Papers by Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Oct 1, 2021
Background: Human head lice is one of the most invincible neglected skin diseases. The use of pyr... more Background: Human head lice is one of the most invincible neglected skin diseases. The use of pyrethroid insecticides is a standard method of treating the disease, which leads to lice population resistance in the long run. The main aim of the current survey was to screen the biomarkers of permethrin-associated kdr (knockdown resistance) point mutations through molecular analysis of the human head lice populations in primary school children in the south of Iran. Methods: In an experimental study, Field-collected head lice from infested students were fixed in ethanol, identified using valid taxonomic keys, and processed by PCR for kdr mutant studies. Sequencing partial voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene in different head lice populations was subsequently implemented and compared with the permethrin-resistant diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) as the gold standard. Results: Human head lice appeared to reflect kdr point mutations in specimens from the city of Shiraz. At least three amino acid mutations at designated sites of D820E, L840F, and N874G, corresponding to replacements of aspartic acid to glutamic acid, leucine to phenylalanine, and asparagine to glycine, are clear in this representative population, respectively. At the same time, only L840F is reported as a new mutant in this survey. Conclusion: The ongoing treatment of head lice infested in school children harboring kdr-mutated or permethrin-resistant mutants in Shiraz is risky, illogical, and contrary to the one Health initiative of the World Health Organization. Health executives should thus immediately take the indispensable steps to prohibit further procurement of permethrin.
Background: Human malaria remains a major malady in Eastern Iran. Vector control interventions su... more Background: Human malaria remains a major malady in Eastern Iran. Vector control interventions such as indoor residual spraying are used to fight with the disease. This study was undertaken to determine the lethal and residual effects of three different pyrethroid insecticides on adult mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi on different surfaces in Iran, as part of a national program to monitor insecticide resistance in endemic areas. Methods: Two main endemic foci were selected as collection sites. Wild adult females of An. stephensi (mysoriensis strain) from the first focus were subjected to standard susceptibility tests, using lambdacyhalothrin, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin insecticides within holding tubes according to the method proposed by WHO. In Kazerun, the residual effects of these compounds were examined by conical bioassay tests of An. stephensi (type strain) on plaster and cement walls. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test to determine the differences in susceptibility and residual effects of An. stephensi mosquitoes to these insecticides. Results: The susceptibility of females of An. stephensi to three concentrations of lambdacyhalothrin, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin insecticides culminated in full scale mortality at the highest diagnostic dose. The maximal residual time of these three insecticides on plaster and cement walls was estimated to be about three months. There was no significant difference in the mortalities of An. stephensi on different sprayed surfaces (P= 0.653). Conclusion: All field-collected An. stephensi populations exhibit gross susceptibility to all diagnostic doses of the three evaluated insecticides. In endemic areas, lambdacyhalothrin reveals a slightly longer residual activity than the other two insecticides.
Chemical Papers, 2021
Malaria is still a public health concern, with around half-million deaths annually. On the other ... more Malaria is still a public health concern, with around half-million deaths annually. On the other hand, excessive use of chemical insecticides led to resistance in mosquitoes and environmental pollutions. In this study, compounds of essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were first identified. Chitosan nanoparticles containing each essential oil were then prepared using the ionic gelation method. The repellent effect of the essential oils and as-prepared nanoformulations was in the range of 3–34 min, compared to DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) with a protection time of 62 ± 5 min. Moreover, chitosan nanoparticles containing E. cardamomum and C. zeylanicum essential oils with particle sizes of 204 ± 10 and 178 ± 7 nm induced 100% larval mortality against Anopheles stephensi at 25 µg.mL−1 concentration; their LC50 values were obtained at 7.58 and 2.98 µg.mL−1. Interestingly, the nanoformulations showed no cytotoxicity on the human skin normal cell line, HFFF2. The prepared nanoformulations could thus be used as extremely effective and safe larvicides against the malaria mosquito vector.
