Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences, 1999
Structural lineament analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper data was utilized to study the groundwat... more Structural lineament analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper data was utilized to study the groundwater potentiality and recharge in the central part of the arid Arabian Shield. Fracture line-to-line intersection was found to be a good indicator for groundwater occurrence and recharge; the connectivity of intersected fractures may indicate potential areas for water occurrence. Because Makkah, Jeddah and Taif lie within the study area, results will benefit the groundwater exploration for these cities.
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences, 2009
Jeddah Governate comprises three distinct geomorphological zones; the Red Sea and shore features,... more Jeddah Governate comprises three distinct geomorphological zones; the Red Sea and shore features, the coastal plain, and coastal hills and pediments. The last zone lies east of the municipal Jeddah city and consists of low lying hills, and an elongated N-S oriented depression, forming a basin that lies within the coastal hills. The Red Sea displays landforms that characterize prograde shorelines; implying that the Red Sea is recently in regression. Such features include flat lying sandy beaches, lagoons, sabkhas, sea islands, bars and spits, as well as the raised dead coral terraces and marine limestones exposed inland. The drainage in the area consists of a large number of systems; twelve of which were considered to be major systems that were delineated, described and analyzed morphometrically. These systems are, from north to south:
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences, 1996
ABSTRACT Remotely sensed digital satellite data play an important role nowadays in geo-hydrologic... more ABSTRACT Remotely sensed digital satellite data play an important role nowadays in geo-hydrological studies, especially when integrated with GIS techniques. Landsat and SPOT imagery were utilized in a lithologically, homogeneous terrain in the middle of the southern Arabian Shield to delineate landclasses, soil temperature, and soil moisture content quantitatively and qualitatively. Four landuse categories (agricultural, urban. uncultivated. uncultivable) were identified from visible and infrared satellite data. Radiance temperature differences were computed for these categories from thermal infrared data and were found to be in good agreement with those predicted from the theoretical functions relating soil moisture to daytime temperature. Results indicate that satellite imagery could be used successfully to predict soil moisture and to assess droughts in the Arabian Shield or any other arid land تلعب بيانات الأقمار الصناعية الرقمية للاستشعار عن بعد دوراً مهما في هذه الأيام في دراسات المياه الأرضية ، خاصة إذا تم دمجها مع تقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية . تم استخدام بيانات لاندسات وسبوت في منطقة ذات تجانس صخري في منتصف جنوبي الدرع العربي لكي تحدد طوائف استخدامات الأراضي ودرجة حرارة التربة ومحتوى رطوبة التربة كميا ونوعا . تم التعرف على أربعة أنماط لاستخدامات الأراضي ( زراعية ، وحضرية ، وغير مزروعة ، ولا يمكن زراعتها ) من بيانات الطيف المرئي وتحت الحمراء للأقمار الصناعية ، وتم حساب فروقات درجة الإشعاع لتلك الأنماط من بيانات تحت الحمراء الحرارية ، ووجدت مطابقة مع ما تم استنتاجهمن المعادلات النظرية التي أوجدت علاقة بين رطوبة التربة ودرجة الحرارة أثناء النهار . بينت النتائج أن صور الأقمار الصناعية يمكن استخدامها بنجاح للتنبؤ برطوبة التربة وتقييم الجفاف في الدرع العربي أو أي أراض أخرى جافة .
Salt-enriched flat areas are known as sabkhas in the Red Sea coasts. Previously classified sabkha... more Salt-enriched flat areas are known as sabkhas in the Red Sea coasts. Previously classified sabkhas north of Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia were examined by remote sensing techniques. Confirmation of ground studies was reached with the synoptic coverage and spectral characteristics of the Landsat digital data. New maps were produced utilizing satellite data; this may include geomorphological and sabkha zonation maps.
The conventional way of counting lineaments on maps are numerous and mostly lack a strict basis. ... more The conventional way of counting lineaments on maps are numerous and mostly lack a strict basis. In this paper a logical and exact technique of counting is presented. Lineaments are segmented and counted as frequency and length. In addition, intersection of lineament to cell (LTC) and lineament to lineament (LTL) are given different weight scores on the basis of the pattern and symmetry of intersection with the counting cell. Three new sets of patterns of intersection of LTC (squared), LTC (circular) and LTL are presented. The results are used for preparing lineament density maps including frequency, length, LTC and LTL intersections. The last type simulates the connectivity maps used in fracture analysis. The optimal counting cell dimension has a major effect on counting, and is that which gives a strong mutual correlation between the counted frequency, length and LTC intersection.
Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 1994
Remotely sensed fracture patterns from southwestern Saudi Arabia are quantified so as to provide ... more Remotely sensed fracture patterns from southwestern Saudi Arabia are quantified so as to provide some basic data for engineering and water resources structures in the area. For this purpose, fracture lengths, orientations, frequencies, regional fracture intesities and connected fracture patterns for groundwater movement from two perpendicular directions are either mapped or qualitatively explained. The area has significant permeability anisotropy. Various regional fracture pattern maps help to identify safe sites for engineering activities and potential groundwater recharge and movement. Necessary qualitative rock descriptions are proposed for any infrastructure construction in this area. It is observed that Landsat image processing provides a rather rapid and extremely economical preliminary solution compared to conventional fracture pattern assesment techniques.
The main task of this article is the evaluation of the IHS color transformation fusion, color com... more The main task of this article is the evaluation of the IHS color transformation fusion, color composite ratios, and principal component analysis techniques for lithologic discrimination of the basement rocks exposed at Buwatah area, Western Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Landsat ETM+ images were prepared and used to perform this task using PCI Geomatica software. IHS fusion technique was conducted through four main processing steps: (1) registration of the multispectral image (7, 4, and 2 in RGB) to the panchromatic image and then resample it to the same spatial resolution as that of the panchromatic image; (2) transformation of the three multispectral bands from RGB to IHS space; (3) substitution of the intensity value from the high spatial resolution panchromatic band; and finally (4) back transformation to RGB. The band ratios 5/7, 3/1, and 4/3 displayed in RGB, respectively, were used to produce the color composite ratio image. The first principal component (PC1), the second principal component (PC2), and the third principal component (PC3), displayed in RGB, respectively, were used to construct the color composite principal component image. The resultant images successfully discriminated the exposed rock units in the study area and a lithologic map has been constructed that is subjected to precise field verification. The stratigraphy of the area under consideration starts with metavolcanics and associated volcaniclastics as an oldest rock unit, followed by granodiorite-diorite, pink granite, biotite granite, acidic and basic dykes, and Cenozoic volcanics. A new rock unit (biotite granite) has been introduced that was not represented in previous mapping of the considered sector. The biotite granite is verified by field and petrographical studies.
The study of structural lineaments is important for mineral exploration, geotectonic and geotechn... more The study of structural lineaments is important for mineral exploration, geotectonic and geotechnical studies, and for the mitigation of geologic hazards. The present work deals with the extraction of lineaments from satellite imageries of different spatial resolutions as well as the analysis of these extracted lineaments. Wadi Bani Malik area located to the east of Jeddah city on the Red Sea coastal plain is chosen for such a study. Six types of digital satellite imagery data were used in the present study. These comprise satellite imagery of low spatial resolution (LSR) including Landsat MSS of 80-m resolution, Landsat TM of 30-m resolution, and Landsat TM of 25-m resolution; satellite imagery of moderate spatial resolution (MSR) including Landsat ETM+ panchromatic of 15-m resolution and SPOT panchromatic of 10-m resolution; and satellite imagery of high spatial resolution (HSR) including the Indian Remote Sensing satellite IRS data of 5-m resolution. As expected, the analysis of the extracted lineaments from different data sets shows that the imagery data of HSR of the Indian IRS data give the highest frequency of the extracted structural lineaments (N=3,235), while the imagery data of LSR of the Landsat MSS data give the lowest frequency of the extracted lineaments (N = 89). The imagery data of MSR give moderate frequency (N=1,643) in average. Due to the present study, it is recommended to use the imagery data of HSR and MSR for the extraction of structural lineaments for detailed and regional studies, respectively. The imagery data of LSR are not recommended for such studies due to the fact that most of the real structural lineaments framework cannot be extracted; accordingly, it is not useful in the analyses of lineaments for geological purposes.
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences, 2006
The City of Jeddah extends 45 kilometers in length along the eastern Red Sea coast, and about 15 ... more The City of Jeddah extends 45 kilometers in length along the eastern Red Sea coast, and about 15 kilometers in width. About 2.5 million inhabitants live in the city. Dumping of the sewage waste is forming always problems. Two sewage dumping sites, one banned site, and another site which is currently in use, are causing environmental problems. Accordingly, selection of a new site is a must. The site investigation study used screening method which envolved stages, start with the selection of a number of available site subjected to a set of preferences and rating. Upon maximum rating scores, the best site is chosen. Intensive in situ field study followed the selection stage, include performing detailed tests such as soil sieve analyses, permeability tests, field density, and Mackintosh tests. In addition, lineament analysis was performed as well. The investigation could prove the suitability of the new site to be used as a sewage dumping site for Jeddah city.
