Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Mar 1, 1979
Stimuli that engulf attention often have a disproportionately large impact on the judgment proces... more Stimuli that engulf attention often have a disproportionately large impact on the judgment process, even when logically irrelevant. The boundary conditions of such salience effects were examined in a scenario where subjects observed a dyadic conversation in which the ...
This paper explores •theeJ:'fe. cts of failure on an individual's selfconcept. k Model based on s... more This paper explores •theeJ:'fe. cts of failure on an individual's selfconcept. k Model based on symbolic interaction and attribution theories, among others, is elaborated to predict how an individual's self-concept will be affected by failure si tua tions. It is argued that where .the individual chooses to attribute causality for failure in the situation will determine the effects of that failure on his self-concept, unless the individual's belief system modifies the attribution process. This attribution is related to one major individual difference: a person's generalized expectancy for control. It is hypothesized that an individual's predisposition to conceive of causality as deriving from either environmental, external forces or personal, internal forces, will mediate the attribution proce~s and hence the effect of the failure on his self-esteem. The. hypothesized effects of failure on self-concept are tested by analysis of 122 undergraduate students' responses to a series of ten hypothetical failure situations. Respondents were asked to indicate, for each situation, whether they ;lOuld attribute their failure to environmental forces• or the personal forGes of ability or motivation and the degree to which their self-esteem would be reduced by their attribution. Responses to Rotter's (1966) Internal-E.xternal Scale and Gough and Heilbrun's (1965) Adjective Checklist were obtained to measure the respondents' internali ty-externali ty and self-confidence, respectively. Resnonses t.o the hypothetical situations were compared across individuals who varied along these two personality dimensions •. Analysis indicated that the respondents' reactions to failure situations seemed to depend on the combined Thi:: grv'hth of th8 ~::lf a!"i:!e~ ~1.!t of e. p~!'tial rlis:i. . Tltp.e;rat.:i.rm the appearance of the different interests in the forum of reflection,'the reconstruction of the social world, ana the consequent appearance of the new self that answers to the new object.
Abstract From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a m... more Abstract From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a method that would exploit the algebra of the social relations among individuals to describe the social structure of the group. This goal was reluctantly abandoned, however, because the presence of idiosyncratic relational ties in the data obscured the structure and no reliable method for identifying these ties existed. This paper presents such a method. We have found it useful to distinguish emotionally weak ties (Granovetter 1973) , those with low intensity, from structurally weak ties, those that fail to conform to the pattern of ties that exist in and are reinforced by the social structure. The latter type of weak ties are the idiosyncratic ties that interfere with attempts to describe a social structure. This paper operationalizes the concept of structurally weak ties and presents an algebraic method for identifying them in sociometric data. This enables us to use the algebra of social relations to identify a blockmodel that describes the social structure of the group.
This paper explores •theeJ:'fe. cts of failure on an individual's selfconcept. k Model based on s... more This paper explores •theeJ:'fe. cts of failure on an individual's selfconcept. k Model based on symbolic interaction and attribution theories, among others, is elaborated to predict how an individual's self-concept will be affected by failure si tua tions. It is argued that where .the individual chooses to attribute causality for failure in the situation will determine the effects of that failure on his self-concept, unless the individual's belief system modifies the attribution process. This attribution is related to one major individual difference: a person's generalized expectancy for control. It is hypothesized that an individual's predisposition to conceive of causality as deriving from either environmental, external forces or personal, internal forces, will mediate the attribution proce~s and hence the effect of the failure on his self-esteem. The. hypothesized effects of failure on self-concept are tested by analysis of 122 undergraduate students' responses to a series of ten hypothetical failure situations. Respondents were asked to indicate, for each situation, whether they ;lOuld attribute their failure to environmental forces• or the personal forGes of ability or motivation and the degree to which their self-esteem would be reduced by their attribution. Responses to Rotter's (1966) Internal-E.xternal Scale and Gough and Heilbrun's (1965) Adjective Checklist were obtained to measure the respondents' internali ty-externali ty and self-confidence, respectively. Resnonses t.o the hypothetical situations were compared across individuals who varied along these two personality dimensions •. Analysis indicated that the respondents' reactions to failure situations seemed to depend on the combined Thi:: grv'hth of th8 ~::lf a!"i:!e~ ~1.!t of e. p~!'tial rlis:i. . Tltp.e;rat.:i.rm the appearance of the different interests in the forum of reflection,'the reconstruction of the social world, ana the consequent appearance of the new self that answers to the new object.
Abstract From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a m... more Abstract From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a method that would exploit the algebra of the social relations among individuals to describe the social structure of the group. This goal was reluctantly abandoned, however, because the presence of idiosyncratic relational ties in the data obscured the structure and no reliable method for identifying these ties existed. This paper presents such a method. We have found it useful to distinguish emotionally weak ties (Granovetter 1973) , those with low intensity, from structurally weak ties, those that fail to conform to the pattern of ties that exist in and are reinforced by the social structure. The latter type of weak ties are the idiosyncratic ties that interfere with attempts to describe a social structure. This paper operationalizes the concept of structurally weak ties and presents an algebraic method for identifying them in sociometric data. This enables us to use the algebra of social relations to identify a blockmodel that describes the social structure of the group.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979
Stimuli that engulf attention often have a disproportionately large impact on the judgment proces... more Stimuli that engulf attention often have a disproportionately large impact on the judgment process, even when logically irrelevant. The boundary conditions of such salience effects were examined in a scenario where subjects observed a dyadic conversation in which the ...