Chemical Papers, 2022
Personal protective repellent is a practical approach to evade mosquitoes’ bites and control mosq... more Personal protective repellent is a practical approach to evade mosquitoes’ bites and control mosquito-borne diseases like malaria in endemic regions. However, due to the relative allergy and neurotoxicity of synthetic repellents such as N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), attempts have focused on developing natural repellents. In this study, nanoemulsion-based nanogels of Elettaria cardamomum and Zataria multiflora essential oils were first prepared. The median complete protection times (CPTs) of the prepared nanogels were then evaluated using the arm-in-cage (AIC) method compared to DEET against the primary malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. The topical repellent effect of nanogel of Z. multiflora essential oil with a droplet size of 8 ± 1 nm, droplet size distribution (SPAN) 0.89, and a minimum CPT of 600 min outperformed all other samples (P < 0.001). However, the nanogel of E. cardamomum essential oil with a droplet size of 86 ± 5 nm, droplet size distribution 0.97, and 63 ± 15 min CPT showed significantly less efficacy (P < 0.001) than DEET (242 ± 12 min). The promising efficacy, natural constituents, straightforward, and repeatable preparation procedure are some of the advantages of the Z. multiflora nanogel as a new potential repellent.
Heliyon, 2022
Background In Iran, the prospect of malaria control relies mainly on insecticides used against th... more Background In Iran, the prospect of malaria control relies mainly on insecticides used against the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) as important vectors of malaria, arboviruses, and so on. Only eight out of 30 malaria mosquito vectors (Anopheles species) have been examined for insecticide resistance in Iran. This study aimed to review articles related to the incremental trend in insecticide resistance and their mechanisms among anopheline malaria vectors in Iran. Methods A literature review was conducted based on such search engines as Iran doc, Web of Science, SID, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar websites using the following keywords: “Anopheles,” “Malaria,” “Resistance,” “Vectors,” “Insecticide Resistance,” and “Iran” for data collection. Published papers in English or Persian covering 1980 to 2020 were reviewed. Results A total of 1125 articles were screened, only 16 of which were filtered to be pertinent in this review. While most of the mosquito vectors of malaria, such as Anopheles stephensi, were resistant to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, and becoming less susceptible to deltamethrin and other synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, few like Anopheles fluviatilis s. l. were susceptible to all insecticides. A disseminating trend in insecticide resistance among different anopheline mosquito vector species was evident. Metabolic and insecticide target-site resistance mechanisms were involved with organochlorines and pyrethroids, respectively. Conclusions Insecticide resistance is becoming a severe scourge to the effectiveness of vector-borne disease management measures. This event is especially critical in developing and marginalized communities that applied chemical-based vector elimination programs for malaria; therefore, it is crucial to monitor insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Iran using biochemical and molecular tools.
Archives of Razi Institute, 2017
Culicidae are highly important for public health as they can be vectors of diseases and are respo... more Culicidae are highly important for public health as they can be vectors of diseases and are responsible for a wide spectrum of infections. Five collection sites were selected randomly with regards to existing facilities in Firouzabad County. For collecting larvae and total catch for adult mosquitoes, sampling was carried out by dipping technique for collecting larvae and total catch for adult mosquitoes. A total of 689 adults and 1313 larvae of Culicidae were collected, of which 3 genera and 6 species of Culicidae were recognized, namely, Anopheles superpictus, Anopheles d’thali, Culex sinaiticus, Culex theileri, Culex mimeticus, and Culiseta longiareolata. Cx. theileri was the most frequent Culicidae collected at Firouzabad, with a total of 613 and 247 larval and adult specimens, respectively. The highest number of mosquitoes was collected in June (31.1%) and the lowest in May (3.4%). The mean temperatures in June and May were 31.3˚C and 28.2˚C, respectively. We found some vectors ...
