10. The coefficient of skewness predicted by the saltatory growth model was calculated by simulat... more 10. The coefficient of skewness predicted by the saltatory growth model was calculated by simulation, assuming growth on 8% of days [G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, in Statistical Methods (Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, ed. 7,1980), pp. 64-82]. 11. Height measurements taken by an unblinded observer have been shown to be susceptible to observer bias [L.
A maximum likelihood method of mixed distribution analysis is investigated for its utility as a m... more A maximum likelihood method of mixed distribution analysis is investigated for its utility as a method for the identification of saltation and stasis in longitudinal growth data. Daily infant growth data that have been previously identified to follow a saltatory growth process are employed. This is a novel application of the finite mixed distribution analysis (MDA), a method designed to objectively identify the presence of one or more Gaussian populations. The null hypothesis is that a single Gaussian distribution best describes the incremental growth data. This would be compatible with smooth, slowly varying daily growth patterns. This study explores whether or not two distinctive populations are evident in incremental saltatory growth data, as postulated by the saltation and stasis observations. The analysis is important in providing a growth model-independent test for the presence of saltation and stasis by a separate statistical assessment with none of the saltatory algorithm assumptions. The finite mixed distribution analysis identifies that each individual's incremental growth data is statistically best described as a mixture consisting of two components, or two populations of increments (chi-square, p < 0.05). For each individual, one of these populations is centred about a zero increment, and is compatible with the previous evidence of stasis intervals. The second population of data points is characterized by unique distributions for each individual, compatible with the previous observation that infants grow by unique patterns of growth saltations in both amplitude and frequency. The percentage of data points that fall within each of the two unique finite mixture distributions (FMDs) is similar to the proportions of discrete saltation and stasis intervals previously identified by the saltation and stasis method. Thus, the FMD analysis lends support to the nature of growth as a saltatory process characterized by two states in the daily growth of these infants. By contrast with the saltatory algorithm, which is applied to the original serial growth measurements, the mixed distribution analysis employs increments removed from their time relationships. The lack of time series sequence information precludes the mixed distribution method from reconstructing specific temporal patterns of saltatory growth. The present analysis reiterates that individual growth patterns are statistically unique and cannot be reconstructed or identified from group data.
Introduction: Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) promotion is effective for cardiovascular disease... more Introduction: Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) promotion is effective for cardiovascular disease prevention. Whether increased CVH score improves oxidative stress is less clear. Our study examined the correlation between changes in ideal CVH status and oxidative stress. Hypothesis: Improvement in CVH score is correlated with changes in oxidative stress. Methods: A total of 569 actively working adult employees (51±11 years, 64% women, 21% Black) underwent a health partner-mediated lifestyle intervention. Serial counseling was delivered by a trained HP focused on promoting clinical self-knowledge and adoption of a healthier lifestyle, based on the subject’s personal schedule. Anthropometric, dietary and laboratory measurements were obtained at baseline and 1- and 2-year follow-up visits. Plasma levels of reduced (glutathione) and oxidized (cystine) aminothiols were measured by high performance liquid chromatography at baseline and follow-up to assess oxidative stress. Ratios of oxidi...
Auxological measurements were taken weekly (n = lo), semiweekly (n = 201, and daily (n : 3) durin... more Auxological measurements were taken weekly (n = lo), semiweekly (n = 201, and daily (n : 3) during the first 21 months of life on a sample of normal infants (21 females and 12 males). The serial length measurements are reported. All subjects grew in length during episodic growth saltuses of short duration, with amplitudes of 0.5-2.0 cm during measurement intervals (1 day to 1 week), separated by periods of no measurable growth (2 days to 2 months). The periods of stasis between growth episodes are not positively associated with illness (P = 0.000). These data support the hypothesis that normal human growth during the first 2 years proceeds by pulsatile growth saltuses oP substantial amplitude and rapid duration punctuating static intervals. Individual variability in the amplitude and frequency of growth saltuses may account for variation in attained length and growth velocity. c 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc Research advances in endocrinology and molecular biology during the past decade have...
The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology, 2018
Growth spurts or periods of increased nursing, commonly occur at around 10 days to 3 weeks of age... more Growth spurts or periods of increased nursing, commonly occur at around 10 days to 3 weeks of age, 6 weeks of age, 3 months of age, and 6 months of age, but they can happen at any time. During these times your baby may demand to feed more often than he has previously, maybe as often as every hour. He may seem fussy and less content after feedings than he has in days before. This increase in the number of feedings is baby's way of increasing your milk supply to meet his needs. This is not the time to supplement or adhere to a strict schedule as your breasts need the extra stimulation in order to "boost up" your supply. Simply allow your baby the extra time at the breast that he needs. In a few days when he has increased your supply, he will return to his previous nursing pattern. "Don't Watch The Clock!" Don't watch the clock for how long baby has been nursing. Don't watch the clock for how long it's been since baby last wanted to nurse. Don't watch the clock for how many times you've been awakened that night to nurse. Growth spurts happen. They happen with all nursing couplets. Some babies protest more about them and others seem to sail through them with the greatest of ease. Signs of a Growth Spurt
Considering the life-long influences of fetal growth biology, it is of interest to further elucid... more Considering the life-long influences of fetal growth biology, it is of interest to further elucidate the nature of the fetal growth process itself. Previous analyses of longitudinal fetal ultrasound data led to the hypothesis that hypoxia signals were important aspects of normal growth biology and directed attention to the place of oxygen as a basic nutrient. From the perspec- tive of the cell, both hypoxia and lack of energy substrate trigger a common adaptive pathway through their effects on ATP availability. Comparative data from animal studies and cell culture provide evidence for an integrated energy/oxygen signaling system that acts redundantly and hierarchically with cellular differentiation programs, providing opportunities for developmental flexibility in response to variable ecologic or environmental challenge. The multinodal and inter- active design of the fetal growth process suggests that it follows what has been described as the ''bow tie'' model of met...