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences, 1999
Structural lineament analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper data was utilized to study the groundwat... more Structural lineament analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper data was utilized to study the groundwater potentiality and recharge in the central part of the arid Arabian Shield. Fracture line-to-line intersection was found to be a good indicator for groundwater occurrence and recharge; the connectivity of intersected fractures may indicate potential areas for water occurrence. Because Makkah, Jeddah and Taif lie within the study area, results will benefit the groundwater exploration for these cities.
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences, 2009
Jeddah Governate comprises three distinct geomorphological zones; the Red Sea and shore features,... more Jeddah Governate comprises three distinct geomorphological zones; the Red Sea and shore features, the coastal plain, and coastal hills and pediments. The last zone lies east of the municipal Jeddah city and consists of low lying hills, and an elongated N-S oriented depression, forming a basin that lies within the coastal hills. The Red Sea displays landforms that characterize prograde shorelines; implying that the Red Sea is recently in regression. Such features include flat lying sandy beaches, lagoons, sabkhas, sea islands, bars and spits, as well as the raised dead coral terraces and marine limestones exposed inland. The drainage in the area consists of a large number of systems; twelve of which were considered to be major systems that were delineated, described and analyzed morphometrically. These systems are, from north to south:
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences, 1996
ABSTRACT Remotely sensed digital satellite data play an important role nowadays in geo-hydrologic... more ABSTRACT Remotely sensed digital satellite data play an important role nowadays in geo-hydrological studies, especially when integrated with GIS techniques. Landsat and SPOT imagery were utilized in a lithologically, homogeneous terrain in the middle of the southern Arabian Shield to delineate landclasses, soil temperature, and soil moisture content quantitatively and qualitatively. Four landuse categories (agricultural, urban. uncultivated. uncultivable) were identified from visible and infrared satellite data. Radiance temperature differences were computed for these categories from thermal infrared data and were found to be in good agreement with those predicted from the theoretical functions relating soil moisture to daytime temperature. Results indicate that satellite imagery could be used successfully to predict soil moisture and to assess droughts in the Arabian Shield or any other arid land تلعب بيانات الأقمار الصناعية الرقمية للاستشعار عن بعد دوراً مهما في هذه الأيام في دراسات المياه الأرضية ، خاصة إذا تم دمجها مع تقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية . تم استخدام بيانات لاندسات وسبوت في منطقة ذات تجانس صخري في منتصف جنوبي الدرع العربي لكي تحدد طوائف استخدامات الأراضي ودرجة حرارة التربة ومحتوى رطوبة التربة كميا ونوعا . تم التعرف على أربعة أنماط لاستخدامات الأراضي ( زراعية ، وحضرية ، وغير مزروعة ، ولا يمكن زراعتها ) من بيانات الطيف المرئي وتحت الحمراء للأقمار الصناعية ، وتم حساب فروقات درجة الإشعاع لتلك الأنماط من بيانات تحت الحمراء الحرارية ، ووجدت مطابقة مع ما تم استنتاجهمن المعادلات النظرية التي أوجدت علاقة بين رطوبة التربة ودرجة الحرارة أثناء النهار . بينت النتائج أن صور الأقمار الصناعية يمكن استخدامها بنجاح للتنبؤ برطوبة التربة وتقييم الجفاف في الدرع العربي أو أي أراض أخرى جافة .
Salt-enriched flat areas are known as sabkhas in the Red Sea coasts. Previously classified sabkha... more Salt-enriched flat areas are known as sabkhas in the Red Sea coasts. Previously classified sabkhas north of Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia were examined by remote sensing techniques. Confirmation of ground studies was reached with the synoptic coverage and spectral characteristics of the Landsat digital data. New maps were produced utilizing satellite data; this may include geomorphological and sabkha zonation maps.
The conventional way of counting lineaments on maps are numerous and mostly lack a strict basis. ... more The conventional way of counting lineaments on maps are numerous and mostly lack a strict basis. In this paper a logical and exact technique of counting is presented. Lineaments are segmented and counted as frequency and length. In addition, intersection of lineament to cell (LTC) and lineament to lineament (LTL) are given different weight scores on the basis of the pattern and symmetry of intersection with the counting cell. Three new sets of patterns of intersection of LTC (squared), LTC (circular) and LTL are presented. The results are used for preparing lineament density maps including frequency, length, LTC and LTL intersections. The last type simulates the connectivity maps used in fracture analysis. The optimal counting cell dimension has a major effect on counting, and is that which gives a strong mutual correlation between the counted frequency, length and LTC intersection.
Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 1994
Remotely sensed fracture patterns from southwestern Saudi Arabia are quantified so as to provide ... more Remotely sensed fracture patterns from southwestern Saudi Arabia are quantified so as to provide some basic data for engineering and water resources structures in the area. For this purpose, fracture lengths, orientations, frequencies, regional fracture intesities and connected fracture patterns for groundwater movement from two perpendicular directions are either mapped or qualitatively explained. The area has significant permeability anisotropy. Various regional fracture pattern maps help to identify safe sites for engineering activities and potential groundwater recharge and movement. Necessary qualitative rock descriptions are proposed for any infrastructure construction in this area. It is observed that Landsat image processing provides a rather rapid and extremely economical preliminary solution compared to conventional fracture pattern assesment techniques.
The main task of this article is the evaluation of the IHS color transformation fusion, color com... more The main task of this article is the evaluation of the IHS color transformation fusion, color composite ratios, and principal component analysis techniques for lithologic discrimination of the basement rocks exposed at Buwatah area, Western Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Landsat ETM+ images were prepared and used to perform this task using PCI Geomatica software. IHS fusion technique was conducted through four main processing steps: (1) registration of the multispectral image (7, 4, and 2 in RGB) to the panchromatic image and then resample it to the same spatial resolution as that of the panchromatic image; (2) transformation of the three multispectral bands from RGB to IHS space; (3) substitution of the intensity value from the high spatial resolution panchromatic band; and finally (4) back transformation to RGB. The band ratios 5/7, 3/1, and 4/3 displayed in RGB, respectively, were used to produce the color composite ratio image. The first principal component (PC1), the second principal component (PC2), and the third principal component (PC3), displayed in RGB, respectively, were used to construct the color composite principal component image. The resultant images successfully discriminated the exposed rock units in the study area and a lithologic map has been constructed that is subjected to precise field verification. The stratigraphy of the area under consideration starts with metavolcanics and associated volcaniclastics as an oldest rock unit, followed by granodiorite-diorite, pink granite, biotite granite, acidic and basic dykes, and Cenozoic volcanics. A new rock unit (biotite granite) has been introduced that was not represented in previous mapping of the considered sector. The biotite granite is verified by field and petrographical studies.
The study of structural lineaments is important for mineral exploration, geotectonic and geotechn... more The study of structural lineaments is important for mineral exploration, geotectonic and geotechnical studies, and for the mitigation of geologic hazards. The present work deals with the extraction of lineaments from satellite imageries of different spatial resolutions as well as the analysis of these extracted lineaments. Wadi Bani Malik area located to the east of Jeddah city on the Red Sea coastal plain is chosen for such a study. Six types of digital satellite imagery data were used in the present study. These comprise satellite imagery of low spatial resolution (LSR) including Landsat MSS of 80-m resolution, Landsat TM of 30-m resolution, and Landsat TM of 25-m resolution; satellite imagery of moderate spatial resolution (MSR) including Landsat ETM+ panchromatic of 15-m resolution and SPOT panchromatic of 10-m resolution; and satellite imagery of high spatial resolution (HSR) including the Indian Remote Sensing satellite IRS data of 5-m resolution. As expected, the analysis of the extracted lineaments from different data sets shows that the imagery data of HSR of the Indian IRS data give the highest frequency of the extracted structural lineaments (N=3,235), while the imagery data of LSR of the Landsat MSS data give the lowest frequency of the extracted lineaments (N = 89). The imagery data of MSR give moderate frequency (N=1,643) in average. Due to the present study, it is recommended to use the imagery data of HSR and MSR for the extraction of structural lineaments for detailed and regional studies, respectively. The imagery data of LSR are not recommended for such studies due to the fact that most of the real structural lineaments framework cannot be extracted; accordingly, it is not useful in the analyses of lineaments for geological purposes.
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Earth Sciences, 2006
The City of Jeddah extends 45 kilometers in length along the eastern Red Sea coast, and about 15 ... more The City of Jeddah extends 45 kilometers in length along the eastern Red Sea coast, and about 15 kilometers in width. About 2.5 million inhabitants live in the city. Dumping of the sewage waste is forming always problems. Two sewage dumping sites, one banned site, and another site which is currently in use, are causing environmental problems. Accordingly, selection of a new site is a must. The site investigation study used screening method which envolved stages, start with the selection of a number of available site subjected to a set of preferences and rating. Upon maximum rating scores, the best site is chosen. Intensive in situ field study followed the selection stage, include performing detailed tests such as soil sieve analyses, permeability tests, field density, and Mackintosh tests. In addition, lineament analysis was performed as well. The investigation could prove the suitability of the new site to be used as a sewage dumping site for Jeddah city.
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