Migbaru A L A M I R E W Workneh

Poverty, income inequality and unemployment in Spain in the 2008's Financial Crises

MPRA Paper, Aug 31, 2018

The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of high unemployment rate for the... more The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of high unemployment rate for the increase in level of poverty and income inequality during and after the 2008 global nancial crisis in Spain. Secondary household survey data from the European Union data base (EU_SLIC) for 2008 and 2014 was used for the descriptive and inferential statistics. The two years are chosen purposely since 2008 was the year that the global nancial crisis was begin, and 2014 was the year that unemployment rate was very high and Spain's economy was starting to revive from the crisis. Binary Logistic regression is used for inferential statistics since the dependent variable (being poor) is a binary variable and basic activity status (with four categorical variables), citizenship (with three categorical variables) and number of workers in the household (as a ratio of total number of individuals in the household) are used as explanatory variables. Based on the descriptive and inferential statistics results, the contribution of high unemployment rate for the increase in poverty rate and income inequality was high in Spain during and after the 2008 global nancial crisis. The probability of being poor for unemployed increases from 0.18 in 2008 to 0.255 in 2014. Being unemployed, being inactive households, and being from other citizens are more likely to poor compared with workers, and local citizens respectively.

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Unemployment and health in Spain during the 2008's financial crises

MPRA Paper, Aug 31, 2018

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Determining Factors of Living Standard in Sub-Saharan Africa: Using Alternative Measures

Social Science Research Network, 2021

This study examines the possible determinants of living standard of individuals in Sub-Saharan Af... more This study examines the possible determinants of living standard of individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa using the most recent three-wave pooled data from the Afrobarometer database. Exploratory factor analysis with polychoric correlation and ordered probit and ordinary least square estimation technique for pooled data are used in the inferential analysis. Three alternative measures of living standards (individuals living condition, access to basic needs and access to basic security) are employed. This study found that, despite different measures of living standards with different estimation techniques, employment, education attainment and living in formal houses have a significant positive effect on living standard of individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa. This may imply that the used alternative measures of living standard are logical and reasonable. It also ensure that whatever the estimation technique is, the fact is fact; i.e. application of different regression techniques doesn’t change the reality. The results also show that those individuals who own fixed assets including car and motor, and own radio and television, are more likely to have a better living standard compared with those who haven’t. Hence, governments in Sub-Saharan Africa should focus on their policies and their implementation, which help to enhance the living conditions of individuals, through provision of basic needs and basic security through provision of better and stable jobs, better education, and other socio-economic infrastructures.

Panel Estimation of Non-Monetary Poverty in Ethiopia and its Driving Factors: A Multidimensional Approach

Social Science Research Network, 2020

By employing Alkire and Foster (2011) counting approach and Cerioli & Zani (1990)s’ unequal w... more By employing Alkire and Foster (2011) counting approach and Cerioli & Zani (1990)s’ unequal weighting method, this study estimates the non-monetary multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia for three waves with fourteen country-specific indicators and four dimensions in its first part; and tried to identify the presence of state dependence with unobserved heterogeneity using dynamic random effect probit model with unobserved heterogeneity estimation technique in its second part. The data for the three waves are from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of Ethiopia for the year 2005, 2011 and 2016. The panel estimation of non-monetary multidimensional poverty gives a higher level of multidimensional poverty compared to the reports from international organizations, mainly from OPHI and UNDP, in respective years. This is mainly due to the additional indicators and the weighting method used. Housing, cooking fuel, toilet and sanitation and electricity played a significant role compared with the other indicators for the high non-monetary multidimensional poverty in the country. It is also found that there is a substantial and positive impact of the previous poverty status of households for their future experience in poverty. Households living in rural areas are more prone to experience poverty and have low chance to exit from poverty compared to urban households. In addition to focus on infrastructure development in fighting poverty, the governments’ development policies and strategies should target households who are experiencing poverty trap mainly those who are living in rural areas.