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Mar 1, 1979
Stimuli that engulf attention often have a disproportionately large impact on the judgment proces... more Stimuli that engulf attention often have a disproportionately large impact on the judgment process, even when logically irrelevant. The boundary conditions of such salience effects were examined in a scenario where subjects observed a dyadic conversation in which the ...
This paper explores •theeJ:'fe. cts of failure on an individual's selfconcept. k Model based on s... more This paper explores •theeJ:'fe. cts of failure on an individual's selfconcept. k Model based on symbolic interaction and attribution theories, among others, is elaborated to predict how an individual's self-concept will be affected by failure si tua tions. It is argued that where .the individual chooses to attribute causality for failure in the situation will determine the effects of that failure on his self-concept, unless the individual's belief system modifies the attribution process. This attribution is related to one major individual difference: a person's generalized expectancy for control. It is hypothesized that an individual's predisposition to conceive of causality as deriving from either environmental, external forces or personal, internal forces, will mediate the attribution proce~s and hence the effect of the failure on his self-esteem. The. hypothesized effects of failure on self-concept are tested by analysis of 122 undergraduate students' responses to a series of ten hypothetical failure situations. Respondents were asked to indicate, for each situation, whether they ;lOuld attribute their failure to environmental forces• or the personal forGes of ability or motivation and the degree to which their self-esteem would be reduced by their attribution. Responses to Rotter's (1966) Internal-E.xternal Scale and Gough and Heilbrun's (1965) Adjective Checklist were obtained to measure the respondents' internali ty-externali ty and self-confidence, respectively. Resnonses t.o the hypothetical situations were compared across individuals who varied along these two personality dimensions •. Analysis indicated that the respondents' reactions to failure situations seemed to depend on the combined Thi:: grv'hth of th8 ~::lf a!"i:!e~ ~1.!t of e. p~!'tial rlis:i. . Tltp.e;rat.:i.rm the appearance of the different interests in the forum of reflection,'the reconstruction of the social world, ana the consequent appearance of the new self that answers to the new object.
Abstract From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a m... more Abstract From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a method that would exploit the algebra of the social relations among individuals to describe the social structure of the group. This goal was reluctantly abandoned, however, because the presence of idiosyncratic relational ties in the data obscured the structure and no reliable method for identifying these ties existed. This paper presents such a method. We have found it useful to distinguish emotionally weak ties (Granovetter 1973) , those with low intensity, from structurally weak ties, those that fail to conform to the pattern of ties that exist in and are reinforced by the social structure. The latter type of weak ties are the idiosyncratic ties that interfere with attempts to describe a social structure. This paper operationalizes the concept of structurally weak ties and presents an algebraic method for identifying them in sociometric data. This enables us to use the algebra of social relations to identify a blockmodel that describes the social structure of the group.
This paper explores •theeJ:'fe. cts of failure on an individual's selfconcept. k Model based on s... more This paper explores •theeJ:'fe. cts of failure on an individual's selfconcept. k Model based on symbolic interaction and attribution theories, among others, is elaborated to predict how an individual's self-concept will be affected by failure si tua tions. It is argued that where .the individual chooses to attribute causality for failure in the situation will determine the effects of that failure on his self-concept, unless the individual's belief system modifies the attribution process. This attribution is related to one major individual difference: a person's generalized expectancy for control. It is hypothesized that an individual's predisposition to conceive of causality as deriving from either environmental, external forces or personal, internal forces, will mediate the attribution proce~s and hence the effect of the failure on his self-esteem. The. hypothesized effects of failure on self-concept are tested by analysis of 122 undergraduate students' responses to a series of ten hypothetical failure situations. Respondents were asked to indicate, for each situation, whether they ;lOuld attribute their failure to environmental forces• or the personal forGes of ability or motivation and the degree to which their self-esteem would be reduced by their attribution. Responses to Rotter's (1966) Internal-E.xternal Scale and Gough and Heilbrun's (1965) Adjective Checklist were obtained to measure the respondents' internali ty-externali ty and self-confidence, respectively. Resnonses t.o the hypothetical situations were compared across individuals who varied along these two personality dimensions •. Analysis indicated that the respondents' reactions to failure situations seemed to depend on the combined Thi:: grv'hth of th8 ~::lf a!"i:!e~ ~1.!t of e. p~!'tial rlis:i. . Tltp.e;rat.:i.rm the appearance of the different interests in the forum of reflection,'the reconstruction of the social world, ana the consequent appearance of the new self that answers to the new object.
Abstract From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a m... more Abstract From the earliest days of research on blockmodeling, one primary goal was to develop a method that would exploit the algebra of the social relations among individuals to describe the social structure of the group. This goal was reluctantly abandoned, however, because the presence of idiosyncratic relational ties in the data obscured the structure and no reliable method for identifying these ties existed. This paper presents such a method. We have found it useful to distinguish emotionally weak ties (Granovetter 1973) , those with low intensity, from structurally weak ties, those that fail to conform to the pattern of ties that exist in and are reinforced by the social structure. The latter type of weak ties are the idiosyncratic ties that interfere with attempts to describe a social structure. This paper operationalizes the concept of structurally weak ties and presents an algebraic method for identifying them in sociometric data. This enables us to use the algebra of social relations to identify a blockmodel that describes the social structure of the group.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979
Stimuli that engulf attention often have a disproportionately large impact on the judgment proces... more Stimuli that engulf attention often have a disproportionately large impact on the judgment process, even when logically irrelevant. The boundary conditions of such salience effects were examined in a scenario where subjects observed a dyadic conversation in which the ...
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