During adolescence, growth and development are transformative and have profound consequences on a... more During adolescence, growth and development are transformative and have profound consequences on an individual's health in later life, as well as the health of any potential children. The current generation of adolescents is growing up at a time of unprecedented change in food environments, whereby nutritional problems of micronutrient deficiency and food insecurity persist, and overweight and obesity are burgeoning. In a context of pervasive policy neglect, research on nutrition during adolescence specifically has been underinvested, compared with such research in other age groups, which has inhibited the development of adolescent-responsive nutritional policies. One consequence has been the absence of an integrated perspective on adolescent growth and development, and the role that nutrition plays. Through late childhood and early adolescence, nutrition has a formative role in the timing and pattern of puberty, with consequences for adult height, muscle, and fat mass accrual, as well as risk of non-communicable diseases in later life. Nutritional effects in adolescent development extend beyond musculoskeletal growth, to cardiorespiratory fitness, neurodevelopment, and immunity. High rates of early adolescent pregnancy in many countries continue to jeopardise the growth and nutrition of female adolescents, with consequences that extend to the next generation. Adolescence is a nutrition-sensitive phase for growth, in which the benefits of good nutrition extend to many other physiological systems. The adolescent growth phase starts with puberty, which drives linear growth; accrual of bone, muscle, and fat mass; and maturation of biological systems. The onset and For this narrative review, we searched Pubmed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Embase, without date or language restrictions, from Jan 31, 2020, to March 30, 2021, for literature pertaining to the general domains of puberty, physical growth, body composition, neurodevelopment, cardiorespiratory fitness, immune development, and adolescent pregnancy and intergenerational consequences. We also sought longitudinal studies to illustrate further effects of nutrition on adolescent growth and development.
10. The coefficient of skewness predicted by the saltatory growth model was calculated by simulat... more 10. The coefficient of skewness predicted by the saltatory growth model was calculated by simulation, assuming growth on 8% of days [G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, in Statistical Methods (Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, ed. 7,1980), pp. 64-82]. 11. Height measurements taken by an unblinded observer have been shown to be susceptible to observer bias [L.
A maximum likelihood method of mixed distribution analysis is investigated for its utility as a m... more A maximum likelihood method of mixed distribution analysis is investigated for its utility as a method for the identification of saltation and stasis in longitudinal growth data. Daily infant growth data that have been previously identified to follow a saltatory growth process are employed. This is a novel application of the finite mixed distribution analysis (MDA), a method designed to objectively identify the presence of one or more Gaussian populations. The null hypothesis is that a single Gaussian distribution best describes the incremental growth data. This would be compatible with smooth, slowly varying daily growth patterns. This study explores whether or not two distinctive populations are evident in incremental saltatory growth data, as postulated by the saltation and stasis observations. The analysis is important in providing a growth model-independent test for the presence of saltation and stasis by a separate statistical assessment with none of the saltatory algorithm assumptions. The finite mixed distribution analysis identifies that each individual's incremental growth data is statistically best described as a mixture consisting of two components, or two populations of increments (chi-square, p < 0.05). For each individual, one of these populations is centred about a zero increment, and is compatible with the previous evidence of stasis intervals. The second population of data points is characterized by unique distributions for each individual, compatible with the previous observation that infants grow by unique patterns of growth saltations in both amplitude and frequency. The percentage of data points that fall within each of the two unique finite mixture distributions (FMDs) is similar to the proportions of discrete saltation and stasis intervals previously identified by the saltation and stasis method. Thus, the FMD analysis lends support to the nature of growth as a saltatory process characterized by two states in the daily growth of these infants. By contrast with the saltatory algorithm, which is applied to the original serial growth measurements, the mixed distribution analysis employs increments removed from their time relationships. The lack of time series sequence information precludes the mixed distribution method from reconstructing specific temporal patterns of saltatory growth. The present analysis reiterates that individual growth patterns are statistically unique and cannot be reconstructed or identified from group data.