Impact of foreign aid on domestic saving (case study in Ethiopia)

RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Mar 6, 2019

A review of the impact of foreign aid on domestic saving

RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, Mar 11, 2015

This paper tried to review the main literature on foreign aid and domestic saving in developing c... more This paper tried to review the main literature on foreign aid and domestic saving in developing countries between 2000 and 2013, both theoretical and empirical literature. The main arguments of scholars in this area are reviewed. There are two opposite arguments on how the foreign aid affects domestic saving. In one side, scholars argue that foreign aid can be stimulant for economic growth through domestic saving. On the other hand, other scholars strongly argue that rather than being stimulant for the economic growth and improve the life of the society, foreign aid may able the dictator governments in developing countries to finance their political regime and increases corruption. The inconsistency and disagreement on the impact of foreign aid may result due to the difference in estimation techniques, control variables, and the aggregate estimation for the whole developing countries and for a specific region like Sub-Saharan Africa since countries are very different in political ideology and governance, economic policy and social structures.

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Foreign Direct Investment, Military Expenditure and Foreign Aid in Sub-Saharan Africa (Panel Data Analysis)

Social Science Research Network, 2015

In this study, we tried to see the impact of military expenditure and foreign aid on foreign dire... more In this study, we tried to see the impact of military expenditure and foreign aid on foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa using a panel data analysis. Based on the results obtained from the fixed effect estimation model, Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) can increase the inflow of foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan African countries. Military expenditure can also increase the inflow of FDI. The result from the estimation is aligned with the argument of some researchers (like Anyanwu (2012) and Jakobsen (2010)) that foreign aid and military expenditure can increase the inflow of foreign direct investment to developing countries, including Sub-Saharan African countries.

Nonmonetary poverty in Ethiopia: Multidimensional approach

Poverty & Public Policy

This study aims to estimate the nonmonetary multidimensional poverty index (MPI) for Ethiopia usi... more This study aims to estimate the nonmonetary multidimensional poverty index (MPI) for Ethiopia using the counting approach of Alkire and Foster and the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data. Fourteen country‐specific indicators are used for the poverty estimation using equal and unequal weighting approaches. It is found that, the estimation with unequal weighting gives a much higher level of MPI compared to the equal weighting approach. The results also show that cooking fuel, electricity, housing, and women's literacy are more relevant indicators of multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia. The contribution of place of delivery, domestic violence, and women's right to make decisions is also not minimal. It is also found that the MPI estimation depends on the specific weighting method used, number of dimensions and indicators selected for estimation, and cross‐dimensional cut‐off applied. Hence, policies that lessen poverty by improving cooking fuel, electricity, hou...

Poverty and unemployment in Spain during the 2008's financial crises

MPRA Paper, 2018

The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of the high unemployment rate for... more The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of the high unemployment rate for the increase in the level of poverty and income inequality during and after the 2008 global financial crisis in Spain. Secondary household survey data from the European Union database (EU_SLIC) for 2008 and 2014 was used for the descriptive and inferential statistics. The two years are chosen purposely since 2008 was the year that the global financial crisis began, and 2014 was the year that unemployment rate was very high and Spain's economy was starting to revive from the crisis. Binary Logistic regression is used for inferential statistics since the dependent variable (being poor) is a binary variable and basic activity status(with four categorical variables), citizenship (with three categorical variables) and a number of workers in the household (as a ratio of the total number of individuals in the household) are used as explanatory variables. Based on the descriptive and inferential statistics results, the contribution of the high unemployment rate for the increase in poverty rate and income inequality was high in Spain during and after the 2008 global financial crisis. The probability of being poor for unemployed increases from 0.18 in 2008 to 0.255 in 2014. Being unemployed, being inactive households, and being from other citizens are more likely to poor compared with workers, and local citizens respectively.

Determining Factors of Living Standard in Sub-Saharan Africa: Using Alternative Measures

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

This study examines the possible determinants of living standard of individuals in Sub-Saharan Af... more This study examines the possible determinants of living standard of individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa using the most recent three-wave pooled data from the Afrobarometer database. Exploratory factor analysis with polychoric correlation and ordered probit and ordinary least square estimation technique for pooled data are used in the inferential analysis. Three alternative measures of living standards (individuals living condition, access to basic needs and access to basic security) are employed. This study found that, despite different measures of living standards with different estimation techniques, employment, education attainment and living in formal houses have a significant positive effect on living standard of individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa. This may imply that the used alternative measures of living standard are logical and reasonable. It also ensure that whatever the estimation technique is, the fact is fact; i.e. application of different regression techniques doesn’t change the reality. The results also show that those individuals who own fixed assets including car and motor, and own radio and television, are more likely to have a better living standard compared with those who haven’t. Hence, governments in Sub-Saharan Africa should focus on their policies and their implementation, which help to enhance the living conditions of individuals, through provision of basic needs and basic security through provision of better and stable jobs, better education, and other socio-economic infrastructures.