AIMS Genetics, 2019
Larval therapy with Lucilia sericata is a promising strategy in wound healing. Axon guidance mole... more Larval therapy with Lucilia sericata is a promising strategy in wound healing. Axon guidance molecules play vital roles during the development of the nervous system and also regulate the capacity of neuronal restoration in wound healing. Netrin-1, one of the proteins that larvae secrete, plays a useful role in cell migration and nerve tissue regeneration. The UNC-5 receptor combines with a netrin-1 signal and transmits the signal from one side of the membrane to the other side, initiating a change in cell activity. In the current study, we identified the full length of the UNC-5 receptor mRNA in L. sericata using different sets of primers, including exon junction and specific region primers. The coding sequence (CDS) of the UNC-5 receptor was sequenced and identified to include 633 base-pair nucleic acids, and BLAST analysis on its nucleotide sequence revealed 96% identity with the Lucilia cuprina netrin-1 UNC-5 receptor. The protein residue included 210 amino acids (aa) and coded f...
Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Suburban areas suffer from unfavorable conditions as a result of poor health standards, low incom... more Suburban areas suffer from unfavorable conditions as a result of poor health standards, low income, illness, and slight levels of education. One of the most important components in malaria elimination programs is health education. Bandar-Abbas is a malaria endemic city. Therefore, this study aimed to promote malaria preventive behaviors among housewives in suburbs of Bandar-Abbas City, Iran, through a PRECEDE model-based intervention program. This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 172 housewives under the coverage of four healthcare centers in Bandar-Abbas in 2016. The participants were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups, based on the inclusion criteria. The data collection tools included ademographic questionnaire, aresearcher-made questionnaire based on the educational phase of the PRECEDE model and achecklist for assessing malaria preventive behaviors. After the pre-test, the educational intervention was implemented on the intervention group at the first stage and the same questionnaire was administered as the post-test for both groups two months after the intervention. In this study, after implementing the intervention using the PRECEDE educational program, asignificant difference was found between the intervention and control groups in the mean scores for predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude) (P< 0.001), enabling factors (P< 0.001) and reinforcing factors (P< 0.001), which contributed to the improvement of preventive behaviors (P< 0.001). The PRECEDE model-based health education was effective in increasing knowledge and attitude, enabling and reinforcing factors, and promoting malaria preventive behaviors in the studied endemic areas.
2016 International Congress of Entomology, 2016
The presence of insects on human cadavers has potential judicial value in medicolegal cases. This... more The presence of insects on human cadavers has potential judicial value in medicolegal cases. This research emphasized the important role of insects in postmortem decomposition. It was conducted to investigate the composition and abundance of insects from human corpses during autopsies in legal medicine. It was implemented in the city of Shiraz, south Iran. Insects associated with human corpses were carefully collected and put into labelled vials. They were then identified using valid taxonomic keys. Fifteen outdoor (67%) and indoor discovered cadavers were examined. All but one was covered at the time of discovery. From these several species of entomofauna played important roles in the minimum postmortem interval (minPMI) estimate. Insects included the orders of Diptera and Coleoptera. Overall, 14 different species of arthropods were identified. Within Diptera, 2 families of Sarcophagidae and Calliphoridae were present in 73% of the cases with Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Chrysomya albiceps Wiedemann accounting for about half of the cases. The latter family members, Calliphoridae, were more frequently (52%) collected in autumn and winter. Only 4/15 outdoor cadavers had beetles. Four species of Coleopterans; namely Dermestes frischii Kugelann, Nitidula flavomaculata Rossi, Creophilus maxillosus Linnaeus and Saprinus chalcites Illiger; were recorded for the first time from 3 corpses in Iran. The presence and diversity of different insects on human corpses could contribute to the advancement of forensic entomology knowledge and the refined estimates of minPMI in medicolegal cases.
