation at local scale in three different ecosystems. Model predictions were consiste...
A spatially and temporally heterogeneous environment may lead to unexpected population dynamics, ... more A spatially and temporally heterogeneous environment may lead to unexpected population dynamics, and knowledge still is needed on which of the local environment properties favour population maintenance at larger scale. As regards pathogen vectors, such as tsetse flies transmitting human and animal African trypanosomosis, such a knowledge is crucial for proposing relevant management strategy. We developed an original mechanistic spatio-temporal model of tsetse fly population dynamics, accounting for combined effects of spatial complexity, density-dependence, and temperature on the age-structured population, and parametrized with field and laboratory data. We confirmed the strong impact of temperature and adult mortality on tsetse populations. We showed that patches with the lowest mean temperatures and lowest variations act as refuges when adult mortality is homogeneously increased. Our results highlighted the importance of baseline data collection to characterize the targeted ecosys...
Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 2006
Cette étude a eu pour objectif une meilleure connaissance du cycle biologique de Paramphistomum m... more Cette étude a eu pour objectif une meilleure connaissance du cycle biologique de Paramphistomum microbothrium afin de développer des stratégies de lutte efficaces. Les spécimens adultes de P. microbothrium ont été récoltés vivants sur la muqueuse stomacale de bovins (Bos taurus) aux abattoirs de Kolda. Ils ont ensuite été placés dans des boîtes de Petri contenant de l’eau distillée pour la ponte. La plupart des oeufs ont éclos au 19e jour d’incubation pour donner des miracidiums qui ont été utilisés pour infester expérimentalement 75 Bulinus forskalii indemnes de toute infestation (nés et élevés au laboratoire). Les bulins ont commencé à produire des cercaires à partir de la quatrième semaine d’infestation. Le taux de réussite de l’infestation des B. forskalii a été de 34,67 p. 100 et le taux d’infestation réel de 35,29 p. 100. Les cercaires produites se sont enkystées en métacercaires qui ont été ingérées expérimentalement par quatre jeunes bovins faisant l’objet d’un suivi coprolo...
Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 2008
Paramphistomum daubneyi Dinnik, 1962, est un trématode appartenant à la famille des Paramphistomi... more Paramphistomum daubneyi Dinnik, 1962, est un trématode appartenant à la famille des Paramphistomidae. Les auteurs décrivent chez un bovin et pour la première fois au Sénégal un cas d’infestation par Paramphistomum daubneyi. Le parasite a été récolté dans le rumen d’un bovin infesté naturellement. Cette identification porte le nombre de paramphistomes appartenant à la famille des Paramphistomidae à deux genres (Paramphistomum et Cotylophoron) et à quatre espèces au Sénégal (P. microbothrium, P. phillerouxi, P. daubneyi et C. cotylophorum).
Une nouvelle espèce de trématode (Paramphistomoïdea, Gastrothylacidae), Carmyerius marchandi n. s... more Une nouvelle espèce de trématode (Paramphistomoïdea, Gastrothylacidae), Carmyerius marchandi n. sp. est décrite au Sénégal. Elle a une longueur moyenne de 13 mm ± 1 mm pour un diamètre moyen de 3 mm ± 0,4 mm. La poche ventrale, munie d'invaginations musculaires et d'un renflement latéro-ventral, représente les deux tiers de la longueur du corps. L'acétabulum est de type Carmyerius. Le rapport diamètre de l'acétabulum sur longueur du corps est de 1/7,4. Le pharynx est de type Gastrothylax. Le rapport longueur du pharynx sur longueur du corps est de 1/13,3. Le rapport longueur du pharynx sur diamètre de l'acétabulum est de 1/1,8. Les caecums s'étendent en deçà de la partie moyenne du parasite. Les testicules lobés ont une position latéro-postérieure. L'ovaire est situé entre les deux testicules, et l'utérus en position médio-dorsale. Les glandes vitellogènes sont très importantes dans le renflement latéro-ventral de la poche ventrale. L'atrium génital, réduit, est de type elongatus. En microscopie électronique à balayage, le corps du parasite présente des stries transversales et des papilles tégumentaires autour de l'orifice buccal, du pore génital et de l'acétabulum. Tous ces caractères indiquent que ce Gastrothylacidae appartient au genre Carmyerius. En comparaison avec les autres espèces du genre déjà décrites, cette espèce apparaît comme nouvelle. Nous proposons de la nommer Carmyerius marchandi n. sp., en témoignage de reconnaissance envers le
Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and mature spermatozoon of Cotylophoron cotylophorum are describ... more Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and mature spermatozoon of Cotylophoron cotylophorum are described with transmission electron microscopy. The description gives evidence of some characteristics of this digenean. The intercentriolar body situated between two striated roots and two centrioles exhibits a symmetric plane. The external bands of this intercentriolar body are formed of a line of granules. During spermiogenesis, a flagellar rotation of 90°i s described. The old spermatid does not present external ornamentations. The spermatozoon is characterized, in its anterior part, by the presence of a lateral expansion exhibiting a spinelike body. External ornamentations of the plasmic membrane are only present at the level of the ventral field of cortical microtubules. The posterior end of this spermatozoon exhibits a nucleus surrounded by a plasmic membrane without cortical microtubules, but exhibiting a small lateral expansion.