Poverty, income inequality and unemployment in Spain in the 2008's Financial Crises

The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of high unemployment rate for the... more The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of high unemployment rate for the increase in level of poverty and income inequality during and after the 2008 global nancial crisis in Spain. Secondary household survey data from the European Union data base (EU_SLIC) for 2008 and 2014 was used for the descriptive and inferential statistics. The two years are chosen purposely since 2008 was the year that the global nancial crisis was begin, and 2014 was the year that unemployment rate was very high and Spain's economy was starting to revive from the crisis. Binary Logistic regression is used for inferential statistics since the dependent variable (being poor) is a binary variable and basic activity status (with four categorical variables), citizenship (with three categorical variables) and number of workers in the household (as a ratio of total number of individuals in the household) are used as explanatory variables. Based on the descriptive and inferential statistics results, the contribution of high unemployment rate for the increase in poverty rate and income inequality was high in Spain during and after the 2008 global nancial crisis. The probability of being poor for unemployed increases from 0.18 in 2008 to 0.255 in 2014. Being unemployed, being inactive households, and being from other citizens are more likely to poor compared with workers, and local citizens respectively.

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Foreign Direct Investment, Military Expenditure and Foreign Aid in Sub-Saharan Africa (Panel Data Analysis)

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015

In this study, we tried to see the impact of military expenditure and foreign aid on foreign dire... more In this study, we tried to see the impact of military expenditure and foreign aid on foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa using a panel data analysis. Based on the results obtained from the fixed effect estimation model, Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) can increase the inflow of foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan African countries. Military expenditure can also increase the inflow of FDI. The result from the estimation is aligned with the argument of some researchers (like Anyanwu (2012) and Jakobsen (2010)) that foreign aid and military expenditure can increase the inflow of foreign direct investment to developing countries, including Sub-Saharan African countries.

Panel Estimation of Non-Monetary Poverty in Ethiopia and its Driving Factors: A Multidimensional Approach

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020

By employing Alkire and Foster (2011) counting approach and Cerioli & Zani (1990)s’ unequal w... more By employing Alkire and Foster (2011) counting approach and Cerioli & Zani (1990)s’ unequal weighting method, this study estimates the non-monetary multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia for three waves with fourteen country-specific indicators and four dimensions in its first part; and tried to identify the presence of state dependence with unobserved heterogeneity using dynamic random effect probit model with unobserved heterogeneity estimation technique in its second part. The data for the three waves are from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of Ethiopia for the year 2005, 2011 and 2016. The panel estimation of non-monetary multidimensional poverty gives a higher level of multidimensional poverty compared to the reports from international organizations, mainly from OPHI and UNDP, in respective years. This is mainly due to the additional indicators and the weighting method used. Housing, cooking fuel, toilet and sanitation and electricity played a significant role compared with the other indicators for the high non-monetary multidimensional poverty in the country. It is also found that there is a substantial and positive impact of the previous poverty status of households for their future experience in poverty. Households living in rural areas are more prone to experience poverty and have low chance to exit from poverty compared to urban households. In addition to focus on infrastructure development in fighting poverty, the governments’ development policies and strategies should target households who are experiencing poverty trap mainly those who are living in rural areas.

Impact of foreign aid on domestic saving (case study in Ethiopia)

The study has examined the impact of foreign aid ( by disaggregating into bilateral and multilate... more The study has examined the impact of foreign aid ( by disaggregating into bilateral and multilateral aid) on domestic saving in Ethiopia over the period 1981 to 2011 (from 1973 to 2003 Ethiopian Fiscal Year) using multivariate cointegration analysis. The empirical result shows that multilateral aid has a significant positive impact on domestic saving in the long run. On the other hand, bilateral aid has a negative influence on domestic saving. Foreign multilateral aid is effective in enhancing economic growth through domestic saving. However, the foreign bilateral aid has produced a significant negative effect on growth through a decrease in domestic saving which shows that there is crowding out effect which exists when the Government borrowing increases and the fund does not allocate on productive sectors especially when it is spent for consumption purpose.