Pathogens and Global Health, 2016
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniosis (ZCL) remains the most crucial vector-borne public health diseas... more Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniosis (ZCL) remains the most crucial vector-borne public health disease particularly in endemic rural parts of Iran. The main aim of this study is to identify wild sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), determine their infection rate, and differentiate their host blood meal sources using the polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Sand fly populations were caught with sticky paper traps from 10 different villages in the county of Darab, Fars province, southern Iran. Following their species identification, they were used in one step PCR to determine their infection with Leishmania spp. parasites. They were then subjected to PCR-RFLP protocol to identify and differentiate their blood meal sources. Two genera of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia comprising 13 species of sand flies were identified in this region. From a total of 150 parous female sand flies, encompassing 4 different medically important species, 7 specimens (4.7%) including 6 Phlebotomus papatasi and 1 Phlebotomus bergeroti were infected with Leishmania major. Molecular data indicated that about 32% of female sand flies fed on man, while nearly 43% fed on rodent and canine hosts. Molecular detection is an efficient way of differentiating the source of blood meals in female sand flies feeding on different vertebrate hosts. It is suggested that P. papatasi is not highly anthropophagic and appears to be an opportunistic feeder on man. This species is, however, the primary vector of ZCL in this region.
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2016
The visceral leishmaniasis parasite, Leishmania infantum, is naturally transmitted through the bi... more The visceral leishmaniasis parasite, Leishmania infantum, is naturally transmitted through the bites of phlebotomine sand flies. Alternative routes of transmission are questioned. The main aim is to verify the passage of L. infantum kDNA in ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, blood feeding on a parasitemic dog in Shiraz, south of Iran. A total of 180 Leishmania-free ticks collected from fields and bred on lab rodents, were divided into eight groups and allowed to feed on a dog (Canis familiaris) for fixed periods of time. These and all third generation stages of ticks were checked for L. infantum kDNA using conventional PCR protocol. The infection rate was significantly higher in female than male ticks (p=0.043). The rates were higher among nymphs (25/60; 42%) than adult ticks (37/120; 30.8%). The kDNA of L. infantum was not detected in ticks 24 h post-feeding. It was, however, positive among the second to fourth groups of nymphs (4/10; 40%, 10/20; 50% and 11/20; 55%) and adult (12/30; 40%, 14/30; 46.6% and 11/30; 36.6%) ticks. Eggs and unfed larvae recovered from the third and fourth adult groups (2 weeks, 4 weeks) were 100% PCR-positive. The data revealed the passage of L. infantum kDNA in nymphs and adults of brown dog tick following fixed time intervals post blood feeding on an infected dog. The natural transovarial and transstadial passage of kDNA through ticks was shown by PCR.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care, 2016
Herbal extracts were used to investigate the in vivo efficacy of Artemisia absinthium on the trea... more Herbal extracts were used to investigate the in vivo efficacy of Artemisia absinthium on the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible mice. A total of 40 BALB/c mice were subjected to assays. In each, 3-5×103 amastigotes of standard Leishmania major strain were inoculated subcutaneously into the tail base of mice. Groups of mice were assigned as: I-negative control, II-positive control, III-Glucantime®, IV-ointment twice a day, V-ointment with oral medicine, VI-oral medicine on parasite injection, VII-oral medicine once ulcer develops, and VIII-ointment-based crème on ulcer. The gold standard of clinical infection control was based on ulcer size measurement using a Vernier scale weekly during 4 weeks Post-Ulcer Development (PUD). The mean ulcer sizes in different groups were compared using the post hoc Dunnett's 3 statistical analyses. There was a significant difference between the two groups of ointment with medicine (V) and medicine on parasite inoculation (VI) (P ≤...