Introduction: Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) promotion is effective for cardiovascular disease... more Introduction: Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) promotion is effective for cardiovascular disease prevention. Whether increased CVH score improves oxidative stress is less clear. Our study examined the correlation between changes in ideal CVH status and oxidative stress. Hypothesis: Improvement in CVH score is correlated with changes in oxidative stress. Methods: A total of 569 actively working adult employees (51±11 years, 64% women, 21% Black) underwent a health partner-mediated lifestyle intervention. Serial counseling was delivered by a trained HP focused on promoting clinical self-knowledge and adoption of a healthier lifestyle, based on the subject’s personal schedule. Anthropometric, dietary and laboratory measurements were obtained at baseline and 1- and 2-year follow-up visits. Plasma levels of reduced (glutathione) and oxidized (cystine) aminothiols were measured by high performance liquid chromatography at baseline and follow-up to assess oxidative stress. Ratios of oxidi...
Auxological measurements were taken weekly (n = lo), semiweekly (n = 201, and daily (n : 3) durin... more Auxological measurements were taken weekly (n = lo), semiweekly (n = 201, and daily (n : 3) during the first 21 months of life on a sample of normal infants (21 females and 12 males). The serial length measurements are reported. All subjects grew in length during episodic growth saltuses of short duration, with amplitudes of 0.5-2.0 cm during measurement intervals (1 day to 1 week), separated by periods of no measurable growth (2 days to 2 months). The periods of stasis between growth episodes are not positively associated with illness (P = 0.000). These data support the hypothesis that normal human growth during the first 2 years proceeds by pulsatile growth saltuses oP substantial amplitude and rapid duration punctuating static intervals. Individual variability in the amplitude and frequency of growth saltuses may account for variation in attained length and growth velocity. c 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc Research advances in endocrinology and molecular biology during the past decade have...
The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology, 2018
Growth spurts or periods of increased nursing, commonly occur at around 10 days to 3 weeks of age... more Growth spurts or periods of increased nursing, commonly occur at around 10 days to 3 weeks of age, 6 weeks of age, 3 months of age, and 6 months of age, but they can happen at any time. During these times your baby may demand to feed more often than he has previously, maybe as often as every hour. He may seem fussy and less content after feedings than he has in days before. This increase in the number of feedings is baby's way of increasing your milk supply to meet his needs. This is not the time to supplement or adhere to a strict schedule as your breasts need the extra stimulation in order to "boost up" your supply. Simply allow your baby the extra time at the breast that he needs. In a few days when he has increased your supply, he will return to his previous nursing pattern. "Don't Watch The Clock!" Don't watch the clock for how long baby has been nursing. Don't watch the clock for how long it's been since baby last wanted to nurse. Don't watch the clock for how many times you've been awakened that night to nurse. Growth spurts happen. They happen with all nursing couplets. Some babies protest more about them and others seem to sail through them with the greatest of ease. Signs of a Growth Spurt
Considering the life-long influences of fetal growth biology, it is of interest to further elucid... more Considering the life-long influences of fetal growth biology, it is of interest to further elucidate the nature of the fetal growth process itself. Previous analyses of longitudinal fetal ultrasound data led to the hypothesis that hypoxia signals were important aspects of normal growth biology and directed attention to the place of oxygen as a basic nutrient. From the perspec- tive of the cell, both hypoxia and lack of energy substrate trigger a common adaptive pathway through their effects on ATP availability. Comparative data from animal studies and cell culture provide evidence for an integrated energy/oxygen signaling system that acts redundantly and hierarchically with cellular differentiation programs, providing opportunities for developmental flexibility in response to variable ecologic or environmental challenge. The multinodal and inter- active design of the fetal growth process suggests that it follows what has been described as the ''bow tie'' model of met...
During adolescence, growth and development are transformative and have profound consequences on a... more During adolescence, growth and development are transformative and have profound consequences on an individual's health in later life, as well as the health of any potential children. The current generation of adolescents is growing up at a time of unprecedented change in food environments, whereby nutritional problems of micronutrient deficiency and food insecurity persist, and overweight and obesity are burgeoning. In a context of pervasive policy neglect, research on nutrition during adolescence specifically has been underinvested, compared with such research in other age groups, which has inhibited the development of adolescent-responsive nutritional policies. One consequence has been the absence of an integrated perspective on adolescent growth and development, and the role that nutrition plays. Through late childhood and early adolescence, nutrition has a formative role in the timing and pattern of puberty, with consequences for adult height, muscle, and fat mass accrual, as well as risk of non-communicable diseases in later life. Nutritional effects in adolescent development extend beyond musculoskeletal growth, to cardiorespiratory fitness, neurodevelopment, and immunity. High rates of early adolescent pregnancy in many countries continue to jeopardise the growth and nutrition of female adolescents, with consequences that extend to the next generation. Adolescence is a nutrition-sensitive phase for growth, in which the benefits of good nutrition extend to many other physiological systems. The adolescent growth phase starts with puberty, which drives linear growth; accrual of bone, muscle, and fat mass; and maturation of biological systems. The onset and For this narrative review, we searched Pubmed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Embase, without date or language restrictions, from Jan 31, 2020, to March 30, 2021, for literature pertaining to the general domains of puberty, physical growth, body composition, neurodevelopment, cardiorespiratory fitness, immune development, and adolescent pregnancy and intergenerational consequences. We also sought longitudinal studies to illustrate further effects of nutrition on adolescent growth and development.
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