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Poverty and unemployment in Spain during the 2008's financial crises

The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of the high unemployment rate for... more The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of the high unemployment rate for the increase in the level of poverty and income inequality during and after the 2008 global financial crisis in Spain. Secondary household survey data from the European Union database (EU_SLIC) for 2008 and 2014 was used for the descriptive and inferential statistics. The two years are chosen purposely since 2008 was the year that the global financial crisis began, and 2014 was the year that unemployment rate was very high and Spain's economy was starting to revive from the crisis. Binary Logistic regression is used for inferential statistics since the dependent variable (being poor) is a binary variable and basic activity status(with four categorical variables), citizenship (with three categorical variables) and a number of workers in the household (as a ratio of the total number of individuals in the household) are used as explanatory variables. Based on the descriptive and infere...

Unemployment and health in Spain during the 2008's financial crises

The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of the high unemployment rate on ... more The main objective of this paper is to examine the contribution of the high unemployment rate on the health status of society during and after the 2008 global financial crisis in Spain. Secondary household survey data from the European Union database (EU_SLIC) for 2008 and 2014 was used for the descriptive and inferential statistics. The two years are chosen purposely since 2008 was the year that the global financial crisis began, and 2014 was the year that the unemployment rate was very high and Spain's economy was starting to revive from the crisis. Ordered Probit regression is used for inferential statistics since the dependent variable (General Health Status) is an ordered variable and basic activity status (with four categorical variables), the capacity to face unexpected financial expenses (with two dummy variables), household disposable income and pollution, crime or other environmental problems (with two dummy variables) are used as explanatory variables. Based on the de...

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A review of the impact of foreign aid on domestic saving

This paper tried to review the main literature on foreign aid and domestic saving in developing c... more This paper tried to review the main literature on foreign aid and domestic saving in developing countries between 2000 and 2013, both theoretical and empirical literature. The main arguments of scholars in this area are reviewed. There are two opposite arguments on how the foreign aid affects domestic saving. In one side, scholars argue that foreign aid can be stimulant for economic growth through domestic saving. On the other hand, other scholars strongly argue that rather than being stimulant for the economic growth and improve the life of the society, foreign aid may able the dictator governments in developing countries to finance their political regime and increases corruption. The inconsistency and disagreement on the impact of foreign aid may result due to the difference in estimation techniques, control variables, and the aggregate estimation for the whole developing countries and for a specific region like Sub-Saharan Africa since countries are very different in political id...

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Household Level Non-Monetary Poverty in Ethiopia and its Driving Factors: a Multidimensional Approach with Panel Estimation

Social Indicators Research, 2020

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Nexus between Government Effectiveness and Living Condition in Sub-Saharan Africa

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020

A two wave panel data from Afro-barometer database is used to examine the nexus between governmen... more A two wave panel data from Afro-barometer database is used to examine the nexus between government effectiveness and living condition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Exploratory factor analysis with polychoric correlation and ordered probit estimation technique for panel data are used in the inferential analysis. The vulnerability of the dependent variable (self-assessed living condition) for heterogeneity problem is shown using Random effects generalized ordered probit model with auto fit procedure. This study found that government futility in provision of basic needs and basic security, and in handling of critical economic issues, in which individuals are facing in their day to day life, deteriorates the living condition of individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa. This result, convincingly, demonstrates the ineptitude of those governments in Sub-Saharan Africa, which are mostly characterized by being bureaucratic, undemocratic, unaccountable, full of violence and debauched, and hence makes the life of their citizens unsafe and meagre. The result also shows that being literate the individuals are, the higher the probability of living in good condition compared to those who are illiterate. Hence, those governments should focus on their policies and implementation, which helps to enhance the living condition of individuals through provision of basic needs and basic security, and better treatment of economic issues including unemployment, access to basic services, infrastructure, and income inequality.

Gender Inequality, Governance and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019

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