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2016
Background: Previous research suggests that certain communities, including rural residents, exhib... more Background: Previous research suggests that certain communities, including rural residents, exhibit endemic infestations which can be prevented by banned interventions such as the use of certain chlorinated lice-killing chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate two different treatments on head lice among primary school girls of Lar, Fars Province, south of Iran. Patients and Methods: Lindane (1%) or permethrin (1%) shampoos were used on two groups who were treated for live head lice after screening with plastic lice detection combs at schools. A questionnaire form on the epidemiologic factors was included. The outcomes were followed up for 2 weeks from the initial treatment on days 2, 6, 9, and 14. Data analyses were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal–Wallis tests. A P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: From 2,084 students examined, 82 girls (3.93%) were infested with pediculosis. No significant correlation was found between head lice infestation level and hair length, hair style, itching, family size, education grade, and age. The data on days 2, 6, 9, and 14 from permethrin and lindane treatments were 71.8%, 64.1%, 89.7%, and 89.7% versus 92.5%, 92.5%, 97.5%, and 95%, respectively. On days 2 (P = 0.017) and 6 (P = 0.002) after treatment, significant differences were noted on reexamination of the cases. Only one reinfestation case was identified during the treatment period. The level of insensitivity to permethrin was twice that of lindane at the end of this period. Conclusion: The level of cure in treated students was similar for both shampoos. Lindane swiftly acted to reduce the level of infested cases by the second day.
The study of insects on the human corpse has an important role in forensic investigations. Their ... more The study of insects on the human corpse has an important role in forensic investigations. Their utility in legal cases has been overlooked in Iran and this report is the first case report on application of forensic entomology in Iran and its potential to estimate the postmortem interval of cadaver. We collected many third-instar larvae of Calliphora vicina from a human corpse placed in a 23 meters deep well in Fars Province, Iran. The corpse was in an advanced stage of decay and had a fracture in the neck. The larvae to become pupae and adults were reared on chicken meat in a thermostatic room. The emerged flies were allowed to feed, mate and oviposit in a rearing chamber to monitor the life cycle of this species. Based on the age of C. vicina third-instar larvae, minimum postmortem interval was estimated to have been 5-6.5 days prior to the discovery of the body.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2014
Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.), 2012
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most challenging public health issues in many tropica... more Human cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most challenging public health issues in many tropical and subtropical countries of the world, including Iran. More than half (54%) of the new zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) cases among the Eastern Mediterranean countries were reported from Iran in 2008. The detection of Leishmania parasites in rodents is essential to incriminate them as probable reservoir hosts of ZCL infection. As a result of the annual detection of about 200-250 clinical ZCL cases in the Jask district of southern Iran, feral rodents were trapped, identified to species level, and examined for Leishmania presence by preparing routine blood smears on microscopic slides from 2007 to 2008. Overall, 27 Tatera indica, 17 Gerbillus nanus, 29 Meriones persicus, 26 M. hurrianae, and 7 M. libycus were identified. Females of T. indica, M. hurrianae, and G. nanus appeared to be naturally infected with the protozoan parasite, L. major. This is the first report of microscopic ...
Iranian journal of medical sciences, 2013
Geographical distribution of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) has continuously been extende... more Geographical distribution of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) has continuously been extended in recent years in Iran. The Beiza District is one of the newly-emerged endemic foci of ZCL in southern Iran. The main aim of the present study was to detect the vector(s) of ZCL in this area. To detect the fauna and vectors of ZCL in this district, sand flies were caught using sticky papers. Seventy randomly selected female sand flies out of 730 were molecularly investigated for Leishmania infection using species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay between April and October 2010. A total of 2543 sand flies were caught. The fauna was identified as 10 species (five Phlebotomus spp. and five Sergentomyia spp.). Phlebotomus papatasi was the most dominant species both indoors and outdoors (37.55% and 16.35 %, respectively). L. major was detected in 5 out of 48 investigated Phlebotomus papatasi (10.41%). Sequence-based characterization was carried out to confirm the PCR fi...