Spermiogenesis in M. herpestisbegins with the formation of a differentiation zone which contains ... more Spermiogenesis in M. herpestisbegins with the formation of a differentiation zone which contains two centrioles associated with an electron–dense, finely granular material. This granular material very quickly becomes striated, a median cytoplasmic extension forms, one of the centrioles becomes laterally oriented in a cytoplasmic bud and the other gives rise to a flagellum. After the migration of the nucleus, a helicoidal crested–like body forms, then the old spermatid separates from the residual cytoplasm. The mature M. herpestisspermatozoon exhibits an apical cone of electron–dense material, a crested–like body and cortical microtubules which are electron–dense centred and spiralized except at their posterior extremity where they are parallel to the spermatozoon axis. The axoneme is of the 9 + ‘1’ pattern. It reaches the posterior extremity of the gamete where the cytoplasm is very electron–dense. The presence of centrioles flanked by ‘striated roots’ has never, to our knowledge, b...
Ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis and of the spermatozoon of Carmyerius endopapillatus has ... more Ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis and of the spermatozoon of Carmyerius endopapillatus has enabled to describe some characteristics of this digenea. The intercentriolar body situated between the two striated roots and the two centrioles, presents a symmetric organization. Both external bands of this intercentriolar body are made up of a row of granules. During spermiogenesis, a flagellar rotation of 90° is described. The old spermatid does not present external ornamentations. The spermatozoon is characterized, in its anterior region, by the presence of a lateral expansion exhibiting one spinelike body. In C. endopapillatus, external ornamentations are localized only at the level where the lateral expansion appears. The posterior extremity of spermatozoon exhibits a nucleus surrounded by a plasmic membrane lacking microtubules, but presenting a small lateral expansion. This is the first species of Gastrothylacidae family studied by transmission electron microscopy.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Figure S1. Climatic and environmental data on Senegalese territory with a spatial resolution on 1... more Figure S1. Climatic and environmental data on Senegalese territory with a spatial resolution on 1 km2. Abbreviations: Av, Average; Min, Minimum; Max, Maximum; Dlst, Day land surface temperature; Nlst, Night land surface temperature; lc, landcover; NDVI, Normalized difference vegetation index; Host, livestock density. (PDF 308 kb)
Table S1. Culicoides data from Senegal throughout a nation-wide trapping campaign in 2012. (XLSX ... more Table S1. Culicoides data from Senegal throughout a nation-wide trapping campaign in 2012. (XLSX 15 kb)
Table S2. Comparison between DNA sequences for Afrotropical Culicoides species using the Barcode ... more Table S2. Comparison between DNA sequences for Afrotropical Culicoides species using the Barcode Gap Analysis tools on BOLD. (XLSX 12 kb)
Table S1. Details of 1131 cox1 sequences representing 40 Afrotropical Culicoides species submitte... more Table S1. Details of 1131 cox1 sequences representing 40 Afrotropical Culicoides species submitted to BOLD database under the project code "AFCUL". (XLSX 56 kb)
Figure S2. Line plot of the barcode gap for our DNA reference libraries. For each individual in t... more Figure S2. Line plot of the barcode gap for our DNA reference libraries. For each individual in the dataset, the light sky-blue lines represent the maximum intraspecific distance (bottom of line value), and the minimum interspecific distance (top of line value). The red lines show where this relationship is reversed, and the closest non-conspecific is actually closer to the query than its nearest conspecific, i.e. the situation where there is no barcoding gap. (PDF 3 kb)
Figure S1. The minimum cumulative error of false positive and false negative identifications show... more Figure S1. The minimum cumulative error of false positive and false negative identifications show the optimum threshold; for our DNA reference libraries this was around 4.3 and 4.4%, respectively. (PDF 100 kb)
Dates of collections, names of sampling sites, geographical coordinates, abundance of mosquito sp... more Dates of collections, names of sampling sites, geographical coordinates, abundance of mosquito species collected/date, and environmental variables for mosquito collections at the three sampling sites in Senegal. (XLSX 38Â kb)
Transboundary Animal Diseases in Sahelian Africa and Connected Regions, 2019
West Nile fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease of public health importance transmitted by mo... more West Nile fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease of public health importance transmitted by mosquitoes from the genus Culex. Birds are the main hosts/reservoirs of West Nile virus (WNV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) and ensure its spread worldwide toward migration. The WNV is continuously spreading across the world with significant health and economic impact in human and animals, especially in newly infected areas where many human and animal losses are reported. However, in most of the African countries where the disease is endemic, no or few human or animal cases are reported in contrast with the high prevalence of the disease and the recurrent circulation of the virus. These gaps could be related to the fact that clinical signs are similar to those of dominant pathologies in human or equine encephalitis in animal health allowing to a misdiagnosis. Significant efforts will be needed in African countries to improve knowledge of the disease and to promote effective surveillance and control strategies. The West African Health Organization (WAHO/OOAS), with support from technical and financial partners, should bring countries in a One Health approach to address these issues through the funding of regional and subregional projects with the key sectors involving in this disease: public, animal, and environmental health.
Tsetse flies (Glossinidae) transmit trypanosomes which cause human African trypanosomosis and Afr... more Tsetse flies (Glossinidae) transmit trypanosomes which cause human African trypanosomosis and African animal trypanosomosis, debilitating diseases of humans (sleeping sickness) and livestock (nagana), respectively. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is one of four environmentally and economically acceptable methods that are currently used in the context of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) approaches to manage populations of tsetse flies. The application of the SIT requires mass-production of sterile males of good biological quality. The size of the project area will, in most cases, determine whether it is more cost effective to produce the sterile flies locally (and invest in a mass-rearing facility) or import the sterile flies from a mass-rearing facility that is located in another country. Tsetse colony management requires the retention of a large portion of the females in each generation to maintain the colony. At present there is no effective way to separate male fr...
The burden of anemia in Senegal is high, particularly in children and women in rural households. ... more The burden of anemia in Senegal is high, particularly in children and women in rural households. The main objectives of the study reported here were (i) to measure and compare the prevalence of anemia and intestinal parasitic infections in farmers and family members and sheep in two agro-ecological zones in Senegal and (ii) to examine the association between anemia and age or sex in farmers and family members. The study was conducted in Mpal (250 km from Dakar, the capital city) and Diawara (700 km from Dakar, a remote location near the Malian border). In humans, the prevalence of anemia was higher in Diawara (64/86 = 74%), compared to Mpal (13/29 = 45%) (p < 0.01). Using logistic regression, the odds of anemia were 20.3, 5.7, and 3.2 times higher in children 1–4 years old, children 5–12 years-old, and teenagers 13–19 years old, respectively, compared to adults 20–60 years old, after controlling for study site and sex (p < 0.05). In Diawara, the odds of anemia were 2.9 times higher in women, compared to men, after controlling for age (p = 0.06). The prevalence of intestinal parasites (Giardia sp.) was the same (7%) at both locations. In sheep, the prevalence of low packed cell volume (PCV) and low body condition was higher in Diawara (48/60 = 60% and 11/60 = 18%, respectively), compared to Mpal (23/46 = 50% and 0/46 = 0%, respectively) (p < 0.05). Clinical anemia was associated (p < 0.01) with low PCV and a positive diagnosis of H. contortus. Overall, the prevalence of anemia was higher in farmers and family members and owned sheep in Diawara. In addition, anemia was more common in children and women, an indication that intra-household food allocation may be regulated in favor of men and older age groups. The consequences of livestock affected with anemia and undernutrition can be significant. High morbidity and mortality in livestock can lead to low household income, inadequate household access to and individual consumption of animal source foods, and subsequent risk of anemia in children and women in rural households in Senegal.
Mosquitoes are vectors of major pathogen agents worldwide. Population dynamics models are useful ... more Mosquitoes are vectors of major pathogen agents worldwide. Population dynamics models are useful tools to understand and predict mosquito abundances in space and time. To be used as forecasting tools over large areas, such models could benefit from integrating remote sensing data that describe the meteorological and environmental conditions driving mosquito population dynamics. The main objective of this study is to assess a process-based modeling framework for mosquito population dynamics using satellite-derived meteorological estimates as input variables. A generic weather-driven model of mosquito population dynamics was applied to Rift Valley fever vector species in northern Senegal, with rainfall, temperature, and humidity as inputs. The model outputs using meteorological data from ground weather station vs satellite-based estimates are compared, using longitudinal mosquito trapping data for validation at local scale in three different ecosystems. Model predictions were consiste...
A spatially and temporally heterogeneous environment may lead to unexpected population dynamics, ... more A spatially and temporally heterogeneous environment may lead to unexpected population dynamics, and knowledge still is needed on which of the local environment properties favour population maintenance at larger scale. As regards pathogen vectors, such as tsetse flies transmitting human and animal African trypanosomosis, such a knowledge is crucial for proposing relevant management strategy. We developed an original mechanistic spatio-temporal model of tsetse fly population dynamics, accounting for combined effects of spatial complexity, density-dependence, and temperature on the age-structured population, and parametrized with field and laboratory data. We confirmed the strong impact of temperature and adult mortality on tsetse populations. We showed that patches with the lowest mean temperatures and lowest variations act as refuges when adult mortality is homogeneously increased. Our results highlighted the importance of baseline data collection to characterize the targeted ecosys...
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