Archives of Virology, 2015
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal systemic viral disease in many par... more Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal systemic viral disease in many parts of the world, including Iran. The nationwide incidence of human CCHF in endemic areas was 870 confirmed cases with 126 deaths (case fatality rate, CFR = 17.6 %) in the decade leading to 2012. The detection of the CCHF virus (CCHFV) genome in tick vectors is of fundamental importance for identifying these ticks as potential reservoirs of CCHFV infection. From May to October 2013, following detection of four new clinical cases resulting in two deaths in the city of Mashhad (northeast Iran), hard ticks were recovered from infested livestock in 40 villages in Khorasan-Razavi province and examined by the microscopic method for species identification. About a quarter of the ticks were then subjected to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the CCHFV genome. The PCR products were then sequenced, and their phylogenetic lineages were determined. A total of 407 hard ticks were captured, representing seven different species in two distinct genera. Members of the genus Hyalomma were widely distributed in all but two of the villages studied, and this was also the most frequent (83.3 %) tick genus. Of 105 adult ticks subjected to RT-PCR, four (3.8 %) ticks were found positive for the CCHFV genome. One brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, was found to be naturally infected for the first time anywhere in the world. Ticks of Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma marginatum, and Rhipicephalus turanicus were also found to be naturally infected with CCHFV. CCHFV found in these four different tick species were clustered in the same lineage with the Matin and SR3 strains from Pakistan and some other strains from Iran, indicating that these tick species were naturally infected with genetically closely related CCHFV in the region. The presence of CCHFV infection in four different hard tick species was confirmed using RT-PCR in northeast Iran. Part of this infection was attributed to Rh. appendiculatus, which is thus a potential new natural vector of CCHFV in Iran. It is also confirmed by phylogenetic analysis that CCHFV in this region is genetically closely related, even in the different tick species.
Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2014
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected human diseases with an estimated global burden ranking... more Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected human diseases with an estimated global burden ranking second in mortality and fourth in morbidity among the tropical infections. Chemotherapy involving the use of drugs like glucantime is the mainstay treatment in endemic areas of Iran. Drug resistance is increasingly prevalent, so search for alternative therapy is gathering pace. Medicinal herbs, like wormwood Artemisia, have chemical compounds effective against a number of pathogens. In this study, the efficacy of ethanol extract from Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae) against Leishmania major L. was investigated in vitro. The outcome of different effective doses (1-40 mg/ml) of ethanol extracts from this medicinal herb, A. absinthium, on a standard Iranian parasite strain of L. major was examined. The L. major promastigote cell sensitivity and mortality or viability effects due to the addition of herbal extract were measured using the MTT assay and the flow cytometry technique, respectively. There was complete agreement between the two assays. The lethal concentration (LC50) was measured as 101 mg/ml. Some contrasting relationships between the medicinal herb concentrations and the viability of parasites were observed; so that there was an increased multiplication of the parasite at low concentrations of the drug, but an anti-parasitic apoptotic effect was seen at high concentrations of A. absinthium. It was concluded that there might be one or more chemical constituents within the herbal extract of wormwood which at high concentration controlled cell division and affected the relevant activity within the only one giant mitochondrion in this flagellate parasite. At low doses, however, it showed the opposite effect of leading to mitotic cell divisions.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2015
To assess the larvicidal efficacy of five different extracts of Nerium oleander L. (N. oleander) ... more To assess the larvicidal efficacy of five different extracts of Nerium oleander L. (N. oleander) against malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi), to combat disease. Methods: The acetone, benzene, petroleum ether, chloroform, and aqueous extracts from leaves and flowers of N. oleander were subjected to distillation process in a Clevenger type glass apparatus model soxhlet. Larvicidal bioassays were performed to determine their LC 50 and LC 90 values, regression equation, and 95% confidence with lower and upper limits were calculated using probit analysis. Mortality effect was recorded after 24 h. Results: The data indicated that there were significant differences in the lethality (LC 50 , LC 90) values of An. stephensi mosquito larvae among most of the various extracts with their controls. The order of potency with five different concentrations of flower extracts was benzene>chloroform> acetone>petroleum>water. The order of potency with similarly five different concentrations of leaf extracts was chloroform>petroleum>benzene>water>acetone. Conclusions: It was concluded that there was an overall lethal effect of N. oleander extracts against mosquito, An. stephensi larvae which could be manipulated to develop a safe and effective larvicide.
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Papers